INTRODUCTION

 A logic gate can be defined as digital circuit which either

allows a signal to pass through or stops it. These gates
are related to Boolean Algebra .

 These gates allow signals to pass through them only

when some logic is satisfied. A semiconductor diode (P‐N
junction) acts as a closed switch when it is forward
biased, i.e. it allows current to pass through it.

 This unique property of diode is employed in the design

of logic gates and the circuits. The logic gates are
building blocks of electronic devices.

 Logic gate may have one or more inputs but can only
have one output.

 Possible values of input and output of logic gates are

expressed in form of tables called truth tables.

 Two values of logic statement are denoted by binary

numbers 1 and 0 where 1 represent higher value.
 BASIC TERMINOLOGY SIGNAL
Information converted in electrical form and suitable
for transmissionis called a signal. There are two types
of signals:‐
i) Analog signal
ii) Digital signal

ANALOG SIGNAL :-
Analog signals are continuous variation of voltage or
current. They are essentially single‐valued function of
time. Sine wave is fundamental analog signal.

DIGITAL SIGNAL :-
Digital signal are those which can take only discrete
step wise values. Binary system that is extensively
used in digital electronics employs just two levels of a
signal. ‘O’ corresponds to low level and ‘1’ corresponds to
high level of voltage or current.
LOGIC GATE
A digital circuit which allows a signal to pass
through it or stops is called a gate. When such
gate allows the signal to pass through only
when some logical condition is satisfied, they
are called logic gates. Each logic gate follows
certain logical relationship between input and
output voltage. It is used in calculators, etc.

DIGITAL CIRCUIT :-

The electrical circuit which uses only digital

signals is called digital circuit.
 BASIC GATES
There are three basic logic gates. They are combined
together to form several other logic gate. These logic
gates are the building block of digital circuit.
The basic logic gates are:‐
OR GATE
AND GATE
NOT GATE
The logic gates are represented with specific symbols in
digital circuit.

OR GATE

Boolian expression = A+B =Z

Where A and B are input while Z is output and (+)
indicates OR.
AND GATE

Boolian expression = A.B =Y

Where A and B are input while Y is output and (.)
indicates AND.

NOT GATE

Boolian expression = Ã =Y
Where A and B are input while Y is output and
(~) indicates NOT.
 OR GATE
AIM
To simulate and design the OR Gate

COMPONENTS
Two ideal p-n junction diodes (D1 and D2)

THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION

An OR Gate can be idealized by using two identical
diode as shown in figure.Here negative terminal of
battery is grounded and corresponded to 0 level and
positive terminal correspond to 1 level.
TRUTH TABLE-
INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT Y
1 0 0
1 1 1
0 1 0
0 0 0
 AND GATE
AIM
To simulate and design the AND Gate
COMPONENTS
Two n-p-n transistors and Resistance R and R2
THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION
An OR Gate can be idealized by using two identical
diode as shown in figure. Resistance R2 is earthed
while R is connected to both ends of Battery. Here
negative terminal of battery is grounded and
corresponded to 0 level and positive terminal correspond
to 1 level.

TRUTH TABLE-
INPUT A INPUT B OUT PUT Y
1 0 0
1 1 1
0 1 0
0 0 0
 NOT GATE
AIM
To simulate and design the NOT Gate
COMPONENTS
n-p-n transistor
THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION
NOT Gate cannot be realized by using diodes
but can be done by using n-p-n transistor. Base
b is connected to input A while Emitter is
earthed and collector is connected to battery.

TRUTH TABLE-

INPUT A OUTPUT Y
1 0
0 1
INTERFERENCE
a) IF A is closed LED do not glow {A=1} so à =Y ,
hence Y=0.

b) IF A is open LED will glow {A=0} so à =Y ,

hence Y=1.
INTERFERENCE
a) IF A and B are open LED do not glow {A=0
B=0} so A+B=Y , hence Y=0.
b) IF A and B are closed LED will glow {A=1 B=1}
so A+B=Y , hence Y=1.
c) IF A is open and B is closed LED will glow {A=0
B=1} so A+B=Y , hence Y=1.
d) IF A is closed and B is open LED will glow {A=1
B=0} so A+B=Y , hence Y=1.
INTERFERENCE
a) IF A and B are open LED do not glow {A=0
B=0} so A.B=Y , hence Y=0.
b) IF A and B are closed LED will glow {A=1
B=1} so A.B=Y , hence Y=1.
c) IF A is open and B is closed LED will glow
{A=0 B=1} so A.B=Y , hence Y=0.
d) IF A is closed and B is open LED will glow
{A=1 B=0}
Kendriya Vidyalaya -02, Colaba
Mumbai-05

Session

(2017-2018)

LOGIC GATES

Project Report
submitted in fulfillment of the
requirements for the

CBSE BOARD EXAM 2017-18

By

ASHWIN ADITIYA