BRY's Microbiology 1st Semester PDF

99.
ADENOVIRUSES
ADENOVIRIDAE
Species - Adenovirus Type 1
- Adenovirus Type 2
- …Adenovirus Type 41 (…you get the drift)
Characteristics - linear double-stranded DNA genome

- icosahedral capsid (multifaceted protein coat)
- non-enveloped (“naked”, not surrounded by a cell membrane)
Reservoirs - humans (only reservoir, not normal flora - as are all other viruses)
Transmission - direct contact (“person-to-person”)

- droplet nuclei (“respiratory spray”)
- fecal-oral
- contaminated fomites (indigestible objects)
Diseases The Common Cold

- fever, rhinitis leading to rhinorrhea and pharyngitis leading to sore
throat
- may complicate by progressing to laryngotracheobronchitis and
viral interstitial pneumotitis
- primarily occurs in children
- caused by Adenovirus infection of the nasopharynx
Keratoconjunctivitis
- “pink eye”
- keratitis and conjunctivitis leading to conjunctival hyperemia and
preauricular lymphadenomegaly
- caused by Adenovirus infection of the eye
Pharyngoconjunctival Fever
- fever, rhinitis, pharyngitis, conjunctival hyperemia and preauricular
lymphadenomegaly
- caused by simultaneous Adenovirus infection of the pharynx and
eye
Gastroenteritis
- abdominal pain vomiting and watery diarrhea
- caused by Adenovirus infection of the GI tract
Treatment - oral fluid and electrolyte replacement (if gastroenteritis)
-1-
100. HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUSES
HERPESVIRIDAE
- icosahedral capsid
- enveloped (surrounded by a cell membrane originating from the
previously infected host cell)
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (“HSV-1”, “Human Herpesvirus 1”)

Reservoirs - humans (only reservoir)
Transmission - direct contact
Diseases Herpes Labialis

- “cold sore”
- painful ulcerating encrustating vesicles at the site of initial
infection
- primarily occurs on the lips and/or the bucca
- spontaneously resolves in < 2 weeks
- may complicate by reactivation of latent HSV-1 in the trigeminal
ganglia ! reoccurrence of the painful ulcerating encrustating
vesicles at the site of initial infection
- may also complicate by HSV-1 viremia ! meningoencephalitis
- caused by HSV-1 infection of the oral cavity
Herpetic Keratitis
- ulcerating coalescing vesicles on the cornea
- may complicate by causing corneal scarring ! blindness
- caused by HSV-1 infection of the eye
Herpetic Whitlow
- painful ulcerating encrustating vesicles on the cuticles of the
fingernails
- caused by HSV-1 infection of the skin
Treatment - indirect viral DNA polymerase inhibitors
-2-
Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (“HSV-2”, “Human Herpesvirus 2”)

- sexual (“sexually transmitted disease”, “STD”, “venereal disease”)
- perinatal (“mother-to-fetus”)
Diseases Herpes Genitalis

- painful ulcerating encrustating vesicles at the site of initial
infection
- primarily occurs on the external genitalia, periorally (if oral
intercourse) or perirectally (if anal intercourse)
- may complicate by reactivation of latent HSV-2 in the lumbosacral
paravertebral ganglia ! reoccurrence the of the painful ulcerating
encrustating vesicles at the site of initial infection
- may also complicate by HSV-2 viremia ! meningoencephalitis
- caused by HSV-2 infection of the skin
Herpetic Keratitis
- see above
Herpetic Whitlow
- see above
TORCH Syndrome
- spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, premature birth, birth defects, viral
interstitial pneumonitis, acute viral hepatitis leading to jaundice,
hepatosplenomegaly, generalized lymphadenomegaly and neonatal
meningoencephalitis leading to mental retardation, seizures,
deafness and blindness
- caused by intrauterine HSV-2 infection ! HSV-2 viremia
continued in 101…
-3-
101. CYTOMEGALOVIRUS
…continuation of 100
Cytomegalovirus (“CMV”, “Human Herpesvirus 5”)


- perinatal
Diseases Infectious Mononucleosis-Like Syndrome

- analogous to infectious mononucleosis (see 102)
- may complicate by reactivation of latent CMV in the paravertebral
ganglia ! viral interstitial pneumonitis, acute viral hepatitis, and
retinitis leading to blindness (primarily occurs in
immunocompromized)
- caused by CMV infection of the nasopharynx ! CMV viremia
TORCH Syndrome
- see 100

