2nd Renewable Energy for Developing Countries - REDEC 2014 - November 26-27, Beirut - Lebanon - http://www.redeconf.

org/

Technical feasibility study of solar-pumped

hydro storage in Lebanon
G. El-Jamal1, M. Ghandour2, H. Ibrahim3, A. Assi4

Abstract-- This paper addresses a new fully green solar- Available net thermal capacity however has varied from
pumped hydroelectricity storage system as a way to effectively 1600 MW 2100 MW. Because of many shortcomings such as
store the energy through the gravitational potential energy of plant failures, fuel supply problems, etc [7]. Hydro power
stored water and uses it during peak demand hours. Electric availability depends on rainfall and has been as low as 80MW
energy produced by the photovoltaic system will be used to pump
water during the day from a lower reservoir, in our case the
[8].
Litany River, to an upper reservoir which is usually an artificial
or semi-artificial dam. Water is released back through Francis
turbines & alternators to meet the energy commitments.

Index Terms—Solar energy, Pumped hydroelectricity, energy

storage, Hybrid power systems, economic benefits.

I. INTRODUCTION
The challenge of any electricity system is to deliver reliable
and continuous power to meet the total of economy needs at
all times competitor cost [1].
The Lebanese electricity system (LES) is a publicly sector
which suffers from inefficiencies, poor management, and poor
maintenance with lack of spare parts [1]. It absorbs
approximately 2–6% of national gross domestic product
(GDP), as shown in Fig. 1, through annual government
subsidies, depending mainly on the price of fuel as Lebanon
imports 99% of its primary energy requirements [3]. Lebanon
has a nominal installed power capacity of approximately 2300
MW [4].
The present power generation system in Lebanon consists
of 8 thermal power plants with nominal capacity of 2100 MW
and on 13 hydropower plants with nominal capacity of 272
MW, all hydro plants were constructed during the sixties and
their share declined to 15 % in terms of nominal capacity,
there is an urgent need to add 2GW up to year 2015 [5].
Where the recent fuel prices will increase government
subsidies to 1.5-2 billion USD per year[5].
Fig. 1: Total annual subsidies to Electricité du Liban (EDL) and % of total
revenues [6]
1
G. El-Jamal, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon, (e-mail: gfjamal@yahoo.com)
2
M. Ghandour, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon, (e-mail: ghandour@ul.edu.lb)
3
H. Ibrahim, TechnoCentre éolien, 70 rue bolduc, Gaspé, QC, Canada, Canada, (e-mail:
hibrahim@eolien.qc.ca).
3
A. Assi, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon, (e-mail:
ali.assi@liu.edu.lb)
Fig. 2: Daily demand, supply, and suppressed electricity in 2009 [9]
Technical losses in the transmission and distribution (T&D)
networks, are about 15% in Lebanon, while the non-technical
losses, like theft, exceed 20% of electricity produced [10].
Which result a blackouts averaging 6 hours for the entire
country. In 2009 the daily electricity demand was greater than
supply, as shown in Fig. 2. The electricity situation will be
worse if no other sources are secured as demand is projected
to increase 7% annually between 2009 and 2015 [9].
II. RENEWABLE ENERGY IN LEBANON
Renewable energy currently plays a marginal role in the
energy balance of Lebanon. It power generated through it
doesn’t exceed 5% of the total primary energy supply (TPES)
and less than 10% of the electricity production. Hydro power
is the unique renewable source used in electricity generation,
although Lebanon has a high potential from solar and wind
[11]. In this paper, we present only a brief high-lighting over
the solar and hydro energy potential in Lebanon.
A. Solar energy
Lebanon has almost 300 sunny days per year, with average
daily solar insolation of 4.8kWh/m2 [12]. Fig. 3 illustrates
measured average daily insolation per month. The graph
indicates the variations between summer and winter months.
[13].
The Solar photovoltaic (PV) in Lebanon faces several
barriers as for instance, high initial cost, low efficiency per
unit area, lack of PV market and immaturity of technology.
Thus, however, at the present time, it could be a good solution
for isolated areas that suffer from frequent or emergent

23 978-1-4799-1914-7/14 ©2014 IEEE

 2nd Renewable Energy for Developing Countries - REDEC 2014 - November 26-27, Beirut - Lebanon - http://www.redeconf.org/

electrical outages [8].

