Afghanistan Urban Water Supply Project

Project Identification No. P087860

AFGHANISTAN URBAN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT

Project Identification No. P087860

DRAFT DESIGN REPORT FOR PRIORITY

INVESTMENT PROJECT FOR KABUL
WATER SUPPLY &
SANITATION/SEWERAGE

DESIGN REPORT FOR

SURGE TANK
DESIGN

Presented to: Presented by:

Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

Afghanistan Urban Water Supply

and Sewerage Corporation
April, 2014
Surge Tank Design April, 2014 i
Afghanistan Urban Water Supply Project
Project Identification No. P087860

CONTENTS

1. SURGE TANK DESIGN CRITERIA ........................................................................................... 1

1.1. BASIS OF SURGE TANK ................................................................................................ 1
1.2. TYPES OF SURGE TANK ................................................................................................ 1
1.3. DESIGN CRITERIA ......................................................................................................... 1
1.3.1. Flow ........................................................................................................................................... 1
1.3.2. Length and Diameter ............................................................................................................ 1
1.3.3. Velocity .................................................................................................................................... 1
1.3.4. Water Level at Reservoir ....................................................................................................... 2
1.3.5. Elevations ................................................................................................................................. 2
1.4. HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS CRITERIA ................................................................................ 2
1.4.1. Hydraulic Formula .................................................................................................................. 2
1.4.1.1. Diameter of Surge Tank.................................................................................................. 2
1.4.1.2. Surge Tank Length ........................................................................................................... 2
1.4.1.3. Volume of Surge Tank .................................................................................................... 3
1.4.1.4. Elevation top of surge tank ........................................................................................... 3
1.4.1.5. Elevation bottom of surge tan ...................................................................................... 3
1.4.1.6. Acceleration Head loss .................................................................................................. 3
1.4.1.7. Deceleration Head loss .................................................................................................. 4
1.4.1.8. Up surge ............................................................................................................................ 4
1.4.1.9. Down surge ...................................................................................................................... 4
1.4.1.10. Acceleration .................................................................................................................... 4
1.4.1.11. Deceleration .................................................................................................................... 5
1.4.1.12. Acceleration constant ................................................................................................... 5
1.4.1.13. Deceleration constant ................................................................................................... 5
1.4.1.14. K acceleration ................................................................................................................. 5
1.4.1.15. K deceleration ................................................................................................................. 5
1.4.1.16. N acceleration................................................................................................................. 6
1.4.1.17. N deceleration................................................................................................................. 6
1.4.1.18. Velocity ............................................................................................................................. 6
1.4.1.19. Wall Thickness of Surge Tank ......................................................................................... 6
1.4.2. Design Sheet for Surge Tank ................................................................................................ 7
1.4.3. Inputs ........................................................................................................................................ 7
1.4.4. Process ..................................................................................................................................... 7
1.4.5. Results ....................................................................................................................................... 7

Surge Tank Design April, 2014 ii

Afghanistan Urban Water Supply Project
Project Identification No. P087860

1. SURGE TANK DESIGN CRITERIA

The applied design criteria’s for this project are based on best engineering practices
and comply with the acceptable national and international design standards.

1.1. BASIS OF SURGE TANK

Surge problems are encountered in connection with unsteady state of flow of fluids in
pipelines. The main functions of a surge tank are:
 Reduces the amplitude of pressure fluctuations by reflecting the incoming
pressure waves.
 Improves the regulating characteristics of a hydraulic turbine because; it
reduces the water starting time of a hydropower scheme.
 The water pressure control in the pipeline is therefore accelerated or
decelerated slowly, and the amplitude of the pressure waves in the system is
reduced.

1.2. TYPES OF SURGE TANK

For this location, configuration of surge tank is classified as closed surge tank:
 Closed surge tank: if the top of the tank is closed and there is compressed air
between the water surface and the top of the tank, then the tank is called
closed surge tank, a tank with air cushion, etc.