- direct viral DNA polymerase inhibitors
continued in 102…
-4-
102. EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS
Epstein-Barr Virus (“EBV”, “Human Herpesvirus 4”)

Diseases Infectious Mononucleosis

- “kissing disease”
- fever, headache, severe pharyngitis, splenomegaly and generalized
lymphadenomegaly
- primarily occurs in children and young adults
- caused by EBV infection of the B lymphocytes in the nasopharynx
! dissemination of EBV in virtually every lymphoid organ
- may progress to burkitt lymphoma and/or nasopharyngeal
carcinoma (see below)
Burkitt Lymphoma
- malignant neoplasm of B lymphocytes
- caused by persistent EBV infection of B lymphocytes
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
- malignant neoplasm of the pharyngeal epithelium
- primarily occurs in adults
- caused by reactivation of latent EBV ! EBV infection of the
pharyngeal epithelial cells
Treatment - none in particular
continued in 103…
-5-
103. VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS AND HHV-6 (HUMAN
HERPESVIRUS-6)
Varicella-Zoster Virus (“VZV”, “Human Herpesvirus 3”)


- droplet nuclei
- contaminated fomites
Diseases Varicella
- “chickenpox”
- fever and headache ! erythematous ulcerating encrustating
vesicles beginning on the face and trunk and then progressing
towards the extremities (as well as mucous membranes)
- spontaneously resolves in < 1 week
- may complicate by VZV viremia ! viral interstitial pneumonitis
and meningoencephalitis (primarily occurs in
immunocompromized)
- caused by VZV infection of the nasopharynx ! VZV viremia
- may progress to zoster (see below)
Zoster
- “shingles”
- reoccurrence of the erythematous ulcerating encrustating vesicles
on 1 or more dermatomes
- occurs years after initial infection
- caused by reactivation of latent VZV in the paravertebral ganglia
-6-
Roseola Virus (“Human Herpesvirus 6”)
Diseases Roseola Infantum

- “exanthema subitum”
- high fever and cervical lympadenomegaly ! erythematous rash on
the neck and trunk
- may complicate by reactivation of latent Roseola Virus in the
paravertebral ganglia ! infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome
(see 102), viral interstitial pneumonitis, acute viral hepatitis and
meningoencephalitis (primarily occurs in immunocompromized)
- primarily occurs in infants
- caused by Roseola Virus infection of the nasopharynx ! Roseola
Virus viremia
-7-
104. POXVIRUSES (VARIOLA AND THE ERADICATION OF
SMALLPOX)
POXVIRIDAE
- complex capsid (uncharacterizable protein coat)
- enveloped
Variola Virus
Serotypes - Variola Major
- Variola Minor
Reservoirs - humans (only reservoir, now extinct due to vaccination (!))

- droplet nuclei
Diseases Variola
- “smallpox”
- high fever and maculopapular rash beginning on the pharynx, oral
cavity, face and extremities and then progressing towards the trunk
- > 25% mortality
- caused by Variola Virus infection of the nasopharynx ! Variola
Virus viremia
Vaccinia Virus
Transmission - parenteral (“injectional”)
Diseases Vaccinia
- ulcerating encrustating vesicles at the site of initial infection
- may complicate by Vaccinia Virus viremia ! meningoencephalitis
(primarily occurs in immunocompromized)
- caused by inoculation of Vaccinia Virus into the skin (vaccination
against Variola Virus, see above)
-8-
Molluscum Contagiosum Virus (“MCV”)
Reservoirs - humans
- animals (primarily primates and marsupials)

- sexual
- zoonotic
Diseases Molluscum Contagiosum

- multiple medium-sized nodules with central invagination
(“umbilication”) at the site of initial infection
- spontaneously resolves in < 2 years
- caused MCV infection of the skin
-9-
105. HEPATITIS VIRUSES I (HAV AND HEV)
PICORNAVIRIDAE
Characteristics - linear positive-sense (does not need a viral RNA-dependent RNA
polymerase to replicate) single-stranded RNA genome
- non-enveloped
Hepatitis A Virus (“HAV”)

Reservoirs - humans
- animals (primarily primates)

- fecal-oral
- contaminated water
- contaminated food (primarily seafood)
Diseases Acute Viral Hepatitis

- moderate hepatic damage ! fever, abdominal pain, vomiting,
hepatomegaly and jaundice
- spontaneously resolves in < 3 months
CALICIVIRIDAE
Characteristics - linear positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome
- non-enveloped
Hepatitis E Virus (“HEV”)