Fig. 3: Daily solar irradiance in Lebanon at, 0°, 45° and 90° [14]

B. Hydropower
Fig. 4: A hybrid solar-pumped storage system [23]
Lebanon benefit from annual amount of 750 mm3of water
recourses coming from rain and snow. Where, only 20% of the The PHS, converting renewable electrical energy (solar)
received water is being usefully exploited [15]. In 2009 into mechanical energy and vice versa, is employed as the
Hydropower, it shared about 4.5% of the total generated energy storage subsystem, which plays an important role in
electrical energy [16]. This generation rate can be increased in shifting energy surpluses, mitigating the intermittency of RE
future by constructing new dams some rivers. sources, and balancing the fluctuating supply and fluctuating
Lebanon will soon be facing chronic and critical water demand as well. The operating principle of the hybrid RES
shortages by 2020 unless the water sector is reformed [11]. with PHS can be briefly described as follows. The pump
In addition, solar energy is usually intermittent, elevates water from the lower reservoir, sea or river or an
unpredictable and weather dependent. Therefore, a continuous artificial pool, to the upper reservoir (UR) using excess solar
and reliable renewable power supply is hardly possible output during periods of surplus on the balance between
without energy storage. By employing an energy storage supply and demand. The stored water is then allowed to flow
system (ESS), the surplus energy can be stored when power back to the lower reservoir, enabling the production of
generation exceeds demand and then be released to cover the electricity through a turbine/generator unit to supplement the
periods when net load exists, providing a robust back-up to imbalance during periods of high electrical demand and
intermittent renewable energy [17]. The ESS is thus a critical insufficient renewable energy production. In this way, a
component and powerful partner to ensure sustainable supply reliable and sustainable energy supply would be guaranteed
of renewable energy [18], and the European Commission finds for 24 h a day if the charging and discharging rates as well as
it will play a key role in enabling the world to develop a low- the capacity are sufficient.
carbon power supply system [19].
The combination of renewable resources with energy
storage can be a solution because it can increase the value of
photovoltaic (PV), making supply coincident with periods of
peak consumer demand.
In this study, we propose to use a hybrid system based on
the combination between a solar energy and pumped hydro
storage (PHS) to have an electricity generator plant during
peak hour demands between 4:00 PM till 11:00 PM. This
Fig. 5: A Francis Turbine [24]
hybrid technology provides a novel solution for the
challenging task about energy storage through employing the
In this pumped storage system, there are two separated
most traditional and mature storage technology. penstocks, one is only used for pumping water and the other
III. PHOTOVOLTAIC PUMPED HYDRO STORAGE HYBRID SYSTEM one is only used for generating electricity. Therefore, the two
processes, charging and discharging, can occur
The PHS is the most widespread energy storage technology
simultaneously. This double-penstock system is popularly
with its first application in the 1890s [20] and a roundtrip
used because it is easier to stabilize the power voltage and
efficiency of 70-85% [21]. It remains the most widely used
frequency. Another simplified system (called the single-
and commercially viable electricity storage technology,
penstock system) employs reversible machinery (usually a
especially for large energy storage systems of utility grids.
Francis Turbine design) (Fig. 5) for both pumping and
The total installed capacity is over 127 GW in the world,
generating, but it cannot charge and discharge power at the
accounting for 99% of the global storage capacity [22].
same time. This system is designed as a motor and pump in
As shown in Fig. 4, the system involved in this study is
one direction and as a turbine and generator in opposite
equipped with a power generator (PV array), an energy
rotation
storage system (pumped hydro storage), an end-user (grid) and
a control station [23].

24
 2nd Renewable Energy for Developing Countries - REDEC 2014 - November 26-27, Beirut - Lebanon - http://www.redeconf.org/

