BLII-004 Network Based Information Services: Block - 1: Library Networks

Indira Gandhi
National Open University

BLII–004
School of Social Sciences Network Based
Information Services
Block -1 : Library Networks

Unit 1 : Introduction to Library Networks 07
Unit 2 : Library Networks : National and International 20
Block - 2 : Internet, Intranet and Extranet

Unit 3 : Internet 45
Unit 4 : Intranet and Extranet 61
Block - 3 : Internet Architecture

Unit 5 : Internet Connectivity and Protocols 83
Unit 6 : Structure of Internet 97
Block - 4 : Internet-Resources and Services

Unit 7 : Internet Resources 111
Unit 8 : Internet Tools 133
Unit 9 : Internet-based Library Services 151
Programme Design Committee
Prof. S.B. Ghosh (Chairman) Mr. V.K. Gupta Dr. E. Rama Reddy
Faculty of Library and NISCAIR, Head, ETTG Librarian
Information Science (Retd.) University of Hyderabad
IGNOU, New Delhi New Delhi
Prof. R. Satyanarayana
Dr. Jagdish Arora Dr. (Ms) Neela Jagannathan Faculty of Library and
Chief Librarian, IIT Delhi Librarian, IGNOU (Retd.) Information Science
New Delhi IGNOU, New Delhi
Mr. Ishwar Bhatt
Librarian Dr. Neena Talwar Kanungo Mr. V.V. Subramaniyam
BITS, Pilani Faculty of Library and School of Computer and
Information Science Information Sciences
Prof. B.K. Sen
IGNOU, New Delhi IGNOU, New Delhi
Scientist (Retd.), INSDOC
New Delhi Prof. A. Neelameghan Prof. Uma Kanjilal
UNESCO Expert (Convenor)
Mr. Shashi Bhushan
Bangalore Faculty of Library and
School of Computer and
Information Science
Infromation Sciences Dr. Pravakar Rath
IGNOU, New Delhi
IGNOU, New Delhi Faculty of Library and
Information Science
Dr. R. K. Chadda
IGNOU, New Delhi
Director, Parliament Library
New Delhi
Programme Coordinators: Prof. Uma Kanjilal & Dr. Jaideep Sharma

Course Editor Course Coordinator
Dr. Jagdish Arora Prof. Uma Kanjilal
Course Preparation Team
Block-1: Library Networks Block-2: Internet, Intranet and
Extranet
Unit Contributor Unit Contributor
1 Dr. Jaideep Sharma 3 to 4 Mr. V.V. Subramaniyam
2 Dr. Neena Talwar Kanungo
Block-3: Internet Architecture Block-4: Internet-Resources and

Library Services
Unit Contributor Unit Contributor
5 to 6 Mr. P.V. Suresh 7 Ms. Sujata Santosh
8 to 9 Prof. Uma Kanjilal
Material Production Editorial Assistance Secreterial Assistance

Mr. Jitender Sethi Ms. Sujata Santosh Mr. Devbrat Singh Chauhan
Mr. S.S. Venkatachalam
Mr. Manjit Singh
December, 2005
© Indira Gandhi National Open University, 2005
ISBN-.....................................
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other
means, without permission in writing from the Indira Gandhi National Open University.
Further information on Indira Gandhi National Open University courses may be obtained from the
University's office at Maidan Garhi, New Delhi-110 068.
Printed and published on behalf of the Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi by
Director, School of Social Sciences.
Paper Used : Agrobased Environment Friendly
Lasertypesetted at Graphic Printers, 204, Pankaj Tower, Mayur Vihar, Phase-I, Delhi-91. Ph.:22758444
Printet at :
COURSE INTRODUCTION
The emergence of Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW) as a new media
of information storage and delivery provide an unparalleled media for delivery
of information with greater speed and economy. The Internet and web
technology has changed the way information is stored, retrieved, communicated
and broadcasted, it is likely to revolutionise the way publishers, publishing
industry and scientists function in the era predominately guided by the printing
technology. These technologies have triggered large scale commercial and
non-commercial digitisation programmes the world over. Increasing number
of commercial and society publishers are using the Internet as a global medium
to offer their publications to the international community of scientists and
technologists. The web-based electronic information products not only
eliminate paper, physical storage and transportation costs, they also offer a
host of other possibilities for incorporating multimedia and hyper-link features
to electronic documents hitherto impossible on paper media. This, in turn, has
led to the generation of new services that were non-existent as well as
modification of existing services and their deliverables.
The Internet, web technologies and digital-based electronic information
products are exerting ever-increasing pressure on the traditional libraries, which,
in turn, are committing larger portions of their budgetary allocation for either
procuring or accessing web-based online or full-text search services, CD ROM
products, online databases, multimedia products, etc. While there is a
continuous demand from the users to increase the resources and services, the
manpower, physical infrastructure and financial resources made available to
the libraries is decreasing. These factors have contributed to the necessity of
establishing library networks and resource sharing amongst libraries. With
technological advancements and availability of affordable computing power,
libraries and information centres around the world have computerised their
library routines and have developed databases for shared use on computer
networks. Besides improving services and operations for improved
performance, libraries have been able to evolve effective computer networks
with an aim to optimise utilisation of resources and facilities.
The library and information networks have potential to improve library services
in several ways. It brings down the cost of information products and services
in the network environment in shared mode. It enables libraries to offer need-
based services to the end users eliminating the limitation of size, distance and
language barriers among them. With evolution of library networks, the emphasis
has moved from the networks as physical entities to the resources available
through the networks. These network accessible resources include databases
of library holdings, journal articles, electronic text, images, video and audio
files, scientific and technical data, etc.
A network is developed when a group of libraries and/or information centres
decides to exchange information using computers. The library networks use
existing communication facilities to establish networks amongst libraries that
agree to cooperate amongst themselves through more or less formal agreements
with a view of pooling their resources and to offer better services to the users.
The participating libraries generally follow identical or compatible rules and
procedures.
The course comprises nine units namely:
Unit 1. Introduction to Library Networks
Unit 2. Library Networks: National and International
Unit 3. Internet
Unit 4. Intranet and Extranet
Unit 5. Internet Connectivity and Protocols
Unit 6. Structure of Internet
Unit 7. Internet Resources
Unit 8. Internet Tools
Unit 9. Internet-based Library Services
Unit 1 provides a brief introduction to the library networks. It provides
definition of library networks and resource sharing, and establishes relationship
between the two. Need, purpose, and functions of a library network are described
briefly. The unit makes a mention of important library networks at the national
and international level. It briefly touches upon factors that are hampering the
process of resource sharing. Lastly, the unit introduces the concept of library
consortia and their need. The unit provides a brief description of INDEST
Consortium and the UGC INFONET Consortium as examples.
Unit 2 deals with library networks at national and international level. It provides
a brief overview of library networks with reasons that led to their growth and
development. The unit describes various library networks that exist in India as
well as a few important networks at international level.
Unit 3 provides a brief introduction to the Internet with its history and evolution.
It highlights the functioning, governance and utility of the Internet for a common
person. The unit briefly describes various methods of Internet connection. Tools
and services offered on the Internet are dealt in details.
Unit 4 deals with definition, needs, benefits, and features of Intranet and
Extranet. It discusses applications of Intranet and Extranet and differentiates
between the Internet, Intranet and Extranet. The unit elaborates on Intranet
and Extranet security mechanism.
Unit 5 introduces Internet protocols and describes functions of important
Internet protocols. The unit also describes various options available for getting
Internet connectivity.
Unit 6 deals with organisation and structure of Internet. The unit describes
various components of Internet structure including PCs, communication
equipment, ISPs and ISP backbone, web servers and services for the users. It
elaborates on Internet society and also various Internet standards.
Unit 7 deals with Internet resources, its advantages and use. It describes various
types of Internet resources, namely, primary sources, online databases, reference
sources, libraries, and subject gateways. The unit also deals with evaluation of
Internet resources.
Unit 8 elaborates on different Internet tools such as search engines, subject
directories, deep web or invisible web. Internet communication tools,
conferencing tools, transmission and access tools are described briefly.
Unit 9 describes Internet-based library services including library web sites,
library portals, subject gateways, virtual reference service, weblogs, and RSS.
Block 1
LIBRARY NETWORKS
UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO LIBRARY
NETWORKS
Structure
1.0 Objectives
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Definitions: Resource Sharing and Library Networks
1.3 Resource Sharing: Need
1.4 Library Networks: Need
1.5 Library Networks: Purpose
1.6 Library Networks Functions
1.7 Library Networks: National and International
1.8 Factors Hampering Resource Sharing
1.9 Facilitating Resource Sharing
1.10 Library Consortia
1.11 Summary
1.12 Answers to Self Check Exercises
1.13 Keywords
1.14 References and Further Reading
1.0 OBJECTIVES
After reading this Unit, you will be able to:
z get an insight into the historical perspective of resource sharing;
z realise the need of resource sharing;
z comprehend the concept and objectives of library networks;
z understand the functions of library networks;
z become aware of the factors hampering resource sharing;
z know how to overcome the barriers to resource sharing; and
z familiarise yourself with the concept of library consortia.
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Libraries exist to serve their users. They have to satisfy their users by providing
them the right information, in the right quantity, in the right form at the right
time. The needs of users are diverse depending upon their characteristics viz.
age, educational background, socio-economic status, and the context in which
they need the information. To satisfy the diverse needs of their users, libraries
depend upon each other. It is expressed by the term ‘library cooperation’. The 7
Library Networks most basic form of this cooperation starts with sharing of documents amongst
libraries. Libraries satisfy the document requirement of their users through
‘Inter-Library Loan’ (ILL) from other libraries. ILL has evolved into Resource
Sharing wherein libraries share resources other than documents also. These
resources include physical, intellectual and conceptual resources. This change
speaks of the level of inter-dependence of libraries. ILL was not easy to provide
owing to the time, distance and money involved. The developments in storage
and telecommunication technology have facilitated libraries to establish library
networks and that facilitates better connection amongst libraries. Library
networks have enabled libraries to come together to serve their users better.
The library consortium is the latest form of library cooperation wherein libraries
and publishers have come together to take the benefit of network technology
and web-based e-resources.
1.2 DEFINITIONS: RESOURCE SHARING AND