Characteristics - same diseases and treatment as HAV (see above)
Reservoirs - humans
- animals (primarily primates, swine and rodents)
Transmission - fecal-oral
continued in 106…
- 10 -
106. HEPATITIS VIRUSES II (HBV, HDV, HCV AND HGV)
HEPEDNAVIRIDAE
Characteristics - circular double-stranded DNA genome
- enveloped
Hepatitis B Virus (“HBV”)


- sexual
- perinatal
- parenteral
Diseases Acute Viral Hepatitis

- see 105
- may progress to hyperacute viral hepatitis (see below)
Hyperacute Viral Hepatitis

- “fulminant hepatitis”
- severe hepatic damage ! hepatic failure leading to generalized
edema, ascites, coagulopathies and hepatic encephalopathy
- primarily occurs in immunoreactive
Chronic Persistent Viral Hepatitis

- moderate hepatic cirrhosis ! fever, abdominal pain, vomiting,
hepatomegaly and jaundice
- primarily occurs in moderately immunocompromized
- may progress to chronic aggressive viral hepatitis (see below)
Chronic Aggressive Viral Hepatitis

- severe hepatic cirrhosis ! hepatic failure (see above)
- primarily occurs in severely immunocompromized
Chronic Carrier State

- no hepatic damage and no hepatic cirrhosis (asymptomatic)
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- malignant neoplasm of the hepatocytes
- 11 -
DELTAVIRIDAE
Characteristics - linear negative-sense (needs a viral RNA-dependent RNA
polymerase to replicate) single-stranded RNA genome
- non-enveloped (needs HBV envelope to become infective (!))
Hepatitis D Virus (“HDV”)

Characteristics - same reservoirs, transmission and diseases as HBV (see above)
FLAVIVIRIDAE
Characteristics - linear positiv-sense single-stranded RNA genome
- enveloped
Hepatitis C Virus (“HCV”)

Characteristics - same reservoirs, transmission and diseases as HBV (see above)
Treatment - indirect viral DNA polymerase inhibitors (believe it or not (!))
Hepatitis G Virus (“HGV”)

Characteristics - same reservoirs and transmission as HBV (see above)
Diseases - none directly associated
- 12 -
107. INFLUENZA VIRUS A, B AND C
ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE
Characteristics - linear segmented (8 segments) negative-sense single-stranded RNA
genome
- helical capsid (spirally-shaped protein coat)
- enveloped
Influenza Virus
Serotypes - Influenza Virus Type A
- Influenza Virus Type B
- Influenza Virus Type C
Reservoirs - humans
- animals (primarily birds, only Influenza Virus Type A)

- droplet nuclei
- zoonotic (only Influenza Virus Type A)
Diseases Influenza
- “the flu”
- high fever, headache, myalgias, rhinitis leading to rhinorrhea,
pharyngitis leading to sore throat, and non-productive cough
- may complicate by progressing to laryngotracheobronchitis and
viral interstitial pneumonitis (primarily occurs in elderly and
immunocompromized)
- caused by Influenza Virus infection of the nasopharynx
Treatment - viral uncoating and assembly inhibitors

- viral exit inhibitors
- 13 -
108. MUMPS VIRUS
PARAMYXOVIRIDAE
Characteristics - linear negative-sense single-stranded RNA genome
- helical capsid
- enveloped
Mumps Virus

- droplet nuclei
Diseases Mumps
- fever, headache and parotitis leading to painful swollen jaws
- may complicate by progressing to meningoencephalitis (primarily
occurs in children)
- may also complicate by progressing to orchidoepididymitis and/or
oophoritis (primarily occurs in teenagers and adults)
- caused by Mumps Virus infection of the nasopharynx ! Mumps
Virus viremia
continued in 109…
- 14 -
109. MEASLES VIRUS
Rubeola Virus (“Measles Virus”)


- droplet nuclei
Diseases Rubeola
- “measles”
- high fever, rhinitis, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, non-productive
cough and generalized lymphadenomegaly ! medium-sized
erythematous rash with bluish-white centers on the bucca and
tongue (“koplik’s spots”) ! erythematous maculopapular rash
beginning on the face and then progressing descendingly to the feet
- may complicate by causing viral interstitial pneumonitis, infective
myocarditis and meningoencephalitis
- caused by Rubeola Virus infection of the nasopharynx ! Rubeola
Virus viremia
- may progress to subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (see below)
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis

