Proceedings of an International Conference on Historic Bridges to Celebrate the 150th Anniversary of the Wheeling Suspension Bridge October 21-23, 1999 Wheeling, West Virginia1s Stiffening Suspension Bridges By Dario A. Gasparini, ustin M. Spivey, Stephen G. Buonopane and Thomas E. Boothby Suspension bridges have inspired an ex tease body of tence ranging fom eee, to hisores of individ and ‘ideo tchnieel ances, Pets the sesinent westerns ie Navies Rappor a Monsour Becpney ‘etminoiresw les pout sapends. pblised in 1823." ta 1981, Jaa {oiled an avaliable ibogrpty of Tena upto hatin Asal seme of wor on suspension bridges may i ‘tage Rankin, Mela, Bender, Sequin, Moiseift, Ammann, Stinman,Pugley, ‘and, 08 he eign of the form, Nes tum? Srinnen etezorzed various se eon bdge Fray, dgeassa svat, lags ad csevantages of each and Provided ilstatons of seul designs Mare reseat historical pmpectves ac isis are gven by Billington, Peter, Keng and Buocopane? Many wings focus on te dria fo the deck sind suspension Wedge, Designers fave however, developed ach varity ‘fare seucaal ess fo stile suspicion chains or able, These alie- ‘fom are disusse her, ilu. Ste wih bridges that exe each, este coeparisons reves tues of Stal behave and desones” jue er. Some ofthese hes ar unte- ‘ive fet, proving adequate ti ‘sand stably in wind and modeling ‘onavically nansnee behavior ee ain design challenges ay. espe forms to be disused are schematically in ie I The bene cae (ig 13) dase i to provide pepsi on the mane ‘fe Seg problems Pree} Peet (9) Unsittot sgenon able) Dass min ‘shes a dean rates Teeeert [Teeth (9 Twohiged bucedchinereable (2) Theeinge taal incre (©) Tron fy mpd Gem cse (Tsing. lysed sale tod iene haga ‘deck Gene arog a). © Sine yom me Tose yt ae = oe 0) siti eastmtcins ny tm Ree Peet © ty aguand cans (Sita peteoned aca (sins pected cae deine tect oe ‘i Tipo pean Bp a Bang es ian Rawal Fe106 ‘Unstiffened Suspension Bridges ig. ta shows an unetfend cable stain wih veal gers supporting a oay. Many ext Brits epesin legs iteluding Sal Brows ‘nin ig, ain 920 oer “ood, were tiene. Nis 1823 Rapport a Monsters wien a= {ert pecton or of ria ‘ys ea a hereto tie design of wsifnedsmpension Isidae! Some oral eae oan ing te sate ehevior of nin cables sve guia inf. 2 Fig. 2a shows vera ive lon 3 le taal fx ates 2 pen sag and nelle weghtsaveto Treload, Theable wiltaveno si runtime ‘ech, wi coespnding veri Sspaceny, I, The eile shape isvery tet Go th orga! sh Bec th elu poston aot sown a rior masa ge i placements oz ee a gui Shape i ato th cable aio be somal on-line is 2 Ate lo, Dry ditt bo he hrzonal rejection ofthe ae ‘beth aie wl have s parol a [ium ape If ve lod i apled asso 2, he cil wl ave ‘the ceing ti a a s ede 1 case dplcemend to ‘ial fre fom ceded. The verte! Aspacemen wl be smal ta, ‘he ie lois doubted 02, tbe on responding displacement. wll be salle than 2, Beause a hi he ‘ables sido bea tardening system or ‘vi ive loads. If the dea load is doubled s shown in ig. 2c, and hea the lve los, is applied, he corresponding Aispacement 1, wil be smaller then , because the rao of ive lon to dead loud, L/D, decreased. In gone, LD ‘Sore ofthe dimensionless parameters a deermizes wheter egitium Stage under combined dea sd ive loud is signtcaly dierent om the parabolic shape unde desd load ony If the same dead oa and ive lad, “sesplied to acable witha ser og, sy HD as shown ing 22, the come 1999 Proceedings of an International Bridges Conference [o) Noda NaF, A INSANSA, iin ii Delica sae [Grae eio oa Ciao fini agit Hvac agree (a Sealeratie Uae (0 Cosbind pnd ‘bvntvetane i 1p 2 Sas bine o aed GE WS ce we ee sponding lve load veel dislace- 1. The ngo-span ata, HS the to of ‘neni, wilftesmale han? beenure live load to dud loud, L/D, ana diner ‘be sito span to, 75, bd d= sioaes deed lod, DISA, conto he ‘yeased, Thats, fora given span ané L/ static beavior of spend cable Dato, the eble wth the sale sag wil have the water vet sifies for 2. Th ded fod gives cable some ef avy ve oa, fea sites fora verte ve loud. Given sawp tive loud apliod as 5. Fora given span ae dea ood, so shown n fg. 2e, the corespending veri- fective cable vertical sien fer 9 gr ‘aldpacement?,,willbegrestrthan ify lve land ncesses ns HS and