Homework Title/No: HW#1 Course Code: CAP553

Course Instructor: Lect.Ginnia kakkar Course Tutor (if applicable): -

Date of Allotment: 24-07-10 Date of submission:6/08/2010

Student’s Roll number: RA3902A08 Section No.: A3902

Declaration:

I declare that this assignment is my individual work. I have not copied

from any other student’s work or from any other source except where due
acknowledgement is made explicitly in the text, nor has any part been written for
me by another person.

Student’sSign: TARUN GUPTA

 PART A

Q.1. Design a network using following components:

- Use a router and a switch, connect these to each other

- Connect 3 hosts to router

- Connect 4 hosts to switch

Also, calculate number of collision domains and network domains for this
network.

Sol:- when we want to connect 3 host to a router we have to select which has at
least 3 fast Ethernet ports . After that we can add more ports to it to connect
switch.
Now we have to configure the router and hosts.

To configure the router write these commands :

Double click on router go to CLI

Router>enable

Router#config terminal

Router#interface fastethernet0/0

Router#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.224

Router#no shutdown

Router#interface fastethernet0/1
Router#ip address 192.168.1.33 255.255.255.224

Router#no shutdown

Router#interface fastethernet0/2

Router#ip address 192.168.1.65 255.255.255.224

Router#no shutdown

Router#interface fastethernet0/3

Router#ip address 192.168.1.107 255.255.255.224

Router#no shutdown

Now we have to assign ip addresses to the hosts of router default subnetmask

for all the hosts

subnet: 255.255.255.224.

Pc1:192.168.1.2 default gateway:192.168.1.1

Pc2:192.168.1.34 default gateway:192.168.1.33

Pc3:192.168.1.66 default gateway:192.168.1.65

Switch

Default gateway :192.168.1.107

Pc1:192.168.1.108 default gateway:192.168.1.107

Pc2:192.168.1.109 default gateway:192.168.1.107

Pc3:192.168.1.110 default gateway:192.168.1.107

Pc3:192.168.1.111 default gateway:192.168.1.107

Now the network is setup. We can ping any pc to all pc from any one .

Collision domain:={pc3 },{pc2},{pc8},{pc6},{ pc5},{pc7},{pc4}

Broadcast domain:= {pc8},{pc2},{pc3},{pc4,pc7,pc5,pc6}

Q.2. You are network administrator and users are reporting you various
issues regarding network configuration. What kind of problems you can face
and how would you troubleshoot these problems?

Ans:- As an administrator I have to face many problem regarding network

configuration like :-

 IP conflict:- this problem can arise when two are given same IP address. It
will show a IP conflict error.

o Troubleshoot: assign different unique IP address to each both PCs.

 Host not found in network:- this can be happened when do workgroup

name is changed to something else. Let say admin have created a group in
WORKGROUP. Bt the target PCs has changed it to MSHOME..
 o Troubleshoot: change the name back to WORKGROUP.

 Computer connected physically but not to network:- if computer has

assign no IP address or wrong subnet mask

o Troubleshoot: open command prompt at target pc and run

IPCONFIG. It will show u the current IP address and subnet mask.
Check if right then ping the server by PING command i.e. PING
172.10.10.1. If it will show u request time out or not connected then
try to change the desired IP address. Otherwise it will send some
packet to check connectivity and receive packet and show u statistics.

o A self test can also be done by pinging loop back. PING 127.0.0.0(it
will show us whether we are connected to server or not)

 LAN driver not found:- it may happen that LAN driver has not been
installed
 o Troubleshoot: check device manager for the driver and hardware
configuration and update LAN drivers.

 Internet is not working:- it can be happen due to any problem mention

above

o Troubleshoot : try to repair computer and I will check IP

configuration.

 Sharing drive is not showing:- if computer is not in the desired network

this problem can arise

o Troubleshoot: go to network places and view network . here we find

all pc connected to network .

o Network sharing is turned off

Q.3. Creating windows at sender and receiver ends can ensure flow control in
Transport layer? Explain with example, how?

Ans:-It is the responsibility of transport layer to multiplex data into segment and
streams. And for the data transmission it has two protocol TCP(connection
oriented) and UDP(connection less).

Windowing concept is use to control the amount of outstanding unacknowledged

data segment. that means size of window controls how much information is
transferred one end to another end
 The purpose of flow control is to provide information for receiver to govern
amount of data send by sender. Another function of the transport layer is to
provide optional flow control.
  Flow control is used to ensure that networking devices don’t send too much
information to the destination, overflowing its receiving buffer space, and
causing it to drop the sent information

 The purpose of flow control is to ensure the destination doesn't get overrun
by too much information sent by the source

Let say when window size is 1 it will always wait for the acknowledgment and
then transmit data again. If size is 5 it will allow to sending 5 data segment before
receiving acknowledgement. In this way if acknowledge says that till 3 data is
received then only 4 and 5th is to be retransmitted. In this way data flow

PART B
Q.4. There is requirement to start Hyper terminal in name of 'CISCO'. Now
to create a Console connection, you need to configure device. Analyze each
step.