- “SSPE”
- stupor and myclonic spasms in awaken state (spasms normally
occurring in healthy as they fall asleep… you know what I’m
talking about) ! deafness, blindness and seizures ! coma
- > 25% mortality
- occurs years after initial infection
- caused by reactivation of latent Rubeola Virus
- 15 -
110. RUBELLA VIRUS
TOGAVIRIDAE
Characteristics - linear positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome
- enveloped
Rubella Virus

- droplet nuclei
Diseases Rubella
- “german measles”
- low-grade fever, rhinitis, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis and painful
postauricular and suboccipital lymphadenomegaly ! small
erythematous rash on the soft palate (“forchheimer’s spots”) !
erythematous maculopapular rash beginning on the face and then
progressing descendingly to the feet
- may complicate by progressing to infective arthritis
- analogous to rubeola (see 109)
- caused by Rubella Virus infection of the nasopharynx ! Rubella
Virus viremia
TORCH Syndrome
- see 100
- 16 -
111. ROTAVIRUSES
REOVIRIDAE
Characteristics - linear segmented (11 segments) double-stranded RNA genome
- non-enveloped
Rotavirus

- fecal-oral
- contaminated food
Diseases Gastroenteritis
- most common cause of gastroenteritis
- abdominal pain, vomiting and severe watery diarrhea (> 20 liter
per day)
- may complicate by leading to hypovolemia ! hypovolemic shock
! death
- may also complicate by Rotavirus viremia ! meningoencephalitis
- caused by Rotavirus infection of the GI tract
Treatment - oral fluid and electrolyte replacement
- 17 -
112. NORWALK VIRUS AND OTHER VIRUSES OF HUMAN
GASTROENTERITIS
CALICIVIRIDAE
Characteristics - see 105
Norwalk Virus
Characteristics - same reservoirs, transmission and treatment as Rotavirus (see 111)
Diseases Gastroenteritis
- see 99
- primarily occurs in teenagers and adults
- caused by Norwalk Virus infection of the GI tract
- 18 -
113. POLIOVIRUSES
PICORNAVIRIDAE
Poliovirus

- droplet nuclei
- fecal-oral
Diseases Inapparent Poliomyleitis

- low-grade fever, headache and pharyngitis
- caused by Poliovirus infection of the nasopharynx
- may progress to non-paralytic poliomyelitis and/or paralytic
poliomyelitis (see below)
Non-Paralytic Poliomyleitis
- meningitis leading to high fever, vomiting and nuchal rigidity
- caused by Poliovirus viremia ! Poliovirus infection of the
meninges
Paralytic Poliomyleitis
- asymmetric flaccid paralysis ! muscular atrophy and loss of
myotatic reflexes (“stretch reflexes”)
- may complicate by flaccid paralysis of the respiratory muscles !
death
- primarily occurs in teenagers and adults
- caused by Poliovirus infection of the peripheral motor neurons
continued in 114…
- 19 -
114. COXSACKIE AND ECHO VIRUSES
Coxsackie A Virus (“CAV”)


- droplet nuclei
- fecal-oral

- see 99
- may complicate by CAV viremia ! meningoencephalitis
- caused by CAV infection of the nasopharynx
- may progress to herpangina (see below)
Herpangina
- high fever and painful ulcerating erythematous vesicles on the
pharynx
- caused by progression of the common cold (see above)
- may progress to hand-foot-and-mouth disease (see below)
Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease
- high fever and painful ulcerating erythematous vesicles on the
bucca and tongue as well as on the palms and soles
- caused by progression of herpangina (see above)
- 20 -
Coxsackie B Virus (“CBV”)

- droplet nuclei
- fecal-oral

- see above
- may complicate by CBV viremia ! meningoencephalitis, infective
myocarditis and acute pericarditis
- caused by CBV infection of the nasopharynx
- may progress to pleurodynia (see below)
Pleurodynia
- “bornholm disease”
- high fever, headache and intercostal striated muscle necrosis
leading to severe pain during inspiration (“pleuritic pain”)
- caused by progression of the common cold (see above)
Echovirus