IV. LEBANESE CONTEXT  the water tanks volume;

A. Overview of the surface water resources in
Lebanon
Lebanon is typically a mountains’ country with area of
10,452 km2 along the Mediterranean Sea with diversity
topography [5].
There are 17 major rivers in Lebanon; the total average
annual runoff is estimated to be 3,100million m3 [5].
No, pumped hydro storage exists or is planned in Lebanon
yet, despite Existing of many places whatsoever on the
Lebanese coast or inside; depending on the nature of the
terrain and the map has the potential to be exploited for
creating stations of pumped storage hydroelectricity system.
Many potential sites are and can be identified for
introducing and promoting the pumped storage in Lebanon,
among the followings (Fig. 6) [5]:
 6 coastal sites along the Mediterranean cliffs,
 1 inland scheme interrelated with the existing Litani-
Aouali complex of Qaraoun Reservoir and its 3
hydropower cascades of installed capacity of 190 MW.
 1 inland scheme interrelated with a typical river basin
having high potential of surface water development by
dams,
 1 inland scheme interrelated with perennial springs and Fig. 6: Location map of the proposed pumped storage schemes in Lebanon [5]
suitable sites for hill lakes.
 More than 10 sites
B. Why solar-pumped storage hybrid system for
Lebanon?
A solar-pumped hydro storage power plant has the
following characteristics:
 A clean energy
 Well matured technology
 Pumped-storage plants are dynamic and rapid response
capabilities in order to keep electrical grid stable and
flexibility
 Providing emergency reserves. Fig. 7: Location map of the case study
V. STORED ENERGY AND MACHINES POWER ESTIMATION FOR  the length and diameter of upstream and downstream
THE CASE STUDY tubes:
 the maximum water flow rate into the turbine and the
For this study we have selected a hill in Marjaayoun Caza –
pump (or the reversible pump);
South of Lebanon at 2.5 km North of Blat. This site has an
 the roughness height of the tube (considered negligible
area of 150.000 m2. Fig. 7 shows the selected site and the
in this study) ;
details of the proposed project. The design of photovoltaic
pumped hydro storage hybrid system (PVPHS) which must be
installed in this site is presented in Fig. 8.
The relative low energy density of pumped storage system
requires either a large body of water or a large variation in
height. For example, 1000 kg of water (1 m3) at the top of 100
m tower has a potential energy of about 0.272 kWh. The only
way to store a significant amount of energy is by having a
large body of water.
We consider the system presented in Fig. 8. The developed
excel software estimates the stored energy and the turbine and
pump peak powers for our case study. The input data are:
 upper tank altitude:
 lower tank altitude; Fig. 8: Principle of coupling between solar energy and pumped hydro storage
 pump or turbine altitude; used in the case study

