What is the source of oxygen produced during photosynthesis

- Water

Which process of photosynthesis is light directly involved?

- The photo activation of chlorophyll
- The splitting of water (Photolysis)
- To produce ATP

What is produced by light dependent reaction of photosynthesis and

used in Calvin cycle?
- ATP
- NADPH + H+
- Oxygen (Not used in Calvin cycle)

Outline the absorption of light by photosynthetic pigments in plants

- Chlorophyll is the main photosynthetic pigment
- Absorbs mainly red and blue light
- Green light is reflected
- Light energy absorbed is converted into chemical energy
- ATP produced
- Water split
- To form oxygen and hydrogen
- ATP and hydrogen used to fix carbon dioxide to make organic molecules
- Electrons excited to higher energy levels
- Excited electrons enter electron transport chain

Explain the role of water in light dependent reactions of photosynthesis

- Water only plays a role in non-cyclic photophosphorylation
- Chlorophyll absorbs photons and activates electrons of photosystem II
- Excited electrons of photosystem II are passed to carriers
- Photolysis is the splitting of water
- Produces oxygen, proton and electron
- Oxygen released as waste
- Electrons replace lost electrons in photosystem II
- Electrons from photosystem II pass through carriers to photosystem I
- Electrons from photosystem I pass to NADP+ in stroma
- NADP+ accepts proton to form NADPH
- Electron flow causes protons pumped across thylakoid membranes
- Creating a proton concentration gradient
- Chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis
- Protons pass through ATP synthase NADPH is passed to the light independent reactions
Explain the relationship between the structure of the chloroplast and the
light dependent reactions of photosynthesis
- Light dependent reactions occurs in the thylakoid membrane
- Thylakoids provide a large surface area
- Chlorophyll is located in the membrane
- In groups of molecules called photosystems
- Folds in thylakoid allow photosystems to be close to each other
- Electron carriers embedded in membrane
- NADP+ accepts two high energy electrons and an H+ from stroma to form NADPH
- Electron flow causes H+ to be pumped into thylakoid space
- Proton gradient formed in space between thylakoids
- H+ flow back through ATP synthase to produce ATP
- Coupling of electron transport produces ATP/chemiosmosis
- ATP synthase embedded in thylakoid/Photolysis of water occurs in thylakoid space

Outline photo activation of photosystem II in the light dependent reaction

of photosynthesis
- Occurs at the thylakoid/grana
- Photon absorbed by chlorophyll
- Energy passed to chlorophyll molecule at the reaction centre
- Causes electrons to be excited to higher energy level
- This electron passed along chain of carrier molecules in photosystem II

Explain where NADP is located in the leaf and how it is used

- Stroma
- Mesophyll
- Accepts hydrogen
- Transfers hydrogen to Calvin cycle
- Reduces glycol ate 3-phosphate

Explain chemiosmosis as it occurs in photophosphorylation

- Photophosphorylation is the production of ATP
- Light is absorbed by chlorophyll
- Photolysis, separation of hydrogen ion from its electron
- The electron transport system moves the electrons through a series of carriers
- In the thylakoid membrane
- Electron transport linked to movement of proteins into thylakoid space
- A proton gradient builds up
- Small thylakoid space enhances the gradient
- Hydrogen ions move by diffusion through the ATP synthase
- ADP + inorganic phosphate froms ATP
- Movement of hydrogen ions through ATP synthase generates ATP
- ATP synthase is a protein complex in the thylakoid membrane
- ATP synthesis linked to electron transport is chemiosmosis
Explain the process of photophosphosphorylation in chloroplasts
- Using energy from light to provide energy
- Photoactivation produces an excited electron
- Absorption of light in photosystem II gives electrons to chain of carriers
- Photolysis: Splitting of water to provide the electron to compensate
- H+ pumped across thylakoid membranes
- Protons pass through ATP synthase
- Producing ATP
- Chemiosmosis
- Photosystem I absorbs light
- Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation
- In non-cyclic photophosphorylation photolysis of water produces H+, O2 and e-
- In cyclic photophosphorylation electrons returns to photosystem I