1.3. DESIGN CRITERIA

The hydraulic design of Surge tank requires thorough calculations due to the significant
impact of each component on the overall design and operation. The design primarily
deals with flow, pipe length, pipe diameter, water head and elevations are also
relevant design factors.

1.3.1. Flow

The flow which will enter the surge tank from upstream pipe in meter cube per second.

1.3.2. Length and Diameter

The length and diameter of the upstream pipe in meters.

1.3.3. Velocity

The velocity with which water enters the surge tank in meter per second.

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Afghanistan Urban Water Supply Project
Project Identification No. P087860

1.3.4. Water Level at Reservoir

The designed highest and lowest water levels in the reservoir in meters.

1.3.5. Elevations

The proposed elevations for surge tank in meters.

1.4. HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS CRITERIA

Hydraulic model for surge tank was built using design sheet for surge tank design
(Ref: "Estimating weight of steel surge tank" HRW Vol.6, # 4, Sept. 1998, pages 26
- 29). The design sheet consists of calculating diameter, length, upsurge, down
surge, acceleration, deceleration, head losses, elevations and wall thickness of
the tank.

1.4.1. Hydraulic Formula

Following equations have been used in order to generate the design sheet to
design the surge tank.

1.4.1.1. Diameter of Surge Tank

𝑙
𝐷𝑠 = 1.41 ∗ √𝑎 ∗ (1 + )
2 ∗ 𝑔 ∗ 𝑐𝐷 ∗ ℎ 𝑇

Where:
 𝐷𝑠 = Diameter of Surge Tank (in m)
 𝑙 = Connecting pipe length (in m)
 𝑎 = Connecting pipe area (in m2)
 𝑔 = gravity constant (in m/s2)
 𝑐𝐷 = Deceleration Constant
 ℎ 𝑇 = Water head (in m)

1.4.1.2. Surge Tank Length

𝐿𝑠 = 𝐸𝑡 − 𝐸𝑏
Where:
 𝐿𝑠 = Surge Tank length (in m)
 𝐸𝑡 = Elevation top of surge tank (in m)
 𝐸𝑏 = Elevation bottom of surge tank (in m)

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Afghanistan Urban Water Supply Project
Project Identification No. P087860

1.4.1.3. Volume of Surge Tank

𝜋 ∗ 𝐷𝑠 2 ∗ 𝐿𝑠
𝑉𝑠 =
4

Where:
 𝑉𝑠 = Volume of Surge Tank (in m3)
 𝐷𝑠 = Diameter of Surge Tank (in m)
 𝐿𝑠 = Surge Tank length (in m)

1.4.1.4. Elevation top of surge tank

𝐸𝑡 = ((𝐹𝐻 − 𝐻𝐷 ) + 𝑆𝑢 ) + 0.5

Where:
 𝐸𝑡 = Elevation top of surge tank (in m)
 𝐹𝐻 = Surge level at reservoir (in m)
 𝐻𝐷 = Deceleration head loss (in m)
 𝑆𝑢 = Upsurge (in m)

1.4.1.5. Elevation bottom of surge tan

𝐸𝑏 = 𝐹𝐿 − (𝐻𝐴 + 𝑆𝑑 + 0.5)

Where:
 𝐸𝑏 = Elevation bottom of surge tank (in m)
 𝐹𝐿 = Low supply level at reservoir (in m)
 𝐻𝐴 = Acceleration head loss (in m)
 𝑆𝑑 = Down surge (in m)

1.4.1.6. Acceleration Head loss

1.5 ∗ 𝑣 2 𝑣 2 ∗ 𝑛𝐴 2 ∗ 𝑙
𝐻𝐴 = +
2∗𝑔 0.25 ∗ 𝑑1.33

Where:
 𝐻𝐴 = Acceleration Head loss (in m)
 𝑣 = Connecting pipe velocity (in m/s)
 𝑛𝐴 = acceleration
 𝑙 = Upstream pipe length (in m)
 𝑔 = Gravity constant (in m/s2)
 𝑑 = Connecting pipe diameter (in m)

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Afghanistan Urban Water Supply Project
Project Identification No. P087860