LIBRARY NETWORKS
Let us look into the definitions of Resource Sharing and Library Networks to
understand the basic concepts behind it.
Resource Sharing
Encyclopaedia of Library and Information Science has defined two components
of the term, i.e. “Resource” and “Sharing”. Resource refers to a person, thing
or action to which one resorts to, when needed. Sharing implies allotting or
contributing one’s resources for the benefit of others. Resource sharing entails
reciprocity, implying a partnership in which each is willing and able to make
available resources when needed. The resources can be intellectual, conceptual
or physical. Intellectual or conceptual resources refer to manpower, expertise,
or services whereas, physical resources refer to documents, infrastructure, or
physical space.
Library Networks
Libraries cannot stand in isolation. This has been a well-accepted fact for
centuries and thus, there have been concerted efforts on the part of the libraries
to cooperate. These efforts were made more productive with developments in
computer and telecommunication technologies. Libraries could be connected
locally as well as globally into library networks. Computers made possible the
creation of electronic documents, and telecommunications made it possible to
transfer and transmit them electronically thus, overcoming the barriers of
geographical distance and time.
Library network has been defined as a “group of individuals or organisations
that are interconnected to form a system to accomplish some specified goal.
The linkage must include a communication mechanism, and many networks
exist for the explicit purpose of facilitating certain types of communication
among members.” Another definition of a network describes it in terms of its
characteristics, viz.
1) A network’s function is to marshal resources from its environment to
accomplish results beyond the ability of any one of its members.
8
2) A network has developed an organisational design and structure that allows Introduction to Library
Networks
it to establish an identifiable domain and exercise appropriate influence
over its members. It has a base in communications technology.
There is a stress in these definitions on collaborative acquisitions, which is an
objective of library networks. An effective library network requires an
administrative structure and planning.
Self Check Exercise
1) Define resource sharing and library networks.
Note: i) Write your answer in the space given below.
ii) Check your answer with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
1.3 RESOURCE SHARING : NEED

Why should libraries share their resources? This question comes to mind in
view of the fact that libraries acquire resources to serve their users. Why should
they then serve users of other libraries with their resources? The answer to this
question lies in the fact that:
Information is being produced at a very fast pace: According to an estimate,
five exabytes of information was produced in 2002. To have an idea of this
amount of information, this much information is equivalent to information
contained in 37,000 new libraries of the size of Library of Congress (LC). LC
has 17 million books containing about 136 terabytes of information. Can we
imagine a library acquiring that much of information? One of the factors
responsible for the overwhelming amount of information is that half of the
scientists world has ever produced are still living and working today. This
leads to scarcity of space available for housing information.
Escalation in Cost of published literature: The increase in prices of
publications is evident from the result of a sample study of periodicals published
in the US. The rate of increase in prices in 2002 was 7.9%. It is more pronounced
for science and technology compared to social sciences.
Diminishing buying power of libraries: Another factor that has added to the
increasing cost of published literature, is the declining library budgets. Added
to it is the problem of devaluation of local currency (i.e., Rupees) against US
Dollar or other currencies, particularly for India and other third world countries.
It has resulted in diminishing power of libraries to acquire literature.
9
Library Networks Increasing awareness and desire to know among users: Widespread
education and the concept of equality and democracy in the society have aroused
the hunger “to know” among people. This is a chain reaction and has acted as
a catalyst among users’ increasing need for information. The Internet and Web
has also contributed substantially to increase in awareness amongst library
users. It has resulted in increased demands being put on libraries.
Accountability in libraries: Librarians depend on public money for survival.
They have an accountability towards the public. For that they strive to perform
well by serving their users best. They work to fulfill the information requirement
of their users at the right time, in right amount and the form in which their
users require it. The information may be available within their library or from
some outside source. All these factors force libraries to cooperate with other
libraries by sharing their resources.
1.4 LIBRARY NETWORKS : NEED

The developments in information technology have made it possible for libraries
to establish network. But why should library networks be formed? The need
for forming the library network is as follows:
Increasing amount of information, produced today is in electronic form:
Information is stored in print, film, magnetic, and optical storage media. The
majority of information produced today is in electronic form. The information
produced in the year 2002 was distributed in these various media as under:
Media Percentage of information stored
Hard disks 92%
Films 7%
Paper 0.01%
Optical Media 0.002%
Bibliographic access to information is also in electronic form: Access to
information is provided through databases produced online and offline. Most
of the indexing and abstracting services are now available on the web and the
catalogues of libraries are appearing on the net in increasing numbers. This is
an incentive for the libraries to network.
Internet: The existence of Internet is a major factor that has changed the way
information is produced, published, stored, transmitted, and used. The Internet
is an enabling factor for libraries to establish networks and share their resources.
Timely access to information: It is difficult for an individual to lay hands
manually on the precise and specific information, required by him/her, from
the large mass of information available. Computer helps to process, access
and search the required information. Networks are essential to get access to
the information when it is available at a distance. Networking of libraries has
increased the feasibility of resource sharing by overcoming the barriers of
distance and time involved in accessing information.
10
Self Check Exercise Introduction to Library
Networks
2) ‘Diminishing buying power of libraries necessitates resource sharing’.
Comment.
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
1.5 LIBRARY NETWORKS: PURPOSE

Libraries have joined hands to cooperate and coordinate at various levels to
form networks. The networks are formed at local, national and regional level
to achieve the following goals:
Provide democratic access to information
We are living in the information age where information is a commodity needed
by one and all. We are highly dependent on information. It is a resource as
important as energy. Information is required for decision making at different
levels. Information can be considered as a fundamental right of every citizen,
therefore, nobody should be deprived of his/ her information requirements.
The information may be bibliographic or full-text, old or new, print or non-
print. Library networks are instrumental in satisfying the information
requirements of users of the libraries in a network.
Abridge document collection in different libraries
Libraries have different document collection. They are strong in some areas
and poor in the others. They lack resources beyond their reach, particularly
due to paucity of funds. If libraries are interconnected to other libraries through
networks, they can have access to the combined collection of all networked
libraries and overcome their limitation at their own limited collection.
Enable uniform practices in routines
Networks bring in uniformity in the routines followed by libraries particularly
cataloguing and classification. Uniform standards are the necessity as well as
the by-product of library networks. Standards in cataloguing and classification
can be achieved and followed in different libraries due to networking. A central
agency can be entrusted the task of cataloguing and classification, which can
be followed by others for standardisation.
11
Library Networks
1.6 LIBRARY NETWORKS: FUNCTIONS
The functions of Library Networks are as follows:
Provide Electronic Document Delivery
Access to accurate and timely information is very important. User should get
information when he/she requires it. Electronic document delivery is the answer
to this. Instant delivery of the document is possible over networks using e-
mails, fax, web, etc.
Reference and Referral Service
Library networks enable faster reference and referral services in a collaborative
environment. A vast and comprehensive document collection and the support
of trained expert manpower need to be deployed to facilitate it.
Acquisition
Rationalisation of acquisition is one the major functions of library network.
Libraries can come together to identify and avoid duplication of resources
amongst members of library network. Funds could be diverted for resources
that are found lacking in a particular geographical area. It would result in better
allocation of funds and widespread availability of resources. Core collections
could be built up for all libraries. Documents, which are rare or costly, could
be acquired strategically in different locations to enable maximum use.
Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC)
Bibliographic access to the holdings of a library or groups of libraries could be
provided through networks. It would enable libraries to know about the
resources of other libraries enabling sharing of resources. It would also enable
to know the exact status of a document whether it is issued or on the shelf or
reserved.
Self Check Exercises
3) Enumerate the purpose of library networks.
4) ‘Library networks have enabled democratic access to information’.
Comment.
ii) Check your answers with the answers given at the end of this Unit.
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
12 ...................................................................................................................
Introduction to Library
1.7 LIBRARY NETWORKS: NATIONAL AND Networks
INTERNATIONAL
There are a number of library networks operational at national and international
level. These are based on different criteria, e.g. clientele, subject, geographical
area, etc. Some of the important networks are listed below:
National
INFLIBNET (Information and Library Network), DELNET (Developing
Library Network), CALIBNET (Calcutta Library Network), MALIBNET
(Madras Library Network), MYLIBNET (Mysore Library Network), BONET
(Bombay Library Network), ADINET (Ahmedabad Library Network),
PUNENET (Pune Library Network), etc. Except for, INFLIBNET, all others
are Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs). The names suggest that they are
based at Delhi, Calcutta, Madras, Mysore, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, and Pune.
However, there is a changing trend with developments in telecommunication
technology, MANs are widening the scope. DELNET, initially Delhi Libraries
Network is now Developing Libraries Network with a number of libraries in
other countries also becoming its members. INFLIBNET is a network of
academic and research libraries of India. Similarly, libraries have formed
networks based on subject. (For details of the National Networks please refer
to Unit 2 of this Block).
International
On the international front also there are a number of networks. Online Computer
Library Centre (OCLC) is a global library network that provides cost-effective
access to resources for users the world over. It has a repository of the global
knowledge in its database, World Cat, that provides access to cataloguing and
holding information on documents in different languages of the world. Research
Libraries Information Network (RLIN) is another example of a network of
research, academic, and public libraries in the US. It provides access to different
kinds of literature at international level. Joint Academic Network (JANET) is
a network in the UK. It covers academic libraries including colleges, universities
and polytechnics. It is also connected to other such networks in the country
and abroad. There are more such networks in other countries about which you
will learn in detail in Unit 2 of this Block.
1.8 FACTORS HAMPERING RESOURCE

