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b strain stress
εm fm
Cm = fmb kd/2
kd
d n.a. M
t Ts = Asfs
εs fs/n
grout As As
ρ =
unit bd
Ms = ρ
As f s jd =bd 2 jf s where jd=d-kd/3 or j=1-k/3
T = As fs
fs/n = Fs /n
• For any section and materials, only one unique amount of balanced
reinforcement exists.
• Although balanced condition is purely hypothetical case, it is useful because
it alerts the engineer to whether the reinforcement or the masonry stress will
govern the design. Balanced stresses are not a design objective.
E s 29,000
n = = = 19.3
Em 1500
19.3 1
ρb = = 0.48%
19.3 + 24/0.667 2 x24/0.667
As req' d = (370 kip - in) / (24 ksi) (0.892) (27.8) = 0.62 in 2 use 2 #5' s (0.62 in 2 )
7 . Check d esign:
ρ = Αs / bd = 0.62 in 2 / (7.63" ) ( 27.8" ) = 0.00292
k 2 + 2 ρnk − 2 ρn = 0 k = 0.284 j = 1 − 0.284 / 3 = 0.905
Μ s = Αs Fs j d = ( 0.62 in 2 )( 24 ksi )( 0.905 )( 27.8" ) = 374 kip − in. > 370 kip − in. OK
( 370 kip − in x 1000 )
f m = Μ / 0. 5 j k d 2 = 2
= 488 psi < 667 psi ok
( 0.5 )( 0.905 )( 0.284 )(7.63" )( 27.8" )
T T + dT T T + dT
fvb dx = dT = dM/jd
fv = (dM/dx)/bjd
V
fv = UBC Sec. 2107.2.17 (Eq. 7-38)
bjd
V
f v = MSJC Sec. 2.3.5.2.1 (Eq. 2-19)
bd
Fv = 3.0 f'm < 150 psi UBC Eq. 7-18; MSJC Eq. 2-23
d
h h
M M
M Vh h M Vh / 2 h
== = =
Vd Vd d Vd Vd 2d
Vdesign Vdesign
d/2
Start
consider as no no
is ft>Ft? Resize
unreinforced is fv<Fv? Section
yes
yes
Determine Maximum Design Shear
Provide Reinforcement to Take
100% of Shear
Determine Shear Stress Av V
V V = s
fv = or s dFs
bjd bd no
yes
Determine Fv Assuming No Shear is fv<Fv? End
Reinforcement
#4 @ 32”
for UBC Vmax = bjdFv = ( 7.63" )( 0.9 )( 72" )( 46.6 psi ) / 1000 = 23.0 kips governs
for MSJC Vmax = bdFv = ( 7.63" )( 72" )( 46.6 psi ) / 1000 = 25.6 kips governs
Overall shear per UBC Sec. 2107.2.9.C or MSJC Sec. 2.3.5.2.3 (b)
M
for > 1 Fv = 1.5 f'm ≤ 75 psi Fv = 1.5 3000 = 82.2 psi > 75 psi
Vd
Fv = 1.33 x 75 psi = 100 psi
C verticalsteel
vertical steeland
and 15.2
14.4 14.4
15.2
#4#4@@32”
32”horizontal
horizontalsteel
steel
D #4 @ 8” horizontal 34.0*
#4 @ 8” horizontal 34.0* 34.0*
34.0
*
*flexure governs
uπdb
db As fs
ld
As fs = uπdb ld
2
πdb
fs = uπdb ld
4
fs db
ld = = 0.002 d b fs for u = 125 psi UBC Sec. 2107.2.2.3 Eq.7 - 9
4u
ld = 0.0015 db Fs for u = 167 psi MSJC Sec . 2.1.8.2 Eq . 2 − 8
bars “a”
Moment Diagram
(#2)
> ld
(#1)
d or 12db
(#2)
> ld
moment capacity
with bars “a” and “b”
M
A s fs fb = ( Eq .7 − 31 )
2 jkbd 2
fa = P/Ae kd
jd
UBC Sec. 2.14.2
if h’/t >30 then analysis should consider effects of deflections on moments
M
εs
Ts=Asfs
d = t/2
Range “a”:
large P, small M, e=M/P < t/6
unit width = b
Pa = 0.5(fm1 + fm2)A
fm2
fm1
em
Cm
t αt
em = −
2 3
fm 1
Pc = C m − Ts Cm = αtb Ts = As fs
2
f s d − αt 0 .5 − α t
= f = f for d =
fm1 n αt α m1
m1
2
em
Ts
Cm
t
M c = C m em + Ts ( d − )
αt 2
compression controlling
Determine P & M Determine P and M Determine P and M
tension controlling
per Range “a” per Range “b” per Range “c”
no
no yes
fs = Fs fs < Fs?