1.4.1.7. Deceleration Head loss

1.2 ∗ 𝑣 2 𝑣 2 ∗ 𝑛𝐷 2 ∗ 𝑙
𝐻𝐷 = +
19.622 ∗ 𝑔 0.25 ∗ 𝑑1.33

Where:
 𝐻𝐷 = Deceleration Head loss (in m)
 𝑣 = Connecting pipe velocity (in m/s)
 𝑛𝐷 = Deceleration
 𝑙 = Connecting pipe length (in m)
 𝑔 = Gravity constant (in m/s2)
 𝑑 = Connecting pipe diameter (in m)

1.4.1.8. Up surge

100 ∗ 𝑐𝐷 ∗ 𝑣 2
𝑆𝑢 =
𝐾𝐷
Where:
 𝑆𝑢 = Up surge (in m)
 𝑣 = Connecting pipe velocity (in m/s)
 𝑐𝐷 = Deceleration constant
 𝐾𝐷 = K deceleration

1.4.1.9. Down surge

56.25 ∗ 𝑐𝐴 ∗ 𝑣 2
𝑆𝑑 =
𝐾𝐴
Where:
 𝑆𝑑 = Down surge (in m)
 𝑣 = Connecting pipe velocity (in m/s)
 𝑐𝐴 = Acceleration constant
 𝐾𝐴 = K acceleration

1.4.1.10. Acceleration

𝑛𝐴 = 1.15 ∗ 𝑓
Where:
 𝑛𝐴 = Acceleration
 𝑓 = Manning’s Friction Coefficient

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Afghanistan Urban Water Supply Project
Project Identification No. P087860

1.4.1.11. Deceleration

𝑛𝐷 = 0.95 ∗ 𝑓
Where:
 𝑛𝐷 = Deceleration
 𝑓 = Manning’s Friction Coefficient

1.4.1.12. Acceleration constant

𝐻𝐴
𝑐𝐴 =
𝑣2
Where:
 𝑐𝐴 = Acceleration constant
 𝑣 = Connecting pipe velocity (in m/s)
 𝐻𝐴 = Acceleration Head loss (in m)

1.4.1.13. Deceleration constant

𝐻𝐷
𝑐𝐷 =
𝑣2
Where:
 𝑐𝐷 = Deceleration constant
 𝑣 = Connecting pipe velocity (in m/s)
 𝐻𝐴 = Deceleration Head loss (in m)

1.4.1.14. K acceleration

𝐾𝐴 = 2.2 ∗ 𝑁𝐴 0.896
Where:
 𝑁𝐴 = N acceleration
 𝐾𝐴 = K acceleration

1.4.1.15. K deceleration

𝐾𝐷 = 1.3 ∗ 𝑁𝐷 0.896
Where:
 𝑁𝐷 = N deceleration
 𝐾𝐷 = K deceleration

Surge Tank Design April, 2014 5

Afghanistan Urban Water Supply Project
Project Identification No. P087860

1.4.1.16. N acceleration

2 ∗ 𝑔 ∗ 𝐴𝑆
𝑁𝐴 = 100 ∗ 𝑐𝐴 ∗ 𝑣 ∗ √
𝑎∗𝑙

Where:
 NA = N acceleration
 𝑙 = Connecting pipe length (in m)
 𝑎 = Connecting pipe area (in m2)
 𝑔 = gravity constant (in m/s2)
 𝑐𝐴 = Acceleration Constant
 𝑣 = Connecting pipe velocity (in m/s)
 𝐴𝑆 = Area of Surge Tank (in m2)

1.4.1.17. N deceleration

2 ∗ 𝑔 ∗ 𝐴𝑆
𝑁𝐷 = 100 ∗ 𝑐𝐷 ∗ 𝑣 ∗ √
𝑎∗𝑙

Where:
 𝑁𝐷 = N deceleration
 𝑙 = Connecting pipe length (in m)
 𝑎 = Connecting pipe area (in m2)
 𝑔 = gravity constant (in m/s2)
 𝑐𝐷 = Deceleration constant
 𝑣 = Connecting pipe velocity (in m/s)
 𝐴𝑆 = Area of Surge Tank (in m2)