SHARING
Library cooperation has been in existence since 200 B.C. It has evolved and
taken different forms e.g., resource sharing, networking, consortia, etc. There
are a number of factors that hamper the process of resource sharing. H. K.
Kaul conducted research to study barriers to resource sharing in Indian
Libraries. In his review of literature, he has identified the following barriers to
resource sharing:
• A desire for possessing everything in one’s own library;
• Changing priorities for collection development;
• Control of collection policies and priorities; 13
Library Networks • Staff and faculty attitudes;
• Document delivery time;
• Lack of awareness among users about cooperation;
• Restriction, mainly local, in lending the material;
• Due to limited resources libraries may not participate in resource sharing;
• Lack of needed support services;
• Lack of required administrative structure and support;
• Non-conducive political environment; and
• Reluctance to yield autonomy.
1.9 FACILITATING RESOURCE SHARING

Kaul, in the conclusion to his study has given laws of resource sharing. These
are:
i) Library Resources are for sharing
ii) Documents in Standard Database form are the Dynamic Resources for
Global Sharing
iii) Every Resource its user
iv) Every user his or her share of the Resource
v) Minimise the Non-Use Period of Documents in Demand
vi) Automated Delivery Mechanisms of Resources will Progressively Grow
vii) Resource Sharing is a Global Phenomenon
To follow the above laws, he suggests that:
• factors hampering resource sharing need to be eliminated;
• documents should be made available in machine form;
• documents requested by users should be made available to them;
• the documents in heavy demand should be identified and made easily
available to users;
• document delivery should be electronic; and
• we should contribute to resource sharing by exchanging information as it
is a global phenomena
Thus the problems in resource sharing could be categorized as:
• Personal;
• Organisational;
• Social;
• Political;
• Economic; and
• Technological.
Personal problems relate to the attitude of librarians who are averse to sharing
of resources. This is one of the most important barriers in the process of resource
sharing. They have to be counselled and educated regarding its importance
and benefits. The category of such librarians has reduced to a great extent due
14
to the increasing pressure of variety of document requests made by users and Introduction to Library
Networks
increasing percentage of such requests needed to be met from other libraries.
Once the librarian has developed the right attitude and is willing to be part of
a network for resource sharing, he/she can solve the other problems that relate
to his/her organisation and the infrastructure.
Self Check Exercise
5) List the barriers to resource sharing in libraries.
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
1.10 LIBRARY CONSORTIA

Resource sharing as a concept involved sharing among libraries having some
affinity. Affinity could be based on subject, geographical area, clientele, etc.
One of the important partners in knowledge transmission channel, viz., publisher
was left out in this collaborative venture. Publishers and other agencies involved
in distribution of knowledge and information have also been included in the
collaborative efforts today. These include service providers like database
vendors and online service providers. Libraries and publishers have come
together to form library consortia.
One of the main reasons for formation of consortia is the spiraling costs of
publications particularly the journals. To quote American Library Association’s
2001 report on prices of periodicals. Periodicals in law experienced a price
rise of 75% during 1991-2000. For the same period, the Consumer Price Index
in the U.S. rose only by 26%. Similarly, the price rise for the same period for
medical periodicals was 165%. Marc J Maclabee reports that there are 30,000
academic journals in the world today. Out of which 8,000 are peer-reviewed.
The dwindling library budgets against increasing number and cost of periodicals
have affected both libraries and publishers. They have come together to the
rescue of each other. Consortia has been formed wherein libraries have formed
cooperative acquisition programmes. They have chalked out policies in
collaboration with publishers and database producers and vendors. The policies
are with regard to access to electronic versions of their journals (e-journals)
and databases. The agreements have been made keeping in view the:
• number of libraries; and
15
• number of users accessing the sources;
Library Networks Indian National Digital Library of Engineering, Sciences, and Technology
(INDEST), is a consortium set up and funded by the Ministry of Human
Resource Development (MHRD) in India. It has its headquarters at IIT Delhi.
Its members are 38 core institutions viz., Indian Institute of Science, IITs,
IIMs, IIITs, NITs and a few other centrally funded Government institutions.
The membership is open to all other educational institutions under its self-
supported category.
The access to the resources is being provided directly from the publishers’
websites. The total membership of the consortium is 146. The consortium
subscribes to 14 full-text resources that covers more than 6,500 e-journals and
8 bibliographic databases. The consortium offers a price advantage on
subscription to e-resources that exceeds 80%. The consortium is also a member
of International Coalition of Library Consortia (ICOLC).
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) has also formed a
Consortium for which National Institute of Science Communication and
Information Resources (NISCAIR) has been identified as the nodal agency.
The consortium aims at providing access to international e-journals to the CSIR
scientists. To start with, an agreement has been made with Elsevier Science
publishers in which access to its 1700 journals is being provided to the CSIR
scientists. It allows the scientists to access and download from these e-journals.
The agreement initially is for a period of four years.
University Grants Commission (UGC), India has launched a consortium of
e-journals for its member Universities to provide electronic access to scholarly
literature over the Internet. It will provide access to journals through its recently
launched nationwide communication network, UGC-INFONET. UGC-
INFONET is overlaid on Education and Research Network (ERNET)
infrastructure to provide assured quality of service and optimal utilisation of
Bandwidth resources. On behalf of the UGC, the INFLIBNET is executing
the UGC-INFONET project in collaboration with the ERNET. UGC-INFONET
E-Journals Consortium aims to promote the use of electronic databases and
full text access to journals by the research and academic community in the
country. Consortium covers all the disciplines, viz. Pure Sciences, Social
Sciences and Humanities including Management and Languages. Information
and Library Network (INFLIBNET) Centre, is the nodal agency for
coordination of the UGC-INFONET. INFLIBNET Centre is an autonomous
Inter-University Centre of the University Grants Commission. It facilitates
linkage between UGC, ERNET and universities. It will be responsible for the
administration, monitoring and maintenance of the consortium. It will place
orders for e-journals on behalf of universities and coordinate the programme.
All universities which come under UGC’s purview will be members of the
programme, and it will gradually be extended to colleges as well. UGC will
bear the entire expenses for UGC funded universities for providing e-journals
access on behalf of participating universities. Each University will have the
option of hosting their website and the journals subscribed through University
Consortia. UGC-INFONET will be a boon to the higher education system in
the country. The programme will help in mitigating the severe shortage of
periodicals faced by university libraries due to the ever widening gap between
16 the growing demand for literature, and the shortage of available resources.
UGC-INFONET was formally inaugurated by the Hon’ble Prime Minister on Introduction to Library
Networks
28th December, 2002.
Self Check Exercise
6) Define Library Consortia. Briefly describe the INDEST consortium.
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
1.11 SUMMARY
In this Unit you have been introduced to the concept of resource sharing and
library networks, their need and purpose. The importance of library networks
was discussed under their functions. We also studied the impediments towards
library networks. It was followed by a discussion of the means to overcome
these barriers by facilitating resource sharing. The concept of resource sharing
has received a fillip by the introduction of electronic publishing. E-journals
have provided a cost-benefit solution to the problem of journals acquisition in
view of easing prices and reducing library budgets. Library Consortia resorts
to acquiring e-journals in a cooperative way. It is the most recent happening in
library networks and resource sharing.
1.12 ANSWERS TO SELF CHECK EXERCISES