Outline how limiting factors affect the rate of photosynthesis

- Low light, less ATP, less NADPH + H+
- Low carbon dioxide, less available for fixation in Calvin cycle
- Enzymes less active at low temperatures
- Enzymes denature at high temperatures, Rubisco is an example

Explain the production of ATP by chemismosis during photosynthesis

- Light excites electrons in chlorophyll
- Electrons pass along carriers
- Protons pumped across thylakoid membrane
- Proton concentration rises inside
- Protons diffuse down concentration gradient
- Produces ATP from ADP
- Involves the use of ATP synthase

Explain the light dependent reactions

- Chlorophyll in photosystem II absorb light
- Photoactivation produces an excited electron
- Electrons pass along the electron transport chain
- Protons pumped across thylakoid membrane into thylakoid space
- ATP produced
- ATP production by chemiosmosis, by ATP synthase
- Electrons from photosystem II passed to photosystem I
- Light excites electrons in photosystem I
- Production of NADPH
- Electrons from photolysis needed for photosystem II
- Oxygen from photolysis is a waste product and is excreted
- In cyclic photophosphorylayion electrons from photosystem I return to it
Explain the process by which light energy is converted into chemical
energy
- Plants convert light energy to chemical energy by photosynthesis
- Chlorophyll pigments absorbs light
- Electrons are excited to higher energy level
- Excited electrons pass along chain of electron carriers
- Energy from electrons used to pump protons across thylakoid membrane into thylakoid space
- Proton gradient used to make ATP: chemiosmosis
- ATP synthase generates ATP
- Pigments arranged in photosystems
- Electron from Photosystem II flow via the electron chain to Photosystem I
- Electrons from Photosystem I are used to reduce NADP
- ATP and reduced NADP used in the light independent reactions/Calvin cycle
- Carbohydrates produced continuing energy
Calvin Cycle

Raw materials for light independent reactions

- Carbon dioxide
- ATP
- Hydrogen (NADPH2)

Outline the function of Rubisco

- Carboxylation
- Production of glycerine 3-phosphate
- RuBP is a substrate

Explain the light independent processes of photosynthesis in plants

- Calvin cycle
- Occurs in stroma of chloroplast
- ATP and NADPH provided by the light dependent reactions
- Carboxylation of RuBP
- By rubisco
- Forms unstable 6C compound
- Glycerate 3-phosphate is produced by carbon fixation
- GP to triose phosphate by reduction
- Using NADPH
- Triose phosphate converted to form glucose
- 5/6 of triose phosphate used for regeneration of RuBP
- ATP used to regenerate RuBP/convert GP to triose phosphate

Outline the formation of carbohydrate molecules in photosynthesis

starting from the absorption of light energy
Light dependent reactions
- Chlorophyll absorbs photons/light
- Electron excited
- Electron passed down electron carriers
- ATP produced
- NADPH produced

Light independent reactions

- RuBP is carboxylated
- Rubisco catalyses reaction
- Two glycerate 3-phosphate produced
- NADPH and ATP used to reduce GP
- Triose phosphate produced
List what a plant needs to carry out photosynthesis and what the
products of the process are
- Light
- Water
- Carbon dioxide
- Enzymes
- Chlorophyll
- Correct light intensity
- Correct temperature

- Oxygen
- Carbohydrates
- Increased biomass
- ATP

Explain the relationship between the action spectrum and the absorption
spectrum of photosynthetic pigments in plants
- Each photosynthetic pigment has a different absorption spectrum
- As light of different wavelengths is absorbed differently
- Absorption spectra combine to create the action spectrum
- Shows how much photosynthesises occurs at each wavelength
- So plant can use a wider range of wavelengths for photosynthesis

Draw and label the structure of a chloroplast as seen in electron

micrographs