Calculations and Chemical Equations Example: Hydrogen atomic weight = 1.

008 amu
Carbon atomic weight = 12.001 amu
Atomic mass: Mass of an atom of an element, expressed in
atomic mass units
Carbon atoms are 12 times as massive as hydrogen atoms

Atomic mass unit (amu): 1.661 x 10-24g

Practice: Ca atomic mass = 40.08 amu
Ne atomic mass = 20.18 amu
Atomic weight: Average mass of all isotopes of a given
element; listed on the periodic table
How many Neon atoms are required to give the same mass
as one calcium atom?

Avogadro’s Number: The Mole There is a unique relationship between molar mass and
1 Dozen = 12 atomic weight:

1 Gross = 144 Oxygen’s atomic weight is 16.00 amu.

1 Mole = 6.02 x 1023 1 mole of oxygen is 6.02 x 1023 atoms of oxygen

1 amu = 1.661 x 10-24g
1 mole of atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms What is the molar mass (g/mole) of oxygen?
1 mole of molecules = 6.022 x 1023 molecules
16.00 amu/oxygen atom x 1.661 x 10-24g/amu

Molar Mass: the mass (in grams) of one mole a = 2.657 x 10-24 g/atom x 6.02 x 1023 atoms/mole
particular substance =16.00 g/mole

Molar mass (in grams) is always equal to the atomic weight

of the atom!

Molar mass (in grams) is always equal to the atomic weight of the
Mole (mol): The number of particles (atoms or molecules) in a
atom! sample of element or compound with a mass in grams equal to the
atomic (or molecular) weight
Examples: Atomic weight of carbon is 12.01amu
Molar mass of carbon is 12.01 g/mol
Example: Atomic weight of sodium = 22.99

Atomic weight of helium is 4.00 amu 22.99 g of sodium contains 1 mole

Molar mass of helium is 4.00 g/mol (6.02 x 1023) of atoms

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 Calculations Using the Mole Practice:
1 mole represents the mass of a sample that contains Avogadro’s 1 mol S atoms = 6.02 x 1023 atoms
number of particles 6.02x 1023 atoms = 32 g S

Example: Atomic wt. of Potassium (K)= 39 amu 1 mol S atoms = 32 g S

1 mol K atoms = 6.02 x 1023 atoms = 39 g K

What is the mass in grams of 1 atom of Sulfur?
Example: Atomic wt. of Sulfur (S) = 32 u
1 S atom = g
1 mol S atoms = 6.02 x 1023 atoms = 32 g S
1 S atom x 32 g S/6.02 x 1023 atoms = g
1 mol S atoms = 6.02 x 1023 atoms
6.02x 1023 atoms = 32 g S 1 S atom = 5.32 x10-23 g

1 mol S atoms = 32 g S

Practice:
Practice:
1 mol S atoms = 6.02 x 1023 atoms 1 mol S atoms = 6.02 x 1023 atoms
6.02x 1023 atoms = 32 g S
6.02x 1023 atoms = 32 g S
1 mol S atoms = 32 g S
1 mol S atoms = 32 g S

How many atoms in this sample of 98.6g of S?

How many moles of Sulfur in 98.6 grams?

98.6g = atoms of S
98.6g = moles Sulfur

98.6g x 6.02x1023 atoms/32g = atoms of S

98.6g x 1 mole/32g = moles sulfur

= 1.85x1024 atoms S
= 3.07 moles sulfur

Practice:
The mole concept applies to molecules, as well as to atoms
1 mol S atoms = 6.02 x 1023 atoms
6.02x 1023 atoms = 32 g S
Chemical formulas indicate relative quantities of atoms within a
1 mol S atoms = 32 g S compound
What is the mass of 1 atom of Sulfur?
Example: H2O has 2 H atoms for every 1 Oxygen atom
1 atom = g

1 atom x 32g/6.02x1023 atoms = g C6H12O6 has how many atoms of each element?

= 5.33 x10-23 g S

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Formula Weight (F.W.): sum of all atomic weights of all atoms in
a compound; expressed in amu Practice: Formula weight of H2O = ?

A mole of a molecule will have a mass in grams equal to its

formula weight F.W. of H2O = atomic weight of H atoms +
atomic weight of O atom
Example: F.W. of CH4N2O (urea) = ?

Atomic weights: C = 12 amu Atomic weight of H =1amu, O =16 amu

H = 1 amu
N = 14 amu F.W. of H2O = 18 amu
O = 16 amu Molar mass of H2O = 18 g/mol
F.W. CH4N2O = 12 + 4 (1) + 2 (14) + 16 = 60 amu
Molar mass of CH4N2O is 60 g/mol

More Practice:
Chemical Equations
Prozac, C17H18F3NO, is a widely used antidepressant that inhibits
Chemical Reaction: Interaction between substances that results in one
the uptake of serotonin by the brain. What is the molar mass of
or more new substances being produced
Prozac?
17C (12.0) + 18H (1.0) + 3F (19.0) + 1N (14.0) + 1 O (16.0) = Example: hydrogen + oxygen Æ water

204 + 18 + 57.0 + 14.0 + 16.0 Reactants of a Reaction: Starting materials that undergo chemical
change; written on the left side of the equation representing the reaction
= 309 g/mole

Products of a Reaction: Substances formed as a result of the reaction;

written on the right side of the equation representing the reaction

Types of Chemical Reactions

The arrow points towards the products formed by the reaction
Combination Reactions: Reaction in which 2 or more substances
Individual products and reactants are separated by a plus sign
react to form a single substance