1) Resource refers to a person, thing or action to which one resorts to, when
needed. Sharing implies allotting or contributing one’s resources for the
benefit of others. Resource sharing entails reciprocity, implying a
partnership in which each is willing and able to make available resources
when needed. The resources can be intellectual, conceptual or physical.
Intellectual or conceptual resources refer to manpower, expertise, or
services whereas; physical resources refers to documents, infrastructure,
or physical space.
Library network has been defined as a “group of individuals or
organisations that are interconnected to form a system to accomplish some
specified goal. The linkage must include a communication mechanism,
and many networks exist for the purpose of facilitating certain types of
communication among members”.
2) Diminishing buying power of libraries necessitates resources sharing.
Budgets of libraries are going down. This results in their decreasing power 17
Library Networks to buy documents. Added to it is the widening gap in currency conversion
against Indian currency making it all the more difficult for libraries to
fulfill the needs of users. Hence they should share resources.
3) Libraries have joined hands to cooperate and coordinate at various levels
to form networks. These are formed at local, national and regional level.
These networks exist to:
i) Provide democratic access to information.
ii) Abridge document collection in different libraries.
iii) Enable uniform practices in routines.
4) Rationalisation of acquisition is one the major functions of library network.
Libraries can come together to identify duplication of resources that lead
to wastage. Funds could be diverted for resources, which are found lacking
in a particular geographical area. It would result in better allocation of
funds and widespread availability of resources. Core collections could be
built up for all libraries. Documents, which are rare or costly, could be
acquired strategically in different locations to enable maximum use.
5) The barriers to resource sharing are:
• A desire for everything here and now;
• Changing priorities for collection development;
• Control of collection policies and priorities;
• Staff and faculty attitudes;
• Document delivery time;
• Lack of awareness among users about cooperation;
• Restriction, mainly local, in lending the material;
• Due to limited resources libraries may not participate in resource
sharing;
• Lack of needed support services;
• Lack of required administrative structure and support;
• Non-conducive political environment; and
• Reluctance to yield autonomy.
6) Library consortia have been defined as the coming together of libraries,
publishers and vendors for cooperative acquisition of electronic
documents.
Indian National Digital Library of Engineering Sciences and Technology
(INDEST), is a recent example of a consortium in India. The Ministry of
Human Resource Development (MHRD) has set up INDEST. It provides
funds for the resources to be made use of by the participating libraries.
There are 38 core institutions viz., Indian Institute of Science, IITs, IIMs,
IIITs, NITs and some other centrally funded Government institutions.
The membership is open to other such institutions also. The strength of
its members at present is 146. INDEST provides access to 6,500 journals
18 directly from the publishers’ website.
Introduction to Library
1.13 KEYWORDS Networks
Electronic Document Delivery : It refers to document delivered in

electronic form viz., fax, e-mail file, etc.
to overcome the barrier of distance and
time between the user and document.
Exabyte : An Exabyte is a unit of measurement in
computers of one million million million
bytes. It is a measure of size of storage. Its
abbreviation is EB.
Library Cooperation : The mutual agreement between libraries
to share their documents in order to satisfy
the needs of their users.
Library Networks : Two or more libraries connected together
through telecommunication links for
sharing resources and mutual benefit.
Library Resource Sharing : The concept refers to two or more libraries
sharing their resources, which includes
intellectual, conceptual, and physical
resources.
1.14 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING

Cholin V. S. and Karisiddappa C R (2002). Library Consortia for Academic
Libraries in the e-Publishing Era. In : CALIBER 2002. H. Anil Kumar (ed).
Internet Engineering for Libraries and Information Centres. Ahmedabad:
INFLIBNET. pp 362-74.
http://www.paniitd.ac.in/indest/
http://www.ala.org/ala/alonline/selectedarticles/usperiodicals2002.htm
http://www.informationaccess.org/best.pdf
Kaul H. K. ( 2002). From Printed Bibliographies to Online Databases: Role
of Library Networks. In Sardana, J. L.(ed). Libraries in Retrospect and Prospect:
Essays in Honour of Prof D. R. Kalia. V2. Delhi: Concept. pp 423-37.
Kaul, H. K. (1999). Library Resource Sharing and Networks. New Delhi: Virgo
Publications.
Kaul, H. K. (2002). Networking of Libraries in India: A Critical Review. In:
Sardana, J. L.(ed). Libraries in Retrospect and Prospect: Essays in Honour of
Prof D. R. Kalia. Delhi: Concept. Vol 2.pp 411-22.
Mc Dougall, Allan F. and Pryterch, Ray (ed.) (1991). Handbook of Library
Cooperation. U K: Gower.
Resource Sharing in Libraries. In : Kent, Allen (ed) (1978). Encyclopaedia of
Library and Information Science. New York: Marcell Dekker. Vol 25.
Wessling, Julie (1992). Document Delivery: A Primary Service for the Nineties.
In Gordan, Iren P (ed). Advances in Librarianship. San Diago: Academic
Press. Vol 16. 19
UNIT 2 LIBRARY NETWORKS:
NATIONAL AND
INTERNATIONAL
Structure
2.0 Objectives
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Library Networks: An Overview
2.2.1 Objectives of Library Networks
2.3 Library Networks: The Indian Scenario

2.3.1 History and Growth of Library Networks in India
2.3.2 Information and Library Network (INFLIBNET)
2.3.3 Developing Library Network (DELNET)
2.3.4 Calcutta Library Network (CALIBNET)
2.3.5 Ahmedabad Library Network (ADINET)
2.3.6 Mysore Library Network (MYLIBNET)
2.3.7 Pune Library Network (PUNENET)
2.3.8 Madras Library Network (MALIBNET)
2.3.9 Bombay Library Network (BONET)
2.4 Library Networks: International Scenario
2.4.1 Online Computer Library Centre (OCLC)
2.4.2 Research Libraries Information Network (RLIN)
2.4.3 Joint Academy Network (JANET)
2.4.4 Consortium of University Research Libraries (CURL)
2.4.5 China Academic and Library Information System (CALIS)
2.4.6 Australia’s Research and Education Network (AARNET)
2.5 Summary
2.6 Keywords
2.7 Answers to Self Check Exercises
2.8 References and Further Reading
2.0 OBJECTIVES
After reading this Unit, you will be able to:
understand the meaning and importance of library networks;
know the important library networks in India with regard to their objectives,
services and current status; and
have an insight into the well-known library networks at the international
level.
20
Library Networks : National
2.1 INTRODUCTION and International
You have already studied the Unit on “Network Concepts” in the first course
of this Programme, which basically covers the technological aspect of the
networks. The first Unit of this course “Introduction to Library Networks”
deals with the objectives, need, purposes, services, etc. of the library networks.
In this Unit we will acquaint you with some of the functional library networks
in India and abroad.
2.2 LIBRARY NETWORKS: AN OVERVIEW

Due to information explosion and accelerating prices of information services
and products, present day libraries are unable to meet the information needs of
the users. Earlier, resource sharing methods like Inter-Library Loan (ILL) were
used to meet the demands of users. With the advent of information technology,
libraries work in a networked environment where data and information
resources are accessible in electronic format and are shared electronically.
The main advantage of the library network is that data and other information
resources can be shared between a number of users. Library network ensures
that data and other resources can be shared quickly, reliably and accurately.
Before we talk about various national and international library networks, let
us first understand the meaning of library networks with the help of some
definitions.
As Franklin David Jebaraj and Fredrick Robin Devadoss define,“ A library
network is broadly described as a group of libraries coming together with some
agreement of understanding to help each other with a view to satisfying the
information needs of their clientele”.
The National Commission on Libraries and Information Science (NCLIS) gave
definition of a library network in National Programme Document in the year
1975 as:
“Two or more libraries and/or other organisations engaged in a common pattern
of information exchange, through communications, for some functional
purpose. A network usually consists of a formal arrangement whereby materials,
information, and services provided by a variety of libraries and other
organisations are available to all potential users. Libraries may be in different
jurisdictions but agree to serve one another on the same basis as each serves its
own constituents. Computers and telecommunications may be among the tools
used for facilitating communication among them”.
In simple words, library network means a group of libraries situated at different
locations are connected to each other using computers and communication
networks. The basic purpose of library networking is sharing of information,
data and resources in order to provide better services to its clientele. As we all
know, factors like inadequate library budget, accelerating prices of documents
and availability of huge amount of information resources, make it difficult for
any library to acquire sufficient number of documents to fulfill the needs of its
readers. The term “library network” is being used increasingly for library
cooperation and resource sharing. 21
Library Networks 2.2.1 Objectives of Library Networks
From the above definitions it is apparent that the library networks have been
conceived as mechanism for optimum utilisation of resources which is
necessitated by the shrinking of library budget, increased cost of materials and
varieties of demands of the users. The general objectives of such networks can
be spelt out as follows, though individual networks may have one or more
specific objectives depending upon their requirements. For example, networks
of metropolitan area thrive to support the information resources of the users of
the community based on the resources available within the area. However,
such specificity is slowly blurred due to the development of ICT. The primary
objectives are:
a) promoting sharing of resources amongst the libraries;
b) improving information handling capabilities through networking of
libraries and information centres;
c) accessing document collection of member libraries through online union
catalogues;
d) providing bibliographic information services from indigenously created
databases;
e) establishing mechanism for access to international databases;
f) organising document delivery service;
g) optimising utilisation of resources through shared cataloguing, cooperative
acquisition, sharing expertise, sharing equipments etc.;
h) promoting computerisation of libraries and information centres through
international standards which will facilitate exchange of information;
i) augmenting weaker resources in the network by increasing cooperation
among the member libraries;
j) avoiding unnecessary duplication of materials through development of
adequate collection development policy for member libraries;
k) coordination with other networks – regional, national and international;
l) developing databases of projects, specialists and institutions.
2.3 LIBRARY NETWORKS: THE INDIAN

