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Abstract—This paper discusses a working definition of smart- II. W ORKING D EFINITION OF S MARTNESS
ness in protection, automation and control systems (PACS) in
substations. A summary is given about the standard IEC 61850
When do we call a human being smart? If he/she can not
features that support smartness, i.e., the data model, the multiple only acquire all available data but also combine these data in a
communication services, and the system configuration description comprehensive analysis for predictive and adaptive decisions.
language (SCL). With help of known examples of application Similarly, while technical systems are not smart by collecting a
functions for control, supervision, and protection, the building of big amount of data, they “become” smart by combining data to
smart systems out of the modules of IEC 61850 is demonstrated.
From the possible architectures, the standardized redundancy is
information about the actual status of the system for an optimal
explained. The process bus is exploited in detail since it is seen by response from the automation system, i.e., the automation
users as the core of a smart substation. In this context, attention system performs its tasks in a smart way. Therefore, individual
is given also to the time synchronization in the µs range over elements like stand-alone meters cannot be smart but they
the communication network, a rather new part of the standard. may become part of a smart system. Smartness is a collective
In the last part, all features are summarized and it is concluded
that IEC 61850 may really be named the backbone for smart
property of systems [1].
PAC systems.
switching with minimal impact on power system stability. in two different directions over the same channel (HSR). The
messages arriving first is used by the destination IED and the
second one is discarded. There is no switchover delay if one
IV. S UMMARY OF IEC 61850 F EATURES S UPPORTING channel is lost.
S MARTNESS
The standard IEC 61850 provides a data model [2], [3] IHMI
consisting of logical nodes (LN, 4 letter acronym), which refer
to the functions and describe all data that may be exchanged
by these. It also describes the communication services to be RSTP
applied for the data exchange between the IEDs (publisher-
subscriber mode) and between IEDs as servers and HMIs
(operator places) and Gateways (to remote operator places)
as clients [4].
The LNs that describe a function only from the data point IED IED IED
of view cannot be declared as smart. But since all functions
described by LNs are in some way interconnected, they may IHMI
form together a smart substation, or in other words, a smart
PACS. Since the exchanged data and the exchange mechanism HSR
are standardized [4], the many LNs (about 100 in Edition
1, more than 250 in Edition 2, and presumably much more
in future editions) and the communication services are a IED IED IED
comprehensive kit for building nearly any combination of LNs
to create the needed functionality and, therefore, any level of IHMI
smartness for the substation.
The client-server communication is slow because the com- PRP
plete seven layer ISO/OSI stack with all its hierarchical
coding (information to messages) and decoding (messages to
information) is used. This may be accepted because behind the
client is a local or remote operator or an archiving function
with response times of ≥ 1 s. Therefore, the client-server
functions contribute to substation smartness not by speed IED IED IED
but by supporting with reliable communication the demanded
functionality. Fig. 1. Recovery mechanisms for single port devices (RSTP) and for dual
The communication between IEDs is of type publisher- port devices (HSR, PRP) as defined in IEC 61850.
subscriber, i.e., the sending IED is publishing data and the
receiving IEDs are subscribing all published data needed for The standard IEC 61850 defines logical nodes containing
their own functionality. This communication is fast (< 100 ms) data objects (DO) and data attributes (DA), multiple com-
since no human interference is needed and only the two munications services and the powerful system configuration
lowest layers of the seven layer stack are applied for coding language (SCL [6]) for engineering. These are the convenient
and decoding, i.e., the basic Ethernet. Mostly binary data are building blocks for smart systems. The use of IEC 61850 for
exchanged by the so-called generic object oriented substation interconnected application functions in PACS i.e., for systems
event (GOOSE) messages triggered by data change (event with different smartness is described in the emerging Technical
driven). Analogue data sampled at the source are transmitted Report IEC 61850-7-500 [7].