LD Esicvavercal siies foran wp eres Ids soar han a eral iffes for ‘avy live load. Ftheupitloudie 4, A cables in general geometlly doubled o 2 th comespoding vertical aonnet, eter hardeing or sR, lsplacementt willbe greater than 2 depending onthe diction ofthe Ive Because of is the abe isaidta bes toad softening sytem fr uli ive loads if theres two lve loads, ones uplift 5, There sno unique vera vend foe and the thera dave farce as stifee rom ada lod. Fo any ead sownln fig. 2G thecoresponding vert- load at effective vertical ie load is ‘aldslacemeni1, will greater than gent fife depends onthe meni, 4, Insommary th following geacateb- econ, nd positon a the lve od servations may be made for una fened cabostiffening Suspension Bridges _anough ts not shown qoaniavely fer forte entisymmerc live load pete ershowaln fig 2/2 ratiosassmall, {00S excuse signifca vera eo dplsements Moreover if ive fond varies wih Hequency thats lose toan effective natral Reqaacy of (il, sate displacements may be sig- siamyamplies. (heb hiehorti esl a hal ieenthcty 2 raon over cone it unites se peroneal nen witht = ‘re verte! diplomat fom iy ve loads, Besse a five ‘cl aes iy ea reve ob HS deren, Navi = (Sed bleswit mal ang o-apan {tm nator? although Nave Sr eit se vin ete fo sts of Bi ries, - ther he nor njone ele was sl rset an smal wun he fine Rigs tere and exper: Iva invention of seedy et in at i ot one at e th ‘ate Nevows Bg ales 15:0) Naver refrac 2 ‘auton stenet commending i ‘Sehtued on orpesace and obser Soo prevent wintndaced poten? (Cares et designed and ult the ‘hesing Sospension Bdge ia 1849 as sna eble witha sal sg Shan ai, flowing Navie's rine. Dies" Tho bridge's cables and veal Saspenders were severely damaged and is woodes leorng destroyed ding Wind toa in 1884" Tn conta, James Foley of Fayette Couns, Pass ani, the plonering designe of oepension ‘ridges the United Stats, but eye- ur hn saspension ridges wi oad ays send by trusses begining in OL. Such ses, without dous, were empialy designed to decrease Golscements fom moving vig Ive loads: They also improved the perfor. "aes of suspension dpe in wind som, Suspension Bridges ‘The deck-stifened suspension bridge, shown schematically in igi, babe ome the dominant fon. ti dees en considered dfring ence Df suspension bridge. Buonopane and Bilingon have writes hough a- alysis ofthe history of mods ued o ‘The pan was to be 3,240 fest ho eek 235 fet wide, withtvo level. commodating velverlond wack, ur jc Wil Me ha war le dip Gone, dso alates, The (0 700) tans ot oe Be ‘mos notable surviving example of ied 31 ‘booed iin bre i the Tower Bridge in London, butby Sir Horse Jone in 188 Breda sapesin forme were encoun, sly, desired and designated os “hve atches*Becaae abscess, tea ex momen font on-nferm avy lke ads, epciy nee the quer Points, These ve load momect, when ‘ed dnd lsd effec, sould net pradice ne compressive fresi me- ‘es ofthe cain whichis ray tunkaced In genera, he have of Dacian ges very ferent fons tof decked suspension bees. Scinman dicated te relative shanages of riod cing Because ‘veh forms Were consred tobe ier, coy site, hey were favored fr ‘oad bridges Braced chaos were more ‘compatible wih eye-brconsttion, whit fr lone spans was nat a ae soil cable mpning An extant, tracé-cabi souctue ipsa ‘ekge spanning the Deawe River st Lambe Peony ui y he John A Rebting's Sons Company fa senting erga (2efetg Os brides, with ve sane sterile Pomme ich astng 68 fx, comin Touran halt rl td dy 9 tt ee twosingnd ive sreben10 1999 Proceedings of an International Bridges Conference ‘The threhinged baced chin wat come sideed tobe satay determinate paeeB RGSER a: | Pon See ta te avg of ym Shia anbialy of aes and ee Soon pee snp! ow pete Tie rm va peceed we Kbewnteknr dite Tengo tal a ec SIS" fm organo ep ad nips Hopes dot ned oe Slee cep of ales ests nn ly o ‘Siete ten oo mec Setaitien pete Hover be ‘Sathesrctal perme wed {hn tl te sitet sepsen fos ema cnopen euro. seal aque wire Ff nae er a (Sectvelad tic poe y ane ota pe Tera acs ee ected hin et cae eis toes ones staty sorte vena sts stg ral ng he one civchanetschenryin sie sade be dene sn ona baced chain's Dexa afiess yen the able andthe deck The A surviving example of the inverted m= Inhibits he