SCENARIO
In this section you will be studying some of the functional national library
networks.
2.3.1 History and Growth of Library Networks in India

History of library networks in India can be traced back to the year 1958 when
on the instance of Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru, Scientific Policy Resolution was
adopted emphasising the development of scientific temper among people. As
a result, several committees and commissions were setup who came up with
22
various recommendations. Some of the reports submitted by these committees
and commissions included: Sinha Committee Report (1959), Ranganathan Library Networks : National
and International
Report to UGC (1965), Peter Larzer Committee Report (1972), V.A. Kamath
Report (1972). All these reports recommended cooperation among libraries at
local, regional and national level. During the 7th Five Year Plan (1985-90) the
Planning Commission of Government of India appointed a working group
under the Chairmanship of Dr. N. Seshagiri to study the aspects of
modernisation of library services and inter-linking of library systems. Further
the Government appointed Prof. D. P. Chattopadhyay as a Chairman of a
Committee to evolve a national policy on library information systems. This
committee submitted the report and stressed the need for resource sharing and
linking of education and research organisations. National Information System
for Science and Technology (NISSAT) established in the year 1977 as a project
in the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR), Government
of India, took initiatives for the setting up of Metropolitan Library Networks
in India. The main purpose of setting library networks was to strengthen the
resource sharing, to avoid duplication of resources and also to minimise the
cost of acquiring resources. Keeping in mind the above mentioned objectives
the Metropolitan City Library Networks, namely, Calcutta Library Network
(CALIBNET) in 1986, Delhi Library Network (DELNET) in 1988, (now
Developing Library Network), Pune Library Network (PUNENET) in 1992,
Bombay Library Network (BONET) in 1994, Ahmedabad Library Network
(ADINET) in 1993, Mysore Library Network (MYLIBNET) in 1995, etc. were
established and funded by the NISSAT. It was expected from these networks
to promote resource sharing, prepare union catalogue of books and periodicals
and create centralised databases. The NISSAT has ceased operation since 2004.
2.3.2 INFLIBNET: Information and Library Network

a) INFLIBNET is an acronym used for Information and Library Network. It
is a major national programme of University Grants Commission (UGC)
started in the year 1991. INFLIBNET(http://www.inflibnet.ac.in/) is an
autonomous inter-university center of UGC, located at Gujarat University
Campus, Ahmedabad. It became an independent inter-university centre
in the year 1996. INFLIBNET is also working very seriously for effective
communication among academicians and researchers in India through
electronic mail, bulletin board, file transfer, and computer/audio/video
conferencing.
The INFLIBNET has made provision for document delivery service by
establishing resource centres around libraries having rich collection of
documents.
INFLIBNET offers the following services to fulfill its objectives:
Catalogue based services
Shared cataloguing of monographs, serials and non-book materials;
Union catalogue of books, serials and non-book materials;
Online catalogue access for shared cataloguing and location identification;
Catalogue production in card, book, magnetic tape/floppy, optical (CD-
23
ROM).
Library Networks Database services
Bibliographic database services;
Retrospective searches, SDI, current awareness services.
Information services
In order to ensure free flow of information to the end users and strengthen
interaction between academics, INFLIBNET has started many information
services:
Access to Union Databases of Books, Periodicals, Experts, etc. through
the INFLIBNET website.
CD-ROM based services
Members can access CD-ROM databases in the area of social sciences
and humanities, free of cost.
Internet based services
The network provides academic community with various resources and
services.
UGC INFONET Programme
1) Due to rising prices of information resources libraries cannot buy and
acquire all possible information sources. Some of the library networks
are running consortia for its member libraries and offer information sources
and services at a very low cost and bridge the gap between libraries with
regard to information have and information have-nots. UGC-INFONET
has been set up by UGC and ERNET India, Scientific Society and the
Ministry of Communication and Information Technology. Indian
universities constitute one of largest education system in the world. There
is a great need for effective communication and coordination among UGC
and each university for modernising university campus with campus wide
networks and also setting up nation-wide network.UGC-INFONET
programme with this objective, functions on consortia approach, with 294
universities, institutions and 13150 affiliated colleges. It covers more than
88.21 lakh students and 4.27 lakh teachers. INFLIBNET which acts as a
liaison between UGC, ERNET (Education and Research Network) and
universities provides training to library professionals for using the network
and resources made available on it. For further details on UGC-INFONET
please refer to Unit 1 of this course.
Self Check Exercise
1) What are the information services offered by INFLIBNET?
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
24 ...................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................... Library Networks : National
and International
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
2.3.3 DELNET: Developing Library Network

DELNET (Developing Library Network) earlier known as Delhi Library
Network till 2001 started in the year 1988 and registered as a society in 1991.
Initially, it was sponsored by NISSAT, DSIR and currently is being promoted
jointly by National Informatics Centre (NIC), Department of Information
Technology, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology,
Government of India and India International Centre (IIC), New Delhi. In
addition to fulfilling the objectives of library network, DELNET also undertakes
scientific research in the area of information science and technology, creates
new systems in the field, applies the results of research and publishes them.
Delnet (http://www.delnet.nic.in) provides ILL Online, Retrospective
conversion, Referral Services, Document Delivery Services, Training
Programmes, Creation and Maintenance of Bibliographic Databases, E-mail
Service, and Internet Connectivity Service.
The following database services are also provided to its member libraries:
Online Databases of Union Catalogue of Books, Union List of Current
Periodicals, Union Catalogue of Periodicals, Databases of Periodical
Articles, Indian Specialists Database.
Bibliographic Database of CD-ROMs, Union List of Video Recordings,
Sound Recordings, Newspapers, etc.
Apart from these services, DELNET provides some useful software products
namely, i) DELSIS – a powerful library networking software; ii) DEL-DOS –
for creating MARC (Machine Readable Catalogue) Records of books; iii) DEL
PLUS – a stand-alone library management software for database creation and
maintenance and for OPAC (Online Public Access Catalogue); and iv)
DELMARC – a LAN based library management software for larger libraries
with large collection and clientele.
DELNET offers links to related databases and websites on the web in different
disciplines. DELNET’s effort, in resource sharing and providing a number of
services and products, is definitely a significant step towards provision of
automated library services, especially in India.
Self Check Exercise
2) Mention the products of DELNET.
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
25
...................................................................................................................
Library Networks ...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
2.3.4 CALIBNET: Calcutta Library Network

CALIBNET (Calcutta Library Network) project funded by NISSAT, DSIR
and managed by the Calcutta Society was established in the year 1986 under
the West Bengal Government’s Societies Registration Act, 1961.
CALIBNET, in the first phase, undertook the task of linking 38 computerised
libraries in the field of science and technology located within the Calcutta
metropolitan area and would then proceed to connect to other Metropolitan
Area Networks namely, Developing Library Network, Bombay Library
Network, Madras Library Network, Mysore Library Network, Ahmedabad
Library Network, etc.
The CALIBNET (http://www.calibnet.org) activities are centered around
providing access to materials available in the eastern region and creation of
databases particularly with respect to intellectual assets of West Bengal.
CALIBNET offers the following services to fulfill its objectives:
Centralised Database (CDB) Service, which contains bibliographic records
of participating libraries.
ConFile Service provides contents of journals of users choice.
CalibOrder Service offers the requisite backup service by providing full
text.
ConAlert Service gives user the customised service by providing current
and tailored bibliographic information.
RetroFile Service provides trend of research on any given specific topic.
CalibLink gives e-mail connectivity to member libraries.
The CALIBNET website (http://www.calibnet.org) provides access to
bibliographic information resources available through its centralised databases.
The CALIBNET website also provides the following active links for the benefit
of member libraries:
Indian Library and Network Resources
Overseas Library Resources on India
Worldwide Library Catalogues
National Libraries of the World
Newspapers and Journals
Electronic Reference Tools
Factual Information Sources
26
Document Supply Services
The website also provides details of varied CALIBNET programmes for: Library Networks : National
and International
On-Demand Information Services
Consultative Service for Library Automation
Manpower Development Opportunities, and
Research and Development in IT Applications.
CALIBNET has developed inhouse “SANJUKTA” – a multi user storage and
retrieval software to support its centralised database and to provide online
access from remote areas. The other Software “PARAPAR” which is a
conversion software package has also been developed to support interchange
of bibliographic data.
CALIBNET also provides Current Awareness Service (CAS), Selective
Dissemination Information (SDI) Service, Union Catalogue, access to
databases, CD-ROM databases, LC MARC (Library of Congress Machine
Readable Catalogue), Biblio File, and E-Mail Service.
Self Check Exercise
3) Name the software package developed by CALIBNET.
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
2.3.5 ADINET: Ahmedabad Library Network