fs < Fs
fm1 < Fb fm1 = Fb
Stop
fm1 = Fb
Fb
fm1 = Fa fm2 = 2Fa - Fb
Fa Fb Range “a”
lim
it b
yu
Range “b”
Axial Force
Fb
nit
1
yf
orm
tension compression
e
ula
Fs/n fs/n
controls controls
Fb Fb
Fs Fs/n
Moment
fs =
fm
a
3 833 0 - 38.1 1.27 - 38.1 48.4
4 833 - 0.75 28.6 1.91 - 28.6 54.5
b 5 833 - 0.50 19.1 2.54 - 19.1 48.5
6 833 - 0.33 12.6 2.97 0.9 11.7 37.4
7 833 - 0.25 9.5 3.18 2.0 7.5 30.2
8 833 - 0.167 6.4 3.39 3.9 2.5 21.5
9 for P = 0: Mm= 0.5Fbjkbd2 = 0.5(833 psi)(0.909)(0.272)(12)(3.81)2 = 17.9
c
10 833 bal. - 0.175 6.7 3.37 3.6 3.1 22.5
Controls
Tension
40 2.0 k
2 833 7 833
Axial Force 3 417
kips 0.25t
30 4 0
3 833 8 833
3.9 k > AsFs
20
5 0.167t
4 833 10 833
6 .75t 3.6 k = AsFs
10
10 0.175t
11 7
12 5 833 11 664
3.6 k = AsFs
10 20 30 40 50 0.15t
8 0.50t
9
Moment, kip-in
d
jd
M
Ts P
fs/n
f s /n f k f E
stress = m ; fm = ( s ) where n = s [1]
compatibility: d - kd kd 1-k n Em
C m = 0.5 f m bkd [2]
Ts = As f s = ρbdf s [3]
b
Ts = Asfy
εs >εy
k3f’m k3f’m
fm f’m
k2c k2c
klc
c Cm = c
Cm = k1k3f’mbc
εm
ε mu
Note: rectangular stress block can represent
compressive stress distribution if k2/k1 = 0.5
0.8
K1K3
K1K3 & K2
0.6
0.4
K2
0.2
0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
Extreme Fiber Strain (in/in)
equilibrium
C m + Ts = 0
fs
k1 k 3 f 'm bc = As f y = ρbd f y
fy
ρdf y
c =
k1 k 3 f 'm
summing moments about Cm
εs
M n = As f y ( d − k 2 c )
ρdf y
M n = As f y ( d − k 2 )
k1 k 3 f 'm
ρf y
M n = As f y d ( 1 − k 2 )
k1 k 3 f 'm
k2 fy
if = 0.5 and k 3 = 0.85 then : Mn = 0.59 ρ )
As f y d ( 1 −
k1 f 'm
k 1 k 3 f 'm εmu
Ts= Asfy ρb =
εs = ε y fy εmu +εy
f
if k 3 =0.85 εmu =0.003 εy = y E s =29 ,000 ,000 psi :
Es
k1 ( 0.85 ) f 'm 0.003 0.85 k1 f ' m 87 ,000
ρb = =
fy 0.003 + f y / E s fy 87 ,000 + f y
Grade 40 Grade 60
f’m
ρb ρ tb ρb ρ tb
0.85c
ε s2 Cs2
c
d3
d4
ε s3 Ts3
Ts4 = Asbal fy
ε s4 = ε y
Asbal
7.63”
0.003 0.85f’m
4.0” ε s1 Cs1
20.0”
Cm = 0.85f’mb(0.85c)
c εs 2
44.0”
60.0”
Cs2
5’-4”
Pn = 0
n.a.
εs 3 Ts3
Asbal ?
Ts4 = Asbal fy
ε s = ε y = 0.00207
Masonry Structures, slide 47
Example: Flexural Strength of In-Plane Wall
Determine the maximum bar size.
c = 0.003/0.00507 (60.0”) = 35.5”
Cm = 0.85f’mb(0.85c) = -0.85(1500)(7.63”)(0.85 x 35.5) = -294 k
0.003 0.85f’m
ε s1 Cs1
4.0”
20.0” c Cm = 0.85f’mb(0.85c)
n.a.