1.4.1.18. Velocity
𝒒
𝒗=
𝒂

Where:
 𝑣 = Connecting pipe velocity (in m/s)
 𝑞 = flow (in m3/s)
 𝒂 = Connecting pipe area (in m2)

1.4.1.19. Wall Thickness of Surge Tank

𝑡𝑆 = (1.25 ∗ 𝐷𝑆 )1.3 + 6
Where:
 𝑡𝑆 = Wall Thickness of Surge Tank
 𝐷𝑆 = Diameter of Surge Tank (in m)

Surge Tank Design April, 2014 6

Afghanistan Urban Water Supply Project
Project Identification No. P087860

1.4.2. Design Sheet for Surge Tank

Enter data in blue cells only. Assumed Surge Water Level = 18.5m and Static Head = 6m
then Total Pressure Head = 18.5 + 6 = 24.5m
Table 1: Design Sheet for Surge Tank with all the Parameters
Sr.
Item Value Item Value
No.
1 Surge level at Reservoir, meters 24.50 Low supply level at Reservoir, meters 6.00
2 Water head, m 6 Elevation at surge tank tee, meters 24.50
3 Design full load flow, m /s
3 1.37 Upstream pipe length, meters 6.00
4 Upstream pipe diameter, meters 1.2 Average Manning friction coefficient 0.015
Pipe velocity m/s Tank diameter, meters
5 1.21 2.00 ~ 2.25
(Section 1.4.1.18) (Section1.4.1.1)
Elevation top of tank, meters Elevation bottom of tank, meters
6 25.42 5.21
(Section 1.4.1.4) (Section 1.4.1.5)
LS = Surge Tank length, meters Tank volume, cubic meters
7 20.24 ~ 16 62.8 ~ 63.62
(Section 1.4.1.2) (Section 1.4.1.3)
8 Acceleration n (Section 1.4.1.10) 0.001725 Deceleration n (Section 1.4.1.11) 0.001425
Acceleration head loss, m Deceleration head loss, m
9 0.11 0.09
(Section 1.4.1.6) (Section 1.4.1.7)
10 Acceleration c (Section 1.4.1.12) 0.077 Deceleration c (Section 1.4.1.13) 0.061
11 Acceleration Deceleration
12 N acceleration (Section 1.4.1.16) 22.87 N deceleration (Section 1.4.1.17) 18.29
13 K acceleration (Section 1.4.1.14) 36.33 K deceleration (Section 1.4.1.15) 17.58
Y acceleration. = down surge = m Y deceleration. = upsurge = m
14 0.17 0.51
(Section 1.4.1.9) (Section 1.4.1.8)
The minimum thickness of steel plate in the tank wall, in millimeters = 9.4 ~ 10 (Section 1.4.1.19)
Source: Ref: Estimating weight of steel surge tank HRW Vol.6, # 4, Sept. 1998, pages 26 – 29.
Ref: Hydroelectric Handbook. 2nd. Ed. 1950. W. P. Creager & J. D. Justin, page 734 - 743.

1.4.3. Inputs
The cells highlighted with blue colours containing maximum and minimum levels of
water in reservoir, flow within the upstream pipe, diameter and lengths of upstream
pipe are the inputs as shown in Table 1.

1.4.4. Process
The input data has been processed through the equations shown under section 1.4.1 of
this report.

1.4.5. Results
The required results are diameter and length of the surge tank. The diameter is rounded
up to 2.25 meters while the length of the tank is rounded down to 16 meters because of
the space available to install the tank of specified length, which is providing the greater
volume than the required and designed volumes (i.e. 63.62 m3 > 62.8 m3) and is satisfied.
The wall thickness for the surge tank is 10 millimeters.

Surge Tank Design April, 2014 7

Afghanistan Urban Water Supply Project
Project Identification No. P087860

Figure 1: Surge Tank House

Surge Tank Design April, 2014 8