ADINET is the abbreviation used for Ahmedabad Library Network
(http://www.alibnet.org). It is a network of libraries located in and around
Ahmedabad. In the year 1993 it was registered as a society. ADINET sponsored
by the NISSAT. Its membership is open to all institution libraries, information
centers, library professionals and students.
The services from ADINET includes the following:
Database of current periodicals received by over 100 libraries of
Ahmedabad
Inter-Library Loan
Content Pages of LIS Journals
27
Library Networks Supply of photocopies from journals received by libraries in and around
Ahmedabad
Internet surfing facility
Database of databases available in LIS Centres in and around Ahmedabad
JOLI (Job Opportunities for Librarians) Database
Special Internet training to fresh qualified librarians
Computer training programmes to library professionals
In order to meet the objective of cooperative mode of working among the
libraries, ADINET is now offering the following services by special expert
team at a reasonable charge:
Computerisation of libraries
Cataloguing and classification of documents
Labelling and shelving of books
Stock verification of documents
Manpower development programmes
Planning for library development
Completion of any backlog work in the library
Some selected cyber café to give 20% discount to ADINET members.
Giving facility to LIS professionals to put their resume on the ADINET
website for searching of jobs.
Self Check Exercise
4) What are the databases provided by ADINET?
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
2.3.6 MYLIBNET: Mysore Library Network

MYLIBNET (Mysore Library Network) was set up by NISSAT, DSIR in the
year 1995 and is located in the Central Food Technological Research Institute
(CFTR) Campus, Mysore. The MYLIBNET (http://www.mylibnet.org)
organises various training programme for LIS professionals.
28
Some of the services provided by MYLIBNET are as follows: Library Networks : National
and International
Providing technical assistance in the area of LIS. Web access to the Union
Catalogue of Periodicals subscribed by member libraries for updating their
records in the union catalogue database online. It subscribes to e-mail service
of ERNET.
2.3.7 PUNENET: Pune Library Network

PuneNet is a joint endeavour of University of Pune, Centre for Development
of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) and National Chemical Laboratory (NCL).
This project, funded by NISSAT was started in the year 1992. PuneNet
(http://www.punenet.com) is housed in Bio Informatrics Centre, Pune.
Services
PuneNet Database Services
PuneNet hosts many databases namely, Union Catalogue of Periodicals,
Databases of Booksellers and LIS Professionals, PuneNet Libraries Database.
These databases are updated yearly. Through its website, the users can access
PuneNet databases on the Internet. This network acts like a gateway to Internet.
Other Services
Apart from the database services some of the other services includes E-mail
and Internet Connectivity, CD-ROM database services, online search facility,
Current Awareness Service (CAS), photocopy services, etc. The participating
libraries are provided with login and password, which is issued for short period
of time. For the sharing and exchange of bibliographic data from the
participating libraries PuneNet follows the international standard for
information exchange – 1SO 2709.
PuneNet is planning to include Indian language databases, which contain old
and rare valuable manuscripts, for the benefit of the users. For periodicals
database PuneNet may add Ulrich’s database so that more information regarding
periodicals may be given to its users. There is also a proposal for online updating
of records and databases.
At present there are more than 20 participating libraries who deposit their data
on regular basis.
2.3.8 MALIBNET : Madras Library Network

The MALIBNET started in the year 1991 in order to provide effective
information services to the users in and around Madras. MALIBNET was
registered as a society in 1993. INSDOC, (now NISCAIR) was the executing
agency for the MALIBNET project. The membership of MALIBNET
(http://www.angelfire.com/in/malibnet) is open to universities, colleges,
R& D institutions, industries and individuals.
MALIBNET offers the following services to its members:
E-mail service.
Photocopy service. 29
Library Networks Document delivery service.
Specialised databases which gives abstracts of articles.
Current serials acquired from the libraries.
Databases from INSDOC (now NISCAIR) and other participating
institutions are also available on MALIBNET host.
Directory Database of Current Serials in Madras (Gives journal holdings
of member libraries and it is available online).
Contents Database of Journals in Madras (Gives contents information of
important journals which is also available online).
NISCAIR services are also available to MALIBNET users.
MALIBNET permits its members to offer information services on the
network.
2.3.9 BONET: Bombay Library Network

BONET supported by NISSAT, DSIR started in the year 1994. It has enrolled
more than 25 libraries as its members. It gives access to databases CD-ROM,
etc. and also conducts seminars, training programmes for professional
development.
2.4 LIBRARY NETWORKS: INTERNATIONAL

SCENARIO
Library Networks are the extension of the concept of library co-operation,
interlibrary loan, shared cataloguing and resource sharing. The history of library
cooperation can be traced back to 200 BC when Alexandria library shared its
resources with Pergamen library. In the beginning of 20th century Library of
Congress compiled National Union Catalogue. After this, the publication of
union catalogue of different types by different countries started appearing in
increased numbers. The development of MARC during 1960s is a step towards
such cooperation. Due to this standard the exchange of bibliographic
information among computerised library system became a reality. In the
developed countries, the growth of library networks started long back. USA is
considered to be the birth place of library networks. In the year 1963, OCLC
(Online Computer Library Centre) earlier Ohio College Library Centre, began
as the first successful library network. It is the first computer based library
network, which led to the development of many library networks in different
parts of the world subsequently.
2.4.1 OCLC: Online Computer Library Centre

In the year 1967 OCLC (Ohio College Library Centre) was founded to develop
a computerised system, where academic libraries of Ohio State shared their
resources so that the resource costs could be reduced. OCLC emerged as an
international network from a regional computer system for 50 Ohio Colleges.
In the year 1981, the name of OCLC, was changed to Online Computer Library
30 Centre.
Library Networks : National
The main objective of the OCLC is to have more access to information and and International
reduce costs by offering services to libraries and users. The vision of the OCLC
is to be a leading global library cooperative, helping libraries, and users with
economic access to knowledge through innovation and collaboration.
Membership: OCLC membership comprises more than 50,000 libraries (all

types) in the US and 84 countries of the world. OCLC member libraries make
up the world’s largest consortium. Member libraries can take full advantages
of OCLC products and services. They can share the world’s largest union
catalogue (WorldCat), and receive discounts on OCLC products and services.
Members can make their collections available to the world through resource
sharing, cataloguing and reference. Member libraries worked together for more
than 30 years to build and maintain WorldCat. It consists of many OCLC
services. It holds location listings contributed by member libraries. It is a
database in higher education designed for research and development.
The following are some of the OCLC services, which are used by the member
libraries to share information by reducing the cost.
Cataloguing and Metadata Service provides online cataloguing, copy

cataloguing, record supply and collection sets, etc.
Collection Management service helps in achieving the collection goals of

the member libraries.
Digital collection and preservation service is designed to protect and share

the digital collection.
Reference service gives access to full text documents, abstracts, WorldCat

and virtual reference service. FirstSearch is the powerful reference service
for locating references and full text articles. Resource sharing service helps
in sending ILL requests on the web.
E-content service enhances the e-collection and other online databases

through the net library – electronic collections online services.
WorldCat: It is a world wide union catalogue developed and created

collectively by more than 9000 member institutions. With millions of online
records, it is one of the largest and most comprehensive bibliographic database.
Many OCLC services are based on WorldCat. It lists resources from stone
tablets to e-resources and MP3s, DVD and websites. It provides libraries with
rich source of cataloguing records. Connexion, PromptCat are some of the
cataloguing tools of WorldCat.
WorldCat is the building block for the services provided by OCLC. For OCLC
cataloguing services WorldCat is the authoritative source which helps in
resource sharing service of OCLC. For reference and electronic content service
WorldCat works as a map showing the users what resources are available and
the way to get it. For OCLC’s digital collection service WorldCat acts as a
portal.
31
Library Networks Self Check Exercise
5) What is WorldCat?
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
2.4.2 RLIN: Research Libraries Information Network

RLIN (Research Libraries Information Network) is a bibliographic information
system, developed by the Research Libraries Group (RLG). RLG is an
international non-profit membership organisation of more than 160 universities,
libraries, archives, historical societies and other related institutions. These
members are working towards the mission of creating solutions for challenges
of information access and management in the digital era. RLG was founded in
1974 with its headquarters in California. With the collections of research and
learning of member institutions, RLG provides a framework for cooperation,
problem solving and development of new standard products and services. RLG
provides researchers the access to research resources and many innovative
information services. In order to meet the cooperative action RLG is working
towards full online access to research resources, new modes for effective global
resource sharing, and to provide continuous access to resources through digital
preservation. The members of RLG use RLIN system for cataloguing, authority
work and archives and manuscript processing. RLIN also refers to a computer
interface program that is used to work with RLG’s bibliographic records for
finding, creating, maintaining, and contributing records in RLG union catalogue.
The RLIN legacy computer program is now being replaced with RLIN21: a
new web-based interface to RLG databases.
With the RLIN 21 there are some structural changes in all RLG databases. A
new RLIN21 interface is used to retrieve, display and export MARC records.
Further, a new RLIN21 client is now used for creating and updating
bibliographic and authority records.
Products
RLG gives free access (instructional) to a variety of RLG databases to
Accredited Schools of Library and Information Science (SLIS). Under this
programme the SLIS can access the Art Museum Image Consortium (AMICO)
Library from RLG, RLG archival, cultural resources, English short title
catalogue, Hand Pressbook Database, SCIPIO (Art and Rare Book Sales
32
Catalogue), RLG Union Catalogue, Authority files. With SCIPIO RLG Union Library Networks : National
and International
Catalogue and the Authority files, RLIN 21 can also be used as a searching
interface.
Services
Online Database Service
RLG also provides online access to databases. These databases contain
information and resources, traditional library resources, archival collection,
artifacts, digital collections.
Resource Sharing Service
SHARES – It is an Inter Lending and Document Supply Programme of RLG
for resource sharing among the members of RLG. RLG’s ILL Manager software
programme is for Inter Library Loan.
Technical Services
RLG’s RLIN 21 software, which is windows based, helps the members to
create records in RLG’s Union Catalogue and SCIPIO database and Authority
File. With the help of RLIN web interface, users can take advantage of the
cataloguing already done by RLG members and can have a copy for their local
systems.
RLG and Backstage Library Works developed Marcardio service to provide
inexpensive, fast automated cataloguing.
Self Check Exercise
6) Enumerate the services offered by RLG?
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
2.4.3 JANET: Joint Academy Network