Chemical Equation: A written statement using symbols and

Decomposition Reactions: Reaction in which a single substance
formulas to describe the changes that occur in a reaction
reacts to form 2 or more simpler substances
Example: 2H2(g) + O2 (g) Æ 2H2O (l)
Single-Replacement Reactions: Reaction in which an element reacts
with a compound and displaces another element from the compound
Letter in parentheses indicates the state of the substance: gas
(g), liquid (l), solid (s), dissolved in water (aq)
Double-Replacement Reactions: Reaction in which 2 compounds
react and exchange partners to form 2 new compounds
If heat is required for the reaction to take place, the symbol Δ
is written over the reaction arrow

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 Precipitation Reactions: Reaction in which chemical
change results in formation of one or more insoluble Combination reaction: two or more elements or
product compounds combine to form one product.

Acid-Base Reactions: Reactions involving the transfer A + B AB

of a hydrogen ion, H+, from one reactant to another
Examples:
Redox Reactions: Reaction in which substances
undergo oxidation and reduction; involve the transfer of
H2 + Cl2 2HCl
electrons from one reactant to another
2S + 3O2 2SO3
Oxidation: loss of electrons 4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3

Reduction: gain of electrons

Decomposition reaction: one substance is broken down Single replacement reaction: one element takes
(split) into two or more simpler substances. the place of an element in a reacting compound

A + BC AC +B
AB A + B
Example:
Zn(s) + HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Examples:
2HgO 2Hg + O2
2KClO3 2KCl + 3 O2 H2

HCl
Zn
ZnCl2

Double replacement reaction: two elements swap places Combustion reaction: a reactant (often containing
among the reactants (the positive ions in the reacting carbon) reacts with oxygen O2.
compounds)
Examples:
AB + CD AD + CB
C + O2 CO2
Examples:
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3
ZnS + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2S C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O

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 Oxidation and Reduction Reactions

• An oxidation-reduction reaction involves the transfer of

electrons from one reactant to another.

• In oxidation, electrons are lost

Zn Zn2+ + 2e- (loss of electrons--LEO)

• In reduction, electrons are gained.

Cu2+ + 2e- Cu (gain of electrons--GER)

Practice: Balanced Equation: Equation in which the number of

atoms of each element in the reactants is the same as the
number of atoms of that element in the products
Identify each of the following as an oxidation or a reduction reaction:
A. Sn Sn4+ + 4e- Oxidation Law of Conservation of Mass: Atoms are neither created
nor destroyed in chemical reactions
B. Fe3+ + 1e- Fe2+ Reduction

Example: CaS + H2O Æ CaO + H2S

C. Cl2 + 2e- 2Cl- Reduction Reactants Products

Is this equation balanced?

Example: NO(g) + O2(g) ÆNO2(g) Practice: SO2 + O2 Æ SO3

Is this equation balanced?

Is this equation balanced?
2SO2 + O2 Æ 2SO3

Adjust the coefficient of the reactants and products to balance

the equation Practice: H2 + Cl2 Æ HCl

Is this equation balanced?

2NO + O2 Æ 2NO2
Reactants Product H2 + Cl2 Æ 2HCl

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 6.02 x1023 CH4 + 12.0 x1023 O2 Æ6.02 x1023 CO2 + 12.0 x1023 H2O
Chemical Equations and the Mole
1 mol CH4 + 2 mol O2Æ1 mol CO2 + 2 mol H2O

Stoichiometry: Study of mass relationships in chemical reactions; 16.0g CH4 + 64.0g O2 Æ 44.0g CO2 + 36.0gH2O
ratios of different molecules

Example: CH4 + 2O2 Æ CO2 + 2H2O How many moles of O2 would be required to react with 1.72 mol
CH4?
10 CH4 + 20 O2 Æ 10 CO2 + 20 H2O
1.72 mol CH4 = mol O2
6.02 x1023 CH4 + 12.0 x1023 O2 Æ6.02 x1023 CO2 + 12.0 x1023 H2O
1 mol CH4 + 2 mol O2Æ1 mol CO2 + 2 mol H2O
1.72 mol CH4 x 2 mol O2/1 mol CH4 = 3.44 mol O2
16.0g CH4 + 64.0g O2 Æ 44.0g CO2 + 36.0gH2O

How many grams of H2O will be produced from 1.09 mol of CH4? Theoretical and Percent Yield

2-part problem: first find moles of H2Othen convert moles to grams Theoretical yield: the maximum amount of product that would be
formed from a particular reaction in an ideal world
Use this equation to obtain conversion factor for moles of CH4 to
moles of H2O: Actual yield: the amount of product formed from a particular
reaction in the real world (usually less than the theoretical yield)
1 mol CH4 + 2 mol O2Æ1 mol CO2 + 2 mol H2O
Percent yield: ratio of actual yield to theoretical yield, times 100 %
1.09 mol CH4 = mol H2O
% yield = actual yield/theoretical yield x 100%
1.09 mol CH4 x 2 mol H2O/1 mol CH4 = 2.18 mol H2O
Example: theoretical yield = 39.2g water
2.18 mol H20 = grams H2O
actual yield = 35.5 g water
2.18 mol H20 x 18.0g H2O/1 mol H2O = 39.2grams H2O
% yield = 35.5g/39.2g x 100% = 90.6 % yield