- droplet nuclei
- fecal-oral

- see above
- may complicate by Echovirus viremia ! meningoencephalitis,
infective myocarditis and acute pericarditis
- caused by Echovirus infection of the nasopharynx
Keratoconjunctivitis
- see 99
- caused by Echovirus infection of the eye
Gastroenteritis
- see 99
- primarily occurs in infants
- caused by Echovirus infection of the GI tract
- 21 -
115. RABIES
RHABDOVIRIDAE
- helical capsid
- enveloped
Rabies Virus
Reservoirs - humans
- animals (primarily dogs, cats and bats)

- zoonotic
Diseases Furious Rabies

- fever, headache and neuralgia at the site of initial infection !
encephalitis leading to delirium, psychosis and bursts of furious
rage, and severe pharyngeal spasms upon drinking (“hydrophobia”)
leading to foaming of the mouth ! symmetric flaccid paralysis and
seizures ! coma and respiratory center dysfunction
- > 90% mortality rate (within 2 weeks (!))
- most common
- caused by Rabies Virus infection of wounds ! retrograde
migration of Rabies Virus through sensory neurons into the CNS
Apathetic Rabies
- fever, headache and neuralgia at the site of initial infection !
encephalitis leading to insomnia, stupor and apathy ! symmetric
flaccid paralysis and seizures ! coma and respiratory center
dysfunction
- > 90% mortality rate (within 2 weeks (!))
- caused by Rabies Virus infection of wounds ! retrograde
migration of Rabies Virus along sensory neurons into the CNS
- 22 -
116. “SLOW VIRUS INFECTIONS” AND PRION DISEASE
PRIONS
Characteristics - “proteinaceous infectious particles”
- not viruses
- consists solely of protein (“prion protein”, “PrP”)
Reservoirs - humans
- animals (primarily cattle)
Transmission - zoonotic
- contaminated food
- inherited (!)
Diseases Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

- “vCJD”
- (“bovine spongiform encephalopathy”, “BSE”, “mad cow disease”,
in cattle)
- cerebral and cerebellar granulovacoular degeneration ! chronic
progressive encephalopathy leading to insomnia, stupor, apathy,
myclonic spasms in awaken state (see 109), and finally coma
- 100% mortality (in less than 2 years (!))
- caused by Prion viremia ! Prion accumulation in the CNS
- 23 -
117. TUMOR VIRUSES
HERPESVIRIDAE
Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus (“KSHV”, “Human Herpesvirus 8”)


- sexual
- perinatal
Diseases Kaposi Sarcoma

- malignant neoplasm of vascular smooth muscle
- caused by KSHV viremia ! KSHV infection of vascular smooth
muscle cells
- 24 -
PAPOVAVIRIDAE
Characteristics - circular double-stranded DNA genome
- non-enveloped
Human Papilloma Virus (“HPV”)


- sexual
- perinatal
Diseases Common Cutaneous Warts

- “verrucae vulgaris”
- painless superficial medium-sized rough hyperkeratinized nodules
at the site of initial infection
- primarily occurs on the hands and fingers (as well as on the feet)
- caused by HPV infection of the skin
- may progress to deep palmo-plantar warts (see below)
Deep Palmo-Plantar Warts

- “myrmecias”
- painful deep medium-sized rough hyperkeratinized pigmented
nodules at the site of initial infection
- primarily occurs on the feet and toes (as well as on the hands)
- caused by progression of common cutaneous warts (see above) !
HPV invasion of the dermis
Anogenital Warts
- “condyloma acuminata”
- multiple small papules coalescing to form a large cauliflower-like
lesion at the site of initial infection
- primarily occurs on the external genitalia or perirectally (if anal
intercourse)
- caused by HPV infection of the skin
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia

- “CIN”
- benign neoplasm of the cervix
- caused by HPV infection of the cervix
- may progress to cervical carcinoma (see below)
Cervical Carcinoma
- malignant neoplasm of the cervix
- caused by progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (see
above)
- 25 -
Treatment - topical liquid nitrogen (if common cutaneous warts, deep palmo-
plantar warts and/or anogenital warts)
RETROVIRIDAE
Characteristics - linear diploid (2 exact copies) positive-sense single-stranded RNA
genome
- complex capsid
- enveloped
Human T-Lymphotrophic Virus 1 (“HTLV-1”)

Transmission - sexual
- perinatal
- parenteral
Diseases Tropical Spastic Paraparesis

- “HTLV-1 associated myelopathy”
- skeletal muscle spasms and generalized striated muscle asthenia
(including external urethral and external rectal sphincters) leading
to incontinence
- caused by HTLV-1 viremia ! HTLV-1 infection of the CNS
Acute T-Lymphocytic Leukemia