Sol:- Microsoft HyperTerminal is one of the most commonly used terminal

emulator programs. This document explains how to use some HyperTerminal
features with Cisco routers.

To Correct Terminal Settings

If there is junk characters in Hyperterminal, or if the router no longer accepts

keystrokes, it can be a Hyperterminal settings issue. our router normally uses the
default settings.

Now go to allprogram>accessories>communication>hyperterminal

1. Create a shortcut for HyperTerminal on the Desktop if you wish and run the

application.

 2. we are prompted to make HyperTerminal your default Telnet program.

Tick Don't ask me this question again and Click No. 

3. we are prompted this time to fill up the location information form.

Click Cancel and click Yes to confirm the action then click OK to dismiss the
matter.

 4. Type your desired connection name in the Name field (e.g console) and click
OK.

 5. we need to encounter steps 3 and 4 again then we will be presented with
the Connect Todialog. Under Connect using, select from the list the correct com

to use (in my case, COM7 via a USB Belkin portable com port where my console
cable is attached) and click OK.
7. we are presented next with the HyperTerminal Properies dialog. Click Restore
Defaults and click OK.

We are now connected to our Cisco device. After bypassing the router's password,
here's what I see...

Q.5. Which protocol is responsible for converting IP address to MAC

address? Which protocol performs reverse operation? Discuss functionality of
these protocols.

Ans:- ARP(Address Resolution Protocol) is responsible for converting IP address

to MAC address. The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a computer
networking protocol for determining a network host's link layer or hardware
address when only its Internet Layer (IP) or Network Layer address is known. This
function is critical in local area networking as well as for routing internetworking
traffic across gateways (routers) based on IP addresses when the next-hop router
must be determined. The Address Resolution Protocol uses a simple message
format that contains one address resolution request or response. The size of the
ARP message depends on the upper layer and lower layer address sizes, which are
given by the type of networking protocol (usually IPv4) in use and the type of
hardware or virtual link layer that the upper layer protocol is running on. The
message header specifies these types, as well as the size of addresses of each. The
message header is completed with the operation code for request (1) and reply (2).
The payload of the packet consists of four addresses, the hardware and protocol
address of the sender and receiver hosts.

The principal packet structure of ARP packets is shown in the following table
which illustrates the case of IPv4 networks running on Ethernet. In this scenario,
the packet has 48-bit fields for the sender hardware address (SHA) and target
hardware address (THA), and 32-bit fields for the corresponding sender and target
protocol addresses (SPA and TPA). Thus, the ARP packet size in this case is 28
bytes.
There are four types of arp messages that may be sent by the arp protocol. These
are identified by four values in the "operation" field of an arp message. The types
of message are:

1. ARP request

2. ARP reply

3. RARP request

4. RARP reply

And RARAP(Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) do its reverse. The Reverse

Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) is a computer networking protocol used by
a host computer to request itsInternet Protocol (IPv4) address from an
administrative host, when it has available its Link Layer or hardware address, such
as a MAC address.

RARP is described in Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) publication RFC

903. It has been rendered obsolete by the Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) and the
modern Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), which both support a
much greater feature set than RARP.

Q.6. Which transport layer protocol works behind Telnet service? What
mechanisms allow reliable delivery?
Sol:-behind telnet service TCP protocol is used. TCP works on transport layer.
Telnet is used for the interactive communication of data and commands between
client and server over a prolonged period of time, and is thus strongly based on the
concept of a session. For this reason, Telnet runs over the connection-oriented
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). Telnet servers listen for connections on
well-known TCP port number 23. When a client wants to access a particular
server, it initiates a TCP connection to the appropriate server, which responds to
set up a TCP connection using the standard TCP three-way handshake.

The TCP connection is maintained for the duration of the Telnet session, which
can remain alive for hours, days, or even weeks at a time. The quality of service
features of TCP guarantee that data is received reliably and in order, and ensures
that data is not sent at too high a rate for either client or server. A machine offering
Telnet service can support multiple simultaneous sessions with different users,

keeping each distinct by identifying it using the IP address and port number of the
client.
All data transmitted is broken up into IP packets. Some of these IP packets also
contain TCP baggage which links these packets into a reliable stream of data.
Much confidence is placed into the reliability built into TCP, in fact, many of the
applications used on the Internet have no mechanism for fault detection built into
the application.

In addition to the software mechanisms for reliability built into TCP, hardware
reliability is obtained through multiple redundant communication paths between
hosts, and the complex algorithms for guiding the packets between hosts, along
these paths, which may traverse many intermediate hosts.

The combination of global standards and reliable communication has encouraged

the rapid worldwide growth of the Internet. The Internet has grown from a research
tool for a handful of Defense Department researchers into an everyday
communication and entertainment medium for any individual with access to a
computer.