44.0”
Ts2
εs2
60.0”
5’-4”
εs3
Ts3
εs > εy
Ts4 = As fy
#8 (typ) = 0.79 in2 x 60 ksi = 47.4 k
7.63”
11.0 -0.00191 -55 -43.7 0.00245 60.0 47.4 0.00900 60.0 47.4 -91 +7.5
11.5 -0.00196 -56 -44.8 0.00222 60.0 47.4 0.00848 60.0 47.4 -95 +2.3
fy
5’-4”
M n = As f y d ( 1 − 0.59 ρ )
f 'm
60
= 2( 0.79 in 2 )( 60 )( 52.0 )( 1 − 0.59 x 0.00398 x )
1.50
= 4 ,467 kip − in 86% of answer
#8 (typ)
7.63”
Ref: NCMA TEK 14-11A Strength Design of Tall Concrete Masonry Walls
t
h/2
Puw
wu
h
wuh2/8 (Puw + Puf) ∆ u
Pufe/2
h/2
Pu =Puf +Puw
w u h 2 Puf e
Mu = + +( Puw +Puf )∆
u ( 8 −20 )
8 2
Strength reduction
factor:
flexure φ = 0.8 Sec. 2108.1.4.2.1
1. equilibrium
2. strain compatibility
3. εmu = 0.003
4. fs = Esεs < fy
5. neglect masonry strength in tension
6. rectangular stress block, k1 = 0.85, k3 = 0.85
Ts = Asfy Pu = Cm - Asfy
Cm
Cm = Pu + Asfy= Asefy
( Pu + As f y )
Pu Ase = Eq. (8-24)
fy
flexural strength
a ( P + As f y )
M n = Ase f y ( d − ) Eq. (8 - 23) where a = u Eq. (8 - 25)
2 0.85 f 'm b
5 M s h2
for Ms < Mcr ∆s = (8-28)
My 48 E m I g
∆y 5 M cr h 2 5 ( M s − M cr )h 2
Ms for Ms > Mcr ∆s = + (8-29)
48 E m I g 48 E m I cr
∆s
Mcr b( kd )3
where I cr = nAse ( d − kd ) +
2
∆cr 3
Mcr = fr S
∆
(note “kd” may be replaced by “c” for simplicity)
hollow unit 4.0 f'm < 235 psi 2.5 f 'm < 125 psi
Serviceability Criteria
∆s ≤ 0.007 h ( 8 − 27 )
Strength Criteria
wu h 2 Puf e
Mu = + + ( Puw + Puf )∆u
8 2
5 M cr h 2 5 ( M u − M cr )h 2
∆u = +
48 E m I g 48 E m I cr
P
w 8” CMU, partially grouted
f’m = 2000 psi, Grade 60
7 .63"
e = 3 .50" + = 7 .31"
2
12"
2 in 2
As = 0 .20 in ( ) = 0 .075
32" ft
20’-0”
#4 @ 32”
As 0 .075 1 1
ρ = = = 0 .000164 < ρbal = ( 0 .0143 ) = 0 .0072 ok
bd 12 × 3 .81 2 2
∆s < 0.007 h
5 M cr h 2 5 ( M s − M cr )h 2
∆s = +
48 E m I g 48 E m I cr
w s h2
Ms = + Po e / 2 + ( Pw + Po ) ∆s
8
( 17.8 psf )( 20 )2 700 ( 7.31" )
= x 12 + + 1532 ∆s = 13 ,239 + 1532 ∆s ( lb . − in .)
8 2
1.25”
2
wsh P e
Ms = + os + ( Pws + Pos )∆s
8 2
#4 @ 32”
w s ( 20' )2
= x 12 + 700 lbs ( 3.66" ) + ( 1532 lbs ) ∆s
8
= 600 w s + 2562 lb − in . + 1532 ∆s
k 2 + 2 n( ρ + α )k − 2 n( ρ + α ) = 0
0.075 in 2 P 1.532 k
n = 19.3 ρ= = 0.00164 α= = = 0.00104
12"× 3.82" bdFs 12" × 3 .82" × 32 ksi
Ts4 = Asbalfy
ε s = ε y = 0.00207
b
assume ΣC si = ΣTsi so Pb = C m
e mu
for solidly grouted walls : Pb = 0.85 f 'm ba b where ab = 0.85 d
fy
( emu + )
Es
3. Design assumptions (same as for Slender Wall Design Procedure, UBC Sec. 2108.2.1.2)
1. equilibrium
2. strain compatibility
3. εmu = 0.003
4. fs = Esεs < fy
5. neglect masonry tensile strength
6. use rectangular stress block, k1 = 0.85, k3 = 0.85
7. 1500 psi < f’m < 4000 psi
Vs = Amv ρ n f y (8 − 38)
Avertical plane
where ρ n = As horizontal / Avertical plane
h
As horizontal
Vs = Amv ( ) fy
Avertical plane
As horizontal
As horizontal L
Vs = Lw t ( ) f y = w ( As horizontal ) f y
ht h
Lw Lw Lw
h As fy As fy
As fy
Vn = Vs = Am ρn f y (8 − 39)
(Vu determined at Lw/2 from base)
Vn = Vm + Vs
#3 @ 8” wall
min. > 3t centroid
0.0015
εmu > 0.0015
6 1.8
Mu H
4 - #8’s if flexure limit state exists : H u = = 34.7 kips H = u = 26.7 kips
128" 1.3
As horiz = 1.45 in 2 smax = 24" use #4' s @ 8" for bottom 8 courses
As horiz provided = 8(0.20 in 2 ) = 1.60 in 2 > 1.45 in 2
As horiz = 0.69 in 2 smax = 48" use #4' s @ 16" for top 8 courses
Mu = 4,439 kip-in.
5’-4”
7.63”
3t > 5.7” #8 #3 @ 8”
bottom 8 courses
11.5”
ε = 0.003
ε = 0.0015
5.75” Strain Diagram per Previous Example
Case 2: Pu = 0.9(40) = 36.0 kips perhaps minimum flexural capacity and lowest Hu