Shape of the slideway depends on

Slideways
1. Load carrying capacity
2. ease of manufacturing
3. ease of chip disposal
4. effective lubrication
5. position of slideways

Different types of slideways used in machine tools

Rotational Speed in Turning ( N in RPM ) is Related to Desired Cutting Speed (V in m/min)
at the Surface of the Cylindrica l Workpiece (at the Larger Diameter D1 in mm) by
1000 V
N (1)
π D1
Feed Rate ( s ) in Turning is Generally Expressed in as mm/rev.

Linear Travel Rate sL s.N (2)

D1 D2
Depth of Cut t (3)
2

Length of the Workpi ece Machined L

Machining Time, Tm (min.) (4)
Linear Travel Rate s.N

Volume of Material Re moved (π D12 π D22 )L 1

Material Re moval Rate (MRR)
Machining Time 4 Tm
Using Expression s of Machining Time (Eq. 4) and Rotational Speed (Eq.1)
(π D12 π D22 )L s.N (D1 D2 ) (D1 D2 ) 1000V
MRR MRR π s
4 L 2 2 πD1
(D1 D2 )
Using Expression for Depth of Cut (Eq. 3) and Approximat ing 1
2 D1
MRR 1000 V . s . t (mm 3 / min) (5)
Tool geometry
Milling
Milling is the process of machining flat, curved, or irregular
surfaces by feeding the workpiece against a rotating cutter
containing a number of cutting edges.

The milling machine consists basically of a motor driven

spindle, which mounts and revolves the milling cutter, and
a reciprocating adjustable worktable, which mounts and
feeds the workpiece.
Classification of milling machines:
Vertical |
Horizontal __

Generally milling machines have self-contained electric

drive motors, coolant systems, variable spindle speeds, and
power-operated table feeds
Milling Machine
1. Column
and knee
type
2. Bed type
3. Planer
type

Column and knee type

 Types of milling operations
(Depending upon the type of milling cutter being used)

Slab milling Face milling End milling

Milling Cutter Nomenclature
Tooth, Cutting edge, Tooth face, Rake surface, Clearance
surface, Rake angle, Clearance angle (Primary and
secondary), Flute, Land, Heel, Keyways, Hole diameter,
Outside diameter, Width, Pitch of teeth
 Up milling and Down milling

1. Milling cutter,
2. Work piece,
3. Direction of rotation of cutter (primary motion),
4. Feed direction of work piece (secondary motion)
 Milling cutters are usually made of high-speed steel
• The pitch refers to the angular distance between like or
adjacent teeth.
• The pitch is determined by the number of teeth. The tooth face
is the forward facing surface of the tooth that forms the cutting
edge.
• The land is the narrow surface behind the cutting edge on each
tooth.
• The rake angle is the angle formed between the face of the
tooth and the centerline of the cutter.
• The primary clearance angle is the angle of the land of each
tooth measured from a line tangent to the centerline of the
cutter at the cutting edge.
• This angle defines the land of each tooth and provides
additional clearance for passage of cutting oil and chips.
• The hole diameter determines the size of the arbor necessary
to mount the milling cutter.
The point angle, or the angle formed at
the tip of the drill, is determined by the
material the drill will be operating in.
Harder materials require a larger point
angle, and softer materials require a
sharper angle.
Drilling machine

Bench type drilling machine

Radial drilling machine
Gang drilling machine