- malignant neoploasm of T lymphocytes
- caused by HTLV-1 viremia ! HTLV-1 infection of T lymphocytes
- 26 -
118. ARBOVIRUSES (YELLOW FEVER VIRUS AND TICK-BORNE
ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES)
FLAVIVIRIDAE
Yellow Fever Virus (“YFV”)

Reservoirs - humans
- animals (primarily primates and marsupials)
Transmission - zoonotic
- vectorial (mosquitoes)
Diseases Yellow Fever

- fever, headache and myalgias (primarily of the lower back) !
toxic acute tubular necrosis leading to intrarenal acute renal failure
and uremia, and acute viral hepatitis leading to jaundice and
coagulopathies
- > 40% mortality
- caused by YFV viremia
TOGAVIRIDAE
Western Equine Encephalitis Virus (“WEEV”)

Reservoirs - humans
- animals (primarily horses, rodents and birds)
Transmission - vectorial (mosquitoes)
Diseases Western Equine Encephalitis

- “WEE”
- meningitis leading to high fever, vomiting and nuchal rigidity, and
encephalitis leading to delirium, stupor and seizures ! coma
- < 10% mortality
- caused by WEEV viremia
- 27 -
Eeastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (“EEEV”)

Characteristics - same reservoirs, transmission and treatment as WEEV (see above)
Diseases Eastern Equine Encephalitis

- “EEE”
- analogous to WEE (see above)
- > 60% mortality
- caused by EEEV viremia
Venezuelian Equine Encephalitis Virus (“VEEV”)

Characteristics - same transmission and treatment as WEEV (see above)
Reservoirs - humans
- animals (primarily horses)
Diseases Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis

- “VEE”
- < 20% mortality
- caused by VEEV viremia
BUNYAVIRIDAE
genome
- helical capsid
- enveloped
California Encephalitis Virus (“CEV”)

Characteristics - same transmission and treatment as WEEV (see above)
Reservoirs - humans
- animals (primarily rodents)
Diseases California Encephalitis

- < 1% mortality
- caused by CEV viremia
- 28 -
119. ROBOVIRUSES (HANTAAN VIRUS, MARBURG AND EBOLA
VIRUSES, LASSA AND LCM VIRUSES)
BUNYAVIRIDAE
Hantavirus (“Hantaan Virus”)

Reservoirs - humans

- zoonotic
- aerosolized
Diseases Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

- “HPS”
alveolar capillary endothelial damage leading to adult respiratory
distress syndrome (“ARDS”)
- > 80% mortality (in < 1 week (!))
- caused by Hantavirus viremia (primarily of the pulmonary
circulation)
Hantavirus Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome

- “HFRS”
disseminated capillary endothelial damage leading to hemorrhages
in the skin and mucous membranes, and toxic acute tubular
necrosis leading to intrarenal acute renal failure and uremia
- < 10% mortality
- caused by Hantavirus viremia (primarily of the systemic
circulation)
- 29 -
FILOVIRIDAE
- helical capsid
- enveloped
Marburg Virus
Reservoirs - humans
- animals (primarily primates)

- zoonotic
Diseases Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever

- fever headache and myalgias (primarily of the lower back) !
disseminated capillary endothelial damage leading to hemorrhages
in the skin, mucous membranes as well as other organs ! multiple
organ failure
- > 25% mortality
- caused by Marburg Virus viremia
Ebola Virus
Characteristics - same reservoirs, transmission and treatment as Marburg Virus (see
above)
Diseases Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever

- analogous to marburg hemorrhagic fever (see above)
- > 90% mortality (!)
- caused by Ebola Virus viremia
- 30 -
ARENAVIRIDAE
genome
- helical capsid
- enveloped
Lassa Virus
Reservoirs - humans

- zoonotic
- aerosolized
- contaminated food
Diseases Lassa Fever

- analogous to marburg hemorrhagic fever (see above)
- < 1% mortality
- caused by Lassa Virus viremia
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (“LCMV”)

Reservoirs - humans
- animals (primarily primates, rodents, swine and dogs)

- zoonotic
- aerosolized
- contaminated food
Diseases Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis

- “LCM”
- fever, headache and myalgias ! meningoencephalitis (see 119)
- < 1% mortality
- caused by LCMV viremia
- 31 -
120. HUMAN PARVOVIRUS B19
PARVOVIRIDAE
Characteristics - linear single-stranded DNA genome
- non-enveloped
Human Parvovirus B19