25
 2nd Renewable Energy for Developing Countries - REDEC 2014 - November 26-27, Beirut - Lebanon - http://www.redeconf.org/
A. PV power plant model
The mathematical models of the PV modules take into
account the influence of the daily variation of the global
irradiance and the junction temperature. In the literature, there
are several mathematical models which describe the current-
voltage (I–V) characteristic. The difference between these
models is the procedure of the calculation, the intervening
parameters number to compute the I–V characteristic and of
course the results accuracy. The model used in this study is a
simplified analytical model that given a good accuracy and
which takes into accounts the solar irradiance on the studied
site. This model can be expressed as:
PPV  N p  Girr  S p  p (1)
PPV is the total generated power of the PV plant (kW), N p is
the total number of PV panels, Girr is the daily solar
irradiance (kW/m2), S p is the area of individual PV panel
(m2) and  p is the efficiency of PV panel.
Fig. 9: From PV cell to PV power plant
To build a solar power plant of several MW or several
hundreds of MW, the PV panels are arranged in series and
parallel to build PV blocks of a given power (Fig. 9).
Nowadays, the maximum working voltage (common mode
voltage) of a PV panel is between 600 Vdc and 800 Vdc,
depending on the standards used. This is mainly due to the
limitation of insulation between PV cells and the ground.
Also, the series connection of PV cells imposes constraints on
voltage equilibrium among all series connected cells to ensure
that individual cell voltage does not go beyond the maximum
allowed. The maximum admissible common voltage of a PV
panel imposes the maximum nominal voltage of one PV
block, which is at most 800 Vdc. Nowadays typical nominal
power of a PV block, is 1 MW in the biggest solar power
plants. This is feasible since power semiconductors, which are
used to build the power converter, are easily available with
similar voltage and current ratings. To reach the total power of
the solar plant, several of those blocks are operating in
parallel. They each have their own power converter. For a 100
MW solar plant, this means that there are 100 of those blocks.
B. PHS power plant model
The PHS subsystem consists of a separated pump/motor
unit and a turbine/generator unit. The water pumping
coefficient (m3/kWh) and turbine generating coefficient
(kWh/m3) are two key parameters of the PHS subsystem.
According to the Bernoulli's equation, the water flow rate
sucked from the lower reservoir by the pumps is expressed in
Eq. (2). The power source is directly supplied by the PV
26
power plant. This flow rate can be compared to the charging
rate of battery.
 p  Pp
Qp  c P (2)
  gh p p
where Q p is the flow rate (m3/s); Pp is the charging power
from the PV plant to the pump (power consumed by the pump)
(W); h is the elevating head of the water (m); g is the
gravity acceleration (m/s2);  is the density of water (kg/m3);
 p is the overall pumping efficiency; and c p is the water
pumping coefficient of the pump/motor unit (m3/kWh).
In the case of energy deficits, water is drawn from the
upper reservoir in order to operate the hydro turbines. The
released power Pt from the turbine/generator unit is:
Pt  t    g  h  Qt  ct  Qt (3)
Where t is the overall efficiency of the turbine/generator
unit; Qt is the water volumetric flow rate input into the
turbine (m3/s); ct is the turbine generating coefficient
(kWh/m3).
The water quantity stored in the upper reservoir (UR)
should be adequate to meet the power demand in case of no
PV power supply for several consecutive hours or days. The
water level in the UR can be considered as the state of charge
(SOC) of the storage tank. The gravitational potential energy
stored in the UR should be:
t    g  h  V
Ec  nday  Eload  (4)
3.6  106
Where Ec is the energy storage capacity of a water reservoir
(kWh); nday is the number of days of autonomy; Eload is the
daily load energy consumed (kWh/day); V is the volume or
storage capacity of the water reservoir (m3). Therefore, the
required volume of the UR can be obtained.
The total quantity of water stored in the UR at any time t is
determined by:
QUR  t   1    QUR  t  1  Qp  t   Qt  t  (5)
Where  is the evaporation and leakage loss. For
simplification, this study has ignored these losses in the above
equations. In addition, the water quantity of the upper
reservoir is subject to the following constraints:
QURmin  QUR  QURmax  V (6)
The integration of this models and the site information in
the developed excel software (Fig. 10) has allowed to
determine the corresponding size (power) of the pump and
turbine and estimate the stored energy from available PV
power plant.
 2nd Renewable Energy for Developing Countries - REDEC 2014 - November 26-27, Beirut - Lebanon - http://www.redeconf.org/

Fig. 10: Excel software developed for the case study

VI. RESULTS AND SYNTHESIS BOQ Cost of production of Kwh

It is important to note that the location was selected near N⁰ WORK DESCRIPTION UNIT QTY U.PRICE $ T.PRICE $ Production during 25
288 288
many villages (Blat, Dibbin, Marjaayoun, Khiam, Ibel elsaki, 1 Drilling and filling m³ 153125 $ 8.60 $ 1,316,875.00
years (Gwh)
etc.) to save some extensions & because the high cliff in the 2 Supply & poured armed concrete m³ 6490 $ 240.00 $ 1,557,600.00
Percentage of M&O
2% 5%
area. The total project cost is 18,000,000 US$ with an 3 Supply & install galvanized pipe Ø1.5 L.M 600 $ 650.00 $ 390,000.00
yearly

electricity total production of 11.4 Gwh/year. The payback m

Supply & Install end section
$ 1,375,000.00
Cost of M&O yearly $ 9,000,000 $22,500,000
period, calculated according to the saving achieved 4 Centrifugal pump 650 m³/hr unit 25 $ 55,000.00 Total Production Cost $ 27,000,000 $ 40,500,000
5 Supply & install PV system m² 45000 $ 230.00 $ 10,350,000.00
(production cost of kwh-selling price), is about 10.5 years. 6 Supply & install francis turbine 4 MW unit 2 $750,000.00 $ 1,500,000.00 $ 0.094 $ 0.141
1 kwh Cost
The financial and technical details of the case study are Supply & install alternator ,electric
7 cables,…etc unit 2 $250,000.00 $ 500,000.00 LBP 141 LBP 211
presented in the Table 1. $ 0.090
8 Miscellaneous $ 10,525.00 Average EDL price*
Two systems are used in this study to produce electricity: Total $ 17,000,000.00
LBP 135
1) PV power plant alone with total cost of 10,350,000 $, 9 LAND PRICE $ 1,000,000.00 Difference 4.2% 36.1%
production of 12 Gwh/Year & payback period 4 years (for SUBTOTAL $ 18,000,000.00
* price supposed constant during the next 25 years