JANET (Joint Academy Network) is an education and research network funded
by UK Government. All the higher education organisations and research
councils are connected to this network. This network is operated and developed
by UKERNA (United Kingdom Education and Research Network) under the
Service Level Agreement from the Joint Information System Committee (JISC)
of UK Higher and Further Education Funding Councils. The objective of
JANET is to advance and support UK’s education and research network. 33
Library Networks The Joint Academic Network was established in the year 1984, initially with
50 members by late 1980s there were 200 sites, of research and higher education
interests. JANET is connected with the academic networks of other countries
and also forms the part of the global Internet. JANET interconnects local
computer network in UK Research Councils, Universities and Poly-techniques.
JANET members are thus able to get access to the local computer networks
free of charge.
UKERNA organises workshops, conferences and training programmes for the
use of JANET Network and services.
JANET Services
UKERNA offers the following user services over JANET:
JANET-CERT is a Computer Emergency Response Team provided by
UKERNA as a service on the JANET network. This team advises on
security of computers and networks and also provides training programmes
for this.
JANET gives multipoint video conferencing service and UKRENA
supports the training on equipment and technique side.
JANET NetSight service is basically a networks monitoring service, which
is developed by UKERNA to view and understand the performance of
the JANET.
JANET Co-location service helps the customer, equipment and services
to be securely located on the Super JANET backbone.
There are many other services provided by JANET including Usenet News
Service, Mail Services, Advisory Services and Web Services which includes
web mail service, web filtering and web hosting.
Super JANET: Super JANET is the core of JANET network and is the
backbone of the JANET. It ensures fast, and effective communication among
the members of JANET and the network to meet the changing needs of the
community. Super JANET is being implemented in phases. It was proposed in
1989 with the aim to develop a high performance wide area network based on
optical fibers. Super JANET II started in 1995 to increase the spread of Super
JANET and create MANs (Metropolitan Area Network). Super JANET III
was aimed at consolidating the pioneering work of Super JANET I and II in
2001. Super JANET 4 was launched to increase the network capacity and
strengthen the user base of JANET with further inclusion of education
community and the use of Super JANET 4 backbone to inter connect school
networks. Super JANET 4 will be over by December 2005.
Self Check Exercise
7) What is Super JANET?
34
...................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................... Library Networks : National
and International
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
2.4.4 CURL: Consortium of University Research Libraries

CURL (Consortium of University Research Libraries) was established in the
year 1987 with the mission to “increase the ability of research libraries to
share resources for the benefit of the local, national and international research
community”. Its membership is 25 which include 22 university libraries, British
Library, National Library of Scotland and Wales.
Objective of CURL is to help the researchers to search, locate, request, and
access the resources irrespective of place, discipline and format from the
desktop.
Services: CURL has created a database for bibliographic records. Its access
for members is free. For non-members there is a flat rate for searching. Currently
the database contains 38 million records which are mostly from the member
libraries and also from LC (Library of Congress) and BNB (British National
Bibliography). These records are stored in UKMARC and can be accessed
through telnet or Z39.50 client. The purpose of this database is to provide a
unified source of cataloguing records for use by library staff. The members of
CURL get free access to the union catalogue COPAC (National Online Public-
Access Catalogue). It contains about 30 million records, which represents
merged holdings of 26 CURL member institutions and a small portion of non-
CURL libraries.
Future Plans of CURL
CURL-COFOR project is initiated for the sharing of responsibilities in
acquisition, preservation, digitisation and retention. The future plans of CURL
include development of e-resources tools, strategy for digitisation and digital
preservation and also developing and implementing communication strategy
for consortia, networking and cooperation.
Self Check Exercise
8) What are the future plans of CURL?
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
35
Library Networks ...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
2.4.5 CALIS: China Academic and Library Information

System
CALIS (China Academic and Library Information System) is a nationwide
academic library consortium, funded by the Ministry of Education. CALIS is
a part of the Higher Education Public System, which is one of the projects
supported by State Commission of Education. CALIS is a resource-sharing
network based on CERNET (China Education and Research Network). Its
members include academic libraries, public libraries and information service
organisations. Its primary functions include cataloguing services, resource
sharing, e-content licensing, e-content loading/presentation, ILL, document
delivery service, storage facilities, training, union catalogues, union lists, shared
online catalogues, coordinated purchasing and data searching.
CALIS has created databases like Union Cataloguing Project, Dissertation
Abstracts and Conference Proceedings, Current Chinese Periodicals, Key
discipline databases.
Goals of CALIS
By the year 2010, CALIS envisages itself to become an advanced academic
and library resource supporting and serving system. CALIS endeavours to
transform the role of traditional libraries with the adoption of new technologies.
The three level network (local, regional and national) of libraries is to get
connected with other international network and information system. CALIS
future plan includes:
development of a set of databases based on the available resources of
individual libraries in China and abroad;
organise training programmes for staff;
develop more e-resources databases and provide e-access to databases
developed in China and abroad.
2.4.6 AARNET: Australia’s Research and Education Network

Australia’s Research and Education Network (AARNet) is managed by a non-
profit APL (AARNet Pvt. Ltd.). AARNet, which was initiated as a project in
1989, was responsible for the origin of Internet in Australia. AARNet apart
from helping in teaching, learning and research activities in universities also
acted as Internet Service Provider (ISP). During 1997, Australia Vice-
Chancellor’s Committee (AVCC) developed AARNet 2, which was a further
improvement of the Internet in Australia with high bandwidth, ATM links and
Internet services. AARNet is also cooperating with local regional networks
36 organisation to increase the capacity of metropolitan regional networks.
The main objectives of this network are to: Library Networks : National
and International
collaborate in the area of teaching, learning and research by connecting
people to the Internet resources.
provide high capacity cost effective Internet services to education and
research committees.
help in the development of advanced network infrastructure and
applications with access to the global Research and Education Network
in North and South America, Europe and Asia.
AARNet Services: This network plays an important role in giving the services
to its clientele base of more than 80,000 staff and students of universities and
research organisation. This network enables its client-base to:
collaborate effectively.
access information for teaching and learning, research and administration.
participate in alternative and flexible modes of course delivery.
This networks provides primary IP services as:
National On-Net – provides IP Connectivity between members
National Off-Net – provides IP Connectivity to the Australian
domestic Internet
International On-Net – provides access to global Research and
Education network
International Off-Net – provides access to international commodity
Internet
This network also provides access to GrangeNet, which is a high capacity
research network.
Some of the Value added Services provided by AARNET are AARNet Large
Object Mirror, Voice Over IP, Video over IP, Carrier services for members
and advanced Internet workshops.
AARNet 3 is the third generation of AARNet network. It was placed to put in
active use during 2004. Its main objective is to provide AARNet with a network
serving the academic community in Australia at a world-class level.
Self Check Exercise
9) What are the value added services provided by AARNET?
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
37
...................................................................................................................
Library Networks
2.5 SUMMARY
After reading this Unit, we conclude that library networks play a major role in
bridging the gap between academic libraries and information centres and ensure
resource sharing. They can also support research and development, national
and international cooperation and contribute to the growth and development
of trained manpower through seminars, conferences and symposium. The
primary purpose of the library network is to modernise and help the libraries.
The networking of libraries is expected to bring in changes for library and
information services in the country. NISSAT has been instrumental in setting
up of library networks in India, for example CALIBNET (1986) in Calcutta,
DELNET (1988) in Delhi, PUNENET (1992) in Pune, MALIBNET (1991) in
Madras, MYLIBNET (1995) in Mysore, ADINET (1993), in Ahmedabad and
BONET (1994) in Mumbai (earlier Bombay). UGC has established INFLIBNET
in 1991, which is considered to be a national network.
We have also studied some of the important library networks at the international
level for example OCLC (America), RLIN (US), JANET (UK), CURL (UK),
CALIS (China), AARNET (Australia).
Note: Students are advised to visit the relevant websites (see section 2.8) for
more details.
2.6 KEYWORDS
CAS (Current Awareness : A service designed to aid research workers
Service) in keeping themselves abreast of the
current developments taking place in their
subjects of interest.
CD-ROM Database : An organised collection of information
available on a CD-ROM.
Centralised Database : It refers to centralised storage and usage
of unified reference information.
Consortia : A group of libraries or other organisations
that form a partnership to achieve a goal,
such as resource sharing, that cannot be
achieved by the individuals alone.
Digital Collection : A digital collection is a body of materials
in digital format treated as a group or
considered as a whole.
Document Delivery Service : A service whereby the Library provides
full-text copies of the documents research
papers, conference papers journal articles
etc. to the users on demand irrespective of
the location and form of the original.
38
E-Resources : Electronic information resources accessed Library Networks : National
and International
via the internet.
Gateway : A network point that acts as an entrance to
another network, such as the server through
which people on a company’s local area
network access the internet.
Inter Library Loan : A cooperative arrangement among
libraries by which one library may borrow
materials it does not own from another
library.
Internet : The vast collection of interconnected
networks that all use the TCP/IP protocols
and that evolved from the ARPANET of
the late 60’s and early 70’s.
Intranet : A private network inside a company or
organisation that uses the same kinds of
software as the Internet, but is only for
internal use and is not connected directly
to the global Internet.
MARC : Machine Readable Cataloguing. The
MARC formats are standards for the
representation and communication of
bibliographic and related information in
machine readable form.
Metropolitan Area Network : A network of computers spread over a
metropolitan/city-wide area such as
buildings located throughout a town or
city.
Online Database : A database located in a remote computer
and accessed through the Internet.
Online Union Catalogues : Union catalogues of the libraries available
online.
OPAC : Online Public Access Catalogue. It is an
online catalogue of a library collection that
is available to the public.
Resource Sharing : Collaborative arrangements made between
libraries for mutual assistance, by the
sharing of resources or division of costs,
which can be advantageous and efficient.
Retro conversion Service : Retrospective Conversion Service is a
service that involves conversion of a
library’s paper catalogue records into
machine-readable form.
39
Library Networks SDI : SDI is a current awareness system which
alerts the user to the latest publications in
his/her specified field(s) of interest.
Shared Cataloguing : A form of cataloguing undertaken by the
Library of Congress and other agencies
responsible for material bibliography.
Union Catalogues : Union catalogues reveal information about
the collections of more than one library.
They are a way for groups of libraries to
share information about their collections
in a consistent way, both for cataloguing
and inter-library loan purposes.
Virtual Reference Service : Virtual reference is reference service
initiated electronically where patrons
employ computers or other Internet
technology to communicate with reference
staff, without being physically present.
Communication channels used frequently
in virtual reference include chat,
videoconferencing etc.
2.7 ANSWERS TO SELF CHECK EXERCISES