as fast sampled value (SV) data stream. This allows to build
fast automatic system functions with the IEDs hosting the
V. A PPLICATION E XAMPLES
application functions, i.e., a smart PAC system. It should
be noted that in the substation environment with its many A. Examples for Control Functions
electromagnetic interferences the communication has to be One of the simplest system for operating a circuit breaker
fiber optic based at least for communication links outside the or disconnector is modeled with the LNs IHMI (operators
cubicles. place at station level or remote), CSWI (control at bay level)
In Edition 2, there are three mechanisms in the standard and XCBR (circuit breaker) or XSWI (disconnector, earthing
for communication recovery, defined in [5]. For single port switch). XCBR and XSWI represent the switch per single
devices there is the rapid spanning tree protocol (RSTP) phase. The examples in this paper are focused on the LN
which was used as de-facto standard already with Edition 1. XCBR. If the three phases are strongly coupled and operated
For dual port devices, there are both the parallel redundancy always together and if no details from the three phases
protocol (PRP) and the high-availability seamless redundancy are of interest, only one XCBR is needed for modelling;
protocol (HSR) as sketched in Fig. 1. The same message is otherwise four instances of XCBR (three for the phases and
sent over the dual ports in two different channels (PRP) or one checking for phase discrepancy) are needed for correct
BRAND: IEC 61850 AS BACKBONE FOR SMART PAC SYSTEMS 17
Select Select
Selected
Selected Ack+
Remote
or local IHMI Ack+ Circuit
CSWI XCBR breaker
HMI Operate
Operate
Ack+
Ack+ Position
Position changed
changed Switch
controler
Station level Bay level Process level
LLCH has to create an alarm to trigger via the operator or mechanical behavior of the circuit breaker. This dedicated
directly in the maintenance center a repair action in time. control function is represented by CPOW (see Fig. 6). It should
be noted that not in any application both opening and closing
IHMI are controlled by CPOW and all supervision data are needed.
Remote switch- Command
gear positions
The point-on-wave switching capacity may be lost also due to
Station bus
ageing of the circuit breaker.
Remote voltage
IHMI MMET
CILO CSWI RSYN Remote switch- Command
gear positions Station bus
Remote voltage
Process bus and current
and meteorol-
Information ogical data
Blockings CILO CSWI CPOW RSYN
humidity (represented by MMET) may influence the exact Substation A IHMI Line IHMI Substation B
timing of the circuit breaker contact movement. The history of Information Information
any operation has to be recorded to detect ageing and allow for
compensation as far as possible. The attribute “smart” looks Station bus Station bus
already appropriate for the point-on-wave function CPOW
but this smartness can only emerge together with all the per zone per zone
PDIS
PDIS PDIS
PDIS
information from the other LNs that is provided either locally PDIS PDIS
or over communication links.
PSCH PSCH
D. Examples of Protection Functions
PTRC PTRC
Simple or local protection functions consist of an instrument
transformer (TCTR or TVTR representing the source of cur-
rent or voltage), common or single per phase and a function Process bus Trip Trip Process bus
such as an overcurrent protection (represented by PTOC)
creating a trip via PTRC (trip conditioning i.e., marshalling the
start and trips of many protection functions, defining the trip TVTR TCTR XCBR XCBR TCTR TVTR
pulse length if applicable, etc.) for the circuit breaker (XCBR Local voltage Local switchgear Local switchgear Local voltage
common or single per phase). Such a protection function chain and current and current
acquires instantaneous currents, detects the fault, and then trips
the circuit breaker to clear the fault. This represents a first level Fig. 8. Distance protection scheme with communication link.
of protection smartness (Fig. 7).
used is redundant i.e., the same difference is calculated at both
IHMI
sides.