PV only), where production is only during day. The total
surface of PV Park is 45,000 m2 distributed in 150,000 m2
land. This park will Produces electrical energy to the
pumps of about 42,000 kWh/day.
2) Pumped Storage hydro-electricity power plant with the
previous data. The characteristics of the PHS system are :
 Difference level between high storage and Basin
River is about 120 m.
 Concrete Water storage of 100,000 m3 (100*150*7
m) with dam.
 Pipes lines consist of 2 parallel each with 1.5 m
diameter, one to fill water storage, the two is used
to conduct water to operate Francis turbine;
 25 pumps end suction centrifugal type are used.
Each pump has a flow of 650 m3/ hr and head of 150
m. Pumps will flow water from Litany River to the
storage from 8:00 AM till 6:00 PM.
 2 Francis turbines of 4 MW nominal power will
function from 5:00 PM till 11:00
 Alternator, cables, control, etc.
Table 1: Financial and technical details of the Table 2: Cost of Kwh
Case study
3) The cost of production is presented in Table 2 and the
followings values are achieved :
 Cost of one kWh is 9.4 dollar cents ($₵) when
Maintenance and operating cost is considered 2% of
the total cost of system annually and 14.1 $₵ taking
into consideration the life time of the system as 25
years
 The average EDL price is 9 $₵ while the cost of
production of 1 kwh is more higher and estimates
about 15 $₵
VII. CONCLUSIONS
The pumping storage is the most widely implemented
large-scale electrical energy storage. PHS is a mature
technology with large volume, long storage period, high
efficiency and relatively low capital cost per unit of energy.
We estimated the stored energy and the pump and turbine
peak powers according to the characteristic of the water