Reservoirs - humans

- perinatal
- parenteral
Diseases Erythema Infectiosum

- “slapped-cheek disease”
- erythematous rashes of the cheeks as well as on the trunk and
extremities
- may complicate by infection of the bone marrow ! aplastic
anemia ! transient aplastic crisis (primarily occurs in infants,
immunocompromized or if already anemic)
- caused by Human Parvovirus B19 viremia
- 32 -
121. VIROLOGY AND LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF AIDS
122. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND SPREAD OF AIDS
RETROVIRIDAE
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (“HIV”)


- sexual
- perinatal
- parenteral
Diseases Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

- “AIDS”
- infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome (see 102) !
immunodeficiency leading to a torrent of opportunistic bacterial,
viral, fungal protozoal and helmithic superinfections, as well as a
torrent of malignant neoplasms
- may complicate by HIV infection of both the central and peripheral
nervous system ! encephalopathies, myelopathies and peripheral
neuropathies (“AIDS dementia complex”)
- 100% mortality (eventually (!))
- caused by HIV viremia ! HIV dissemination in virtually every
lymphoid organ ! HIV infection of helper T lymphocytes
Treatment - indirect viral reverse transcriptase inhibitors

- direct viral reverse transcriptase inhibitors
- viral protease inhibitors
- 33 -
123. CONGENITAL VIRAL INFECTIONS (RUBELLA AND CMV,
DIAGNOSIS AND PREVENTION)
124. IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE CONDITIONS, TRANSPLANTATION
AND VIRAL INFECTIONS, PREVENTION
125. NOSOCOMIAL VIRAL INFECTIONS, EXAMPLES FOR
TRANSMISSION OF RESPIRATORY, ENTERIC AND BLOOD-
BORNE VIRUSES
- 34 -

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99.

Characteristics - linear double-stranded DNA genome

Transmission - direct contact (“person-to-person”)

Diseases The Common Cold

Treatment - oral fluid and electrolyte replacement (if gastroenteritis)

Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (“HSV-1”, “Human Herpesvirus 1”)

Transmission - direct contact

Diseases Herpes Labialis

Treatment - indirect viral DNA polymerase inhibitors

Transmission - direct contact

Diseases Herpes Genitalis

Treatment - indirect viral DNA polymerase inhibitors

Cytomegalovirus (“CMV”, “Human Herpesvirus 5”)

Transmission - direct contact

Diseases Infectious Mononucleosis-Like Syndrome

Treatment - indirect viral DNA polymerase inhibitors

Epstein-Barr Virus (“EBV”, “Human Herpesvirus 4”)

Transmission - direct contact

Diseases Infectious Mononucleosis

Treatment - none in particular

Varicella-Zoster Virus (“VZV”, “Human Herpesvirus 3”)

Transmission - direct contact

Treatment - indirect viral DNA polymerase inhibitors

Transmission - direct contact

Diseases Roseola Infantum

Treatment - indirect viral DNA polymerase inhibitors

Reservoirs - humans (only reservoir, now extinct due to vaccination (!))

Transmission - direct contact

Treatment - none in particular

Transmission - parenteral (“injectional”)

Treatment - none in particular

Transmission - direct contact

Diseases Molluscum Contagiosum

Treatment - none in particular

Hepatitis A Virus (“HAV”)

Transmission - direct contact

Diseases Acute Viral Hepatitis

Treatment - none in particular

Hepatitis E Virus (“HEV”)

Hepatitis B Virus (“HBV”)

Transmission - direct contact

Diseases Acute Viral Hepatitis

Hyperacute Viral Hepatitis

Chronic Persistent Viral Hepatitis

Chronic Aggressive Viral Hepatitis

Chronic Carrier State

Treatment - indirect viral DNA polymerase inhibitors

Hepatitis D Virus (“HDV”)

Treatment - none in particular

Hepatitis C Virus (“HCV”)

Treatment - indirect viral DNA polymerase inhibitors (believe it or not (!))

Hepatitis G Virus (“HGV”)

Diseases - none directly associated

Treatment - none in particular

Transmission - direct contact

Treatment - viral uncoating and assembly inhibitors

Transmission - direct contact

Treatment - none in particular

Rubeola Virus (“Measles Virus”)

Transmission - direct contact

Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis

Treatment - none in particular

Transmission - direct contact