Information
Substation A IHMI Line IHMI Substation B
Station bus Information Information
PTOC
RMXU RMXU
PTRC
per phase per phase
PDIF
PDIF PDIF
PDIF
PDIF PDIF
The use of information from more interconnected LNs Local current Local Local Local current
per phase switchgear switchgear per phase
improves the smartness of any function. Distance protection
(one PDIS instance per protection zone) uses both the local Fig. 9. Line differential protection scheme.
current and voltage (TCTR, TVTR). This may be done at
one line side only through staggered time delays that confirm The busbar differential protection (represented also by
the faulted zone. But to detect the fault location quickly, PDIF) compares the currents from all connected bays. The
the PDIS on both sides of the line have to exchange simple special smartness is the response to the actual busbar config-
fault information (e.g., the direction and resulting blocks and uration represented by the so-called busbar image.
releases) over the so-called tele-protection link (Fig. 8). There are many other protection functions that should be
Communication between functions represented as LN en- better named as protection systems or protection schemes with
ables and improves smartness. Line differential protection different levels of smartness. They may all be realized by
functions at both line ends (one PDIF instance per line end a dedicated composition of communicating protection LNs
and phase) compare the currents from both sides (Fig. 8). (Pxxx) and protection related ones (Rxxx).
Without fault the currents at both line ends have to be the
same, respectively the current the difference zero. It is seen E. Special Role of the Process Bus
from Fig. 9 that the line differential protection as commonly In spite of the existing smartness in the interconnected
20 CSEE JOURNAL OF POWER AND ENERGY SYSTEMS, VOL. 2, NO. 4, DECEMBER 2016
functions discussed here, very often substations are named the communication service model (data set, GOOSE control
smart substations only if they have a process bus. The process block) including the triggering conditions.
bus connects the switchyard HV devices with the bay units of IEC 61850 also includes a standardized option for pro-
the PACS and transfer switchgear positions, the voltage and prietary data. Standardized model extensions may be created
current samples, as well as the protection trips and commands. whenever needed. For example, the product committee TC17
The pre-requisites for such a communication are near process (switchgear) has already defined the supervision data in SCBR
IEDs. The process bus was already defined in Edition 1 of IEC and is now requesting the extension of the name plate infor-
61850 but de facto its use was started at time of Edition 2. One mation. Extensions have no impact on backward compatibility.
benefit is the amount of data that can be transmitted over this If they cannot be processed by older IEDs, they have only to
fiber optic bus. As a result, existing and future supervision data be “neglected” in system engineering.
can be transported without restrictions. The bus may be real- The process near IEDs that convert analogue current and
ized as point-to-point connection or as a local network. These voltage measurement to digital sampled values and create the
fiber- based solutions provide a perfect galvanic isolation, SV data stream according to IEC 61850 are named merging
avoiding pick-up of electromagnetic interferences and reduc- units (MU). The term refers to the fact that in addition also
ing the risk for the people maintaining the IEDs for protection data from different measuring points may be combined in one
and control. The local network solution allows sending of the telegram. This conversion process has some impact on the
acquired data to places where needed. The applied architecture transmission characteristics (frequency curve, step response),
has to fulfill the main 1/main 2 requirements which may result which changes the measured HV primary analogue current and
in separated process bus segments for each (Fig. 10). This voltage values as already known from the use of conventional
raises the question of dedicated XCBR per circuit breaker trip instrument transformers. Without the process bus, the analogue
coil and the redundancy of control (CSWI). Improved circuit secondary voltages and currents are A/D converted and sam-
breaker modelling may be an issue for the future Edition 3 of pled in the protection IED, and the protection algorithms is
IEC 61850. defined by the ability to cope with the resulting characteristics.
With the process bus, the A/D and sampling characteristics
F. Process near IEDs and Communication Features are independent from the protection algorithm. Therefore, the
Since the key goal IEC 61850 is interoperability, it must protection has to know the exact relation between the primary
be provided also at the process bus level, which is in line HV signals and the data in the SV stream. This is outside
with requests from most users. Binary information (positions, the scope of IEC 61850. It is standardized by the instrument
commands, etc.) will be transmitted over the process bus via transformer product committee TC 38. The new standard is
standardized event driven GOOSE messages and analogue the IEC 61869 family [8], which is in progress and contains
sample values as standardized data stream (SV). It should be besides parts of the former IEC 60044 [9] also electronic
noted that analogue values may be also change driven and also instrument transformers. This standard is especially important
be transported by GOOSE messages and as reverse sampled for the process bus, since it contains also a special part about
binary values may be also transported in the SV data stream. the MU.