development of geomatrial- bridge was uit s T853wiha span?’ hingedareh fam inthe US. isthe Lower Iyinomlinwsr etfs, Whatar isi 240f2c Cowper in 857 madiedhis _Beidgeat Eaglsh Caner Peansysoni Susturlydesimble san open nse 1847 design witha proposal fora uly shown nig 9" The ridge was de= rsh inverted ah shown at the Bt- Sane and erected in 1891 by Deon and [Baced chins do retin one source of tomaffig 3” Fllrsnd Swiman cada Wiebrok, former Phoenix Bridge Con oolineer behavior ifthe Gck sunt pedsan beige over the River Mai, psy agents, it slender eoanrs fined and cable hangers we used, there beeen Fuku and Sacheenshusen, eres-breing. Te ton of the coutes ‘sapossibiy ofhangen desomiagasanexamploofaninvered taeeshinged depends an when during the erections shot fom wind prosucoduplit frees, sch Thebridg,shownin fig. 8, wasde-qucacetey were tensioned and onthe By fly easing the spenson form be- sige by Schnrch witha span 262 magnitude ofthe pcteasio res. B= torn he ein (ar cble) andthe deck, fet ad was ulin 186." nur thes are knows, tee Some ch nol beavie i ecled {uncerainy in eining elt! models Fully Trussed Suspension Bridges Figs. Lean Ifeanceptalysbow ly Arve, two- and te hinged verted ach forms As with raced ean, he ‘ign and development of fully tossed invert ah forms nos be tied ‘indepth, Brsepallaecealydocuren- tad filly ised uspension brid, shown afi 7, which was designed by ‘snton Glace and erected in 192832 doa al Bier 5 np ly ad gall nen far al WS ‘age Lambeth Bridge in London, de aue a lt Graay88) anon row Sh Pra ‘Sbted sy Foes Balowr ra cable suse Suenioe Bibs The espn, Coron al Es, > Me Tor eh ao eton bridge wih crossSracing bes S990 146stiffening Suspension Bridges 1 the canpletesbandonmeat of hat "ype in Engin” n recognition of Rosblng’ssciovements, Ammann ded Steinman devoted ony sitine pare trap a his book to the ase of sah oie med of ieing he Scion po sys bow hoster, be he intage af ‘ing fhe eseactoe seer tn of becoming ser overtes- ther weed sree he oo i abe phowgans fi the bridge Notes. tinea aly- Syspenston Bridges Stiffened SYS peerly increase the dese of ssandeperinenl hoasesing ee be Bape tae State indetemiaey of saspenson ‘Sedans HAE stay 1998 isl ntti rege cones live leads se vend we inged tssed sch Forthesmai 30 footy itso iy Sather sr nears fe hin doe J od pr ‘ie asia onto he tres veld sles Ths ocr fom cet forte, "pesten brides deine by Fie ‘na Fxand Parnes or te Seer, Setar able oso veh ‘ov ied hangers ad appene 0 ely ed syns (Tae end spon ria, fi De. Wiliam Brown wash design engin ba ve ang) Th age sles Sh gomeellyooe eatle sit ‘sn dead ld doin lrg. tts very ical to decide on ‘he appopriate lve of pretension in stays and chive the desired preen- So during constuction. f stays 20 shack, the bride's belavior beams relies A tind general way to site a suspen sion cable iby aiding stays Figs Ig, ya show te general range ‘mens In acti bewildering varity alerts stay rangement hs bees ‘ied, often in combination with sting trusses, Bender sted hat “the Enis nginees were the fe who proposed fc applied aye fr auspesion Twidges, in conection with cables, a wellas without them,” end “the ist of These ridges was uit by Richard Lees, at Galas, acon the River Gal, the Year 1816, of span of one tuned and ‘vee fet” Bender fartber ste that “a great many ofthe say bridges broke down, an after many sd experiences the seo stays hs bean entirely rjc ‘ed by English engineers" Assmann aso Slate that “cine stays, Uoded in England and widely ned there inthe early pat of the intent entry, proved patsy fate A numberof sxspeusion bridges with och sys tle, on sceount of nefiint resistance fo wind presse and his ed Stays fhm shove (8g 1g). ifeopely rtnsined can eecely sen & ospension ge and inhib te Kind of rotion in whic the dled deck ‘ember one fil snuoil ele A stays effecivenas decrees with i ‘sessing distance from he ower athe tne berwcen the say andthe dc de treases, Says fom ave dersee he ‘ead lad tension nthe suspen fable and thus deerete ts effective ver tcl tne. tare i hriontal sip join st midspan, soy indose compe Sn inthe deck. Sys rom sbove ean use bending in he oer, if hey we ot coninuots over he owe ai Stays and hangers share in carving ive Ton, proportion othe sess,