27
 2nd Renewable Energy for Developing Countries - REDEC 2014 - November 26-27, Beirut - Lebanon - http://www.redeconf.org/
storage.
This work gives an idea for some procedures in the
pumping storage analysis before its integration in electrical
power system with renewable energy sources.
The case study showed that the payback period of the
studied project is about 10.4 years, which is long to be
released in Lebanon.
As a matter of fact for every plus there is a minus and this
goes for the solar-pumped hydroelectricity storage system as
well. It has lot of lasting advantages that include:
1) One of the most important conclusion is the cost of
production of one kWh which is very competitor to the
selling price of the EDL which is originally under cost
level;
2) Pumped storage reservoirs aren't really a means of
generating electrical power. They're a way of storing
energy so that we can release it quickly when we need it;
3) It is one of the most important solutions for shortage
problem in Lebanon;
4) Its projects are net consumers of energy in that for every
one kWh of energy generated during peak periods; more
than one kWh of off-peak energy is required for pumping.
Due to evaporation losses from the exposed water surface
and mechanical efficiency losses during conversion, only
between 70% and 85% of the electrical energy used to
pump the water into the elevated reservoir can be
regained in this process. Still, this system is economical
as it flattens out the variations in the load on the power
grid, permitting base-load power stations to continue
operating at their most efficient capacity, while reducing
the need to build special power plants which run only at
peak demand times using more costly generation
methods;
5) A reduction of 3243 tons of CO2 and gas emissions can
be realized with pumped storage when the fuel providing
electricity for pumping has no carbon content as in the
case of PV energy or nuclear power than the fuel being
displaced by the pumped storage generation;
6) Renewable energies such as wind and solar power have
their own set of complications that demands a way to
store the energy generated. Since wind and solar power
plants are dependent on environmental variables outside
of our own control there is no way to generate more or
less electricity based on demand. Electricity itself cannot
be stored, but it can be converted into other forms of
energy and stored as chemical or gravitational potential
energy and converted back to electricity when needed;
7) Pump hydro storage improves the efficiency of thermal
power plants by allowing them to run at maximum
efficiency without wasting energy. They can also serve
the electricity storage needs that renewable energy such
as solar requires in order to provide a consistent and
reliable grid which can match the demand. It could be
possible to build sufficient pump storage plants to
generate the necessary capacity; however, other methods
of storage, environmental concerns, costs, and other
factors have prevented this from happening.
28
VIII. REFERENCES
[1] R.H. El-Fadel, G.P. Hammond, H.A. Harajli, C.I. Jones, V.K. Kabakian,
A.B. Winnett. “The Lebanese electricity system in the context of
sustainable development”. Energy Policy, (38), pp. 751–761, 2010.
[2] G.P. Hammond. Energy, environment and sustainable development: a
UK perspective. Trans IChemE Part B: Process Safety and
Environmental Protection, vol. 78 (4), pp. 304–323, 2000.
[3] A. Houri. “Solar water heating: current status and future prospects”.
Renewable Energy, (31), pp. 663–675, 2006.
[4] N.S. Aoun, H.A. Harajli, P. Queffeulou. “Preliminary appraisal of wave
power prospects in Lebanon”. Renewable Energy, vol. 53, pp.165–173,
May 2013.
[5] A. Geadah. “Introducing Pumped Storage in Lebanon: Towards a
Prospective National Master Plan”. Séminaire International sur la
gestion des bassins et la coopération dans la région Euro –
Méditerranéenne, Beyrouth – Liban, 6-9 Octobre 2009
[6] Ministry of Finance (MOF). “Fiscal Performance Reports”. Ministry of
Finance, Beirut.
[7] World Bank. “Republic of Lebanon Electricity Sector Public
Expenditure Review”, 41421-LB, World Bank, Washington, 2008.
[8] C. Abi Said. “Electric Energy and Energy Policy in Lebanon”. Global
Network on Energy for Sustainable Development (GNESD), Beirut,
2005.
[9] H. Harajli, E. Abu Jaoudeh, J. Obeid, W. Kodieh, M. Harajli.
“Integrating wind energy into the Lebanese electricity system;
Preliminary analysis on capacity credit and economic performance”.
World Engineers’ Convention, Geneva, 2010.
[10] MEW. “Policy Paper for the Electricity Sector”. Report #1 – 2010,
Ministry of Energy and Water, Lebanon, 2010.
[11] O. Ibrahim, F. Fardoun, R. Younes, H. Louahlia-Gualous. “Energy
status in Lebanon and electricity generation reform plan based on cost
and pollution optimization”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews (20), pp. 255–278, 2013.
[12] A. Mourtada. “Mediterranean solar (hot) spot – preparation phase –
Lebanon fact sheet”, 2011.
[13] N. Ghaddar. “Weather data summary for the Year 1998”. The American
University of Beirut-Lebanon; 1999.
[14] Solar Insolation Level in LEBANON. Prepared by DAWTEC, 2013.
www.dawtec.com
[15] M. Fawaz. “Water resources in Lebanon”. In: Proceedings of the
conference on the status of water in Lebanon, Beirut. November 27–28,
1992.
[16] Almee-Association Libanaise Pour La Maitrise De L’énergie et
l’Environnement. Les Bilans Énergétiques en 2010 et les Indicateurs
Structurels et Conjoncturels de l’Énergie au Liban, 2010.
[17] Chen H, Cong TN, Yang W, Tan C, Li Y, Ding Y. “Progress in
electrical energy storage system: a critical review”. Prog Nat Sci, 19: pp.
291- 312, 2009.
[18] Daim TU, Li X, Kim J, Simms S. “Evaluation of energy storage
technologies for integration with renewable electricity: quantifying
expert opinions”. Environ Innov Soc Trans; 3: pp. 29-49, June 2012.
[19] European Commission. “The future role and challenges of energy
storage”. In: DG ENER Work Pap; 2013.
[20] Kumari JS, Babu CS. “Mathematical modeling and simulation of
photovoltaic cell using Matlab-Simulink environment”. Int J Electr
Comput Eng; 2: pp. 26-34, 2012.
[21] Lindley D. “The energy storage problem”. Nature; 463: pp. 18-20, 2010.
[22] Saini RP. “Large-scale energy storage systems”. Indian Institute of
Technology Roorkee, 2011.
[23] Tao Ma, Hongxing Yang, Lin Lu, Jinqing Peng. “Technical feasibility
study on a standalone hybrid solar-wind system with pumped hydro
storage for a remote island in Hong Kong”. Renewable Energy 69; pp.
7-15, 2014.
[24] G. Notton, V. Lazarov, L. Stoyanov. “Analysis of pumped hydroelectric
storage for wind/PV system for grid integration”. Екологично
инженерство и опазване на околната среда, No 1, pp. 64-74, 2011.