1) The INFLIBNET is offering the following information services:
Access to union catalogue of books, periodicals, experts, etc. through
INFLIBNET website. Members can also access CD-ROM databases in
the area of Social Sciences and Humanities and it also provides number
of Internet based services.
2) Some of the products provided by DELNET are as follows:
DELSIS, DELDOS, DELPLUS and DELMARC.
3) CALIBNET has developed in house softwares, such as, SANJUKTA and
PARAPAR.
4) Database of Current Periodicals, Database of Databases in LIS Centres in
and around Ahmedabad, JOLI (Job Opportunities for Librarians) Database.
5) WorldCat is a world wide union catalogue of millions of online records.
It is developed and created collectively by more than 9000 member
institutions of OCLC.
6) Online Database Service, Resource Sharing Service, and Technical
Services.
7) Super JANET Project was proposed in 1989 with the aim to develop a
high performance wide area network based on optical fibers.
8) Future Plans of CURL:
40
CURL will contribute to the development of strategies to coordinate
provisions of research information and generating solution to the Library Networks : National
and International
information needs. CURL-COFOR project initiated the sharing of
responsibilities in acquisition, preservation, digitisation and retention.
CURL will adopt the strategy for the development of e-resources discovery
tools. It will also develop and implement a strategy for digitisation and
digital preservation. It will also develop and implement communication
strategy for consortia, networking and cooperation.
9) Value added services provided by AARNET are as follows:
Voice over 1P, Video over 1P, Carrier services for members and Advanced
Internet workshop.
2.8 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING

AARNet: Australia’s Academic and Research Network.
(http://www.aarnet.edu.an)
Ahmedabad Library Network. (ADINET). (http://www.alibnet.org)
ALA World Encyclopedia of Library and Information Services (1986). 2nd Ed.
Chicago: ALA. p.472.
Bhattacharya, Partha (2001). NISSAT Networks: Ahmedabad Library Network
(ADINET). Information Today and Tommorrow. 20(3), 13-14.
Calcutta Library Network. (CALIBNET). (http://www.calibnet.org)
CALIBNET: An Overview (1999). Information Today and Tomorrow. 18(4),
3-7.
CALIS: China Academic Library and Information System.
(http://www.calis.edu.cn)
Cholin, V.S. (2003). Overview of Library and Information Networks.
PGDLAN; MLI-004; Unit 7. New Delhi: IGNOU. 134-164.
CURL (http://www.curl.ac.uk)
Developing Library Network (DELNET). (http://delnet.nic.in)
Information Library Network ( INFLIBNET). (http://www.inflibnet.ac.in)
JANET. (http://www.ja.net)
Jebaraj, F.D. and Devadoss, F.R. (2004). Library and Information Networks
in India. Library Philosphy and Practice. 6(2).
Kaul, H. K. (1992). Library Networks: A Indian Experience. New Delhi: Virgo
Publications. pp. 24-93.
Kaul, H. K. (1999). Library Resource Sharing and Networks. New Delhi: Virgo
Publications. pp. 63-101.
Kaul, H. K. and Basy, M.D. (eds). (2003). Library and Information Networking:
NACLIN 2002. New Delhi: DELNET. 1-54.
Mysore Library Network (MYLIBNET). (http://www.mylibnet.org)
41
Library Networks Nagarkar, Subhada (2000). Pune-Net :Current Status. Information Today and
Tommorrow 19(3), 16-18.
OCLC and WorldCat. (http://www.oclc.org/worldcat)
Pune Library Network. (PUNENET). (http://punenet.ernet.in)
Rao, S. N. Krishna (2002). Mysore Library Network: MYLIBNET (Network
with a difference). Information Today and Tomorrow. 21(1), 13-14 and 30.
Research Libraries Group. (http://www.rlg.org)
Sahoo, Bibhuti Bhusan (2002). Need for a National Resource Sharing Network
in India: Proposed Model. Workshop on Information Resource Management
13th-15th March, 2002, DRTC Bangalore. Paper B.A. (Also available: http://
drtc.isibang.ac.in/retrieve/26 paper B.A.)
Shusaku, Matsumoto (2003). Some Examples of American and European
Library Networks. ABD.33(4).
Sujatha, G. (1999). Resource Sharing and Networking of University Libraries.
New Delhi: ESS ESS Publications. pp. 1-31.
Viswanathan, T. and Raghavan, Jayasri (1994). MALIBNET- A Library
Network for Madras. Annals of Library Science and Documentation. 41(1), 1-7.
42

BLII-004 Network Based Information Services: Block - 1: Library Networks

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

BLII-004 Network Based Information Services: Block - 1: Library Networks

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Indira Gandhi

National Open University

Block -1 : Library Networks

Block - 2 : Internet, Intranet and Extranet

Block - 3 : Internet Architecture

Block - 4 : Internet-Resources and Services

Programme Coordinators: Prof. Uma Kanjilal & Dr. Jaideep Sharma

Block-3: Internet Architecture Block-4: Internet-Resources and

Material Production Editorial Assistance Secreterial Assistance

1.2 DEFINITIONS: RESOURCE SHARING AND

1.3 RESOURCE SHARING : NEED

1.4 LIBRARY NETWORKS : NEED

1.5 LIBRARY NETWORKS: PURPOSE

1.8 FACTORS HAMPERING RESOURCE

1.9 FACILITATING RESOURCE SHARING

1.10 LIBRARY CONSORTIA

1.12 ANSWERS TO SELF CHECK EXERCISES

Electronic Document Delivery : It refers to document delivered in

1.14 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING

2.3 Library Networks: The Indian Scenario

2.2 LIBRARY NETWORKS: AN OVERVIEW

2.3 LIBRARY NETWORKS: THE INDIAN

2.3.1 History and Growth of Library Networks in India

2.3.2 INFLIBNET: Information and Library Network

2.3.3 DELNET: Developing Library Network

2.3.4 CALIBNET: Calcutta Library Network

2.3.5 ADINET: Ahmedabad Library Network

2.3.6 MYLIBNET: Mysore Library Network

2.3.7 PUNENET: Pune Library Network

2.3.8 MALIBNET : Madras Library Network

2.3.9 BONET: Bombay Library Network

2.4 LIBRARY NETWORKS: INTERNATIONAL

2.4.1 OCLC: Online Computer Library Centre

Membership: OCLC membership comprises more than 50,000 libraries (all

Cataloguing and Metadata Service provides online cataloguing, copy

Collection Management service helps in achieving the collection goals of

Digital collection and preservation service is designed to protect and share

Reference service gives access to full text documents, abstracts, WorldCat

E-content service enhances the e-collection and other online databases

WorldCat: It is a world wide union catalogue developed and created

2.4.2 RLIN: Research Libraries Information Network

2.4.3 JANET: Joint Academy Network

2.4.4 CURL: Consortium of University Research Libraries

2.4.5 CALIS: China Academic and Library Information

2.4.6 AARNET: Australia’s Research and Education Network

2.7 ANSWERS TO SELF CHECK EXERCISES

2.8 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING

Você também pode gostar