Any IEC 61850 compliant IED has to be able to receive and Therefore, by the process bus the smartness of the data
send also this kind of data message if needed for the functions acquisition and the sending of commands and trips is improved
hosted by the IEDs. The transported data are defined by data in a standardized way, which supports full interoperability
sets. All the potential data in GOOSE messages are defined by between the components of the different suppliers.
Coil 1 Coil 2
TVTR TCTR
Analogue
values TVTR TCTR SV value stream
4×voltage TVTR TCTR
4×current Process bus
TVTR TCTR
Fig. 10. Process bus with indicated segments and merging unit example.
BRAND: IEC 61850 AS BACKBONE FOR SMART PAC SYSTEMS 21
[3] Communication Networks and Systems for Power Utility Automation – Klaus-Peter Brand (SM’87–F’11) got his Master
Part 7-3: Basic Communication Structure – Common Data Classes, IEC (Dipl.Phys.) and his PhD (Dr.rer.nat.) from the Uni-
Standard 61850-7-3, Ed. 2, Dec. 2010. versity of Bonn. 1976, he joint the Plasma Physics
[4] Communication Networks and Systems for Power Utility Automation – Group (SF6) of BBC/ABB Corporate Research Cen-
Part 7-2: Basic Information and Communication Structure – Abstract ter in Baden, Switzerland. From 1982, he was
Communication Service Interface (ACSI), IEC Standard 61850-7-2, Ed. in different positions strongly involved developing
2, Aug. 2010. substation automation systems and building up this
[5] Communication Networks and Systems for Power Utility Automation – business in ABB, Switzerland. He is co-author of the
Part 8-1: Specific Communication Service Mapping (SCSM) – Mappings Substation Automation Handbook (2003). He was
to MMS (ISO 9506-1 and ISO 9506-2) and to ISO/IEC 8802-3, IEC the head of product management in the local power
Standard 61850-8-1, Ed. 2, Jun. 2011. system division. Now he is working at the ABB
[6] Communication Networks and Systems for Power Utility Automation University Switzerland as instructor and consultant. He is board member of
– Part 6: Configuration Description Language for Communication in CIGRE SC B5. From 1995, he is member of the AHWG and WG10 of IEC
Electrical Substations Related to IEDs, IEC Standard 61950-6, Ed. 2, TC 57 and worked from the beginning defining the standard IEC61850. He
Dec. 2009. is acting as expert, editor and co-editor of different parts of this standard
[7] Use of Logical Nodes for Modelling Applications and Related Concepts regarding maintenance and evolution to future extensions. He is fellow of
and Guidelines for Substations, IEC Standard 61850-7-500TR, 2016, to IEEE and chair of the Swiss chapter of IEEE PES.
be published.
[8] Instrument Transformers – Part 1: General Requirements, IEC Standard,
61869-1, Ed. 1, Oct. 2007. Available: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication
/6047
[9] Instrument Transformers – Part 1: Current Transformers, IEC Stan-
dard 60044-1, Ed. 1.2, Feb. 2003. Available: https://webstore.iec.ch/p-
preview/info iec60044-1%7Bed1.2%7Den d.pdf
[10] UCA International Users Group. (2004, Jul.). Implementation guideline
for digital interface to instrument transformers using IEC 61850-9-
2. [Online]. Available: http://iec61850.ucaiug.org/Implementation%20
Guidelines/DigIF spec 9-2LE R2-1 040707-CB.pdf
[11] Communication Networks and Systems for Power Utility Automation -
Part 9-3: Precision Time Protocol Profile for Power Utility Automation,
IEC Standard 61850-9-3, Ed. 1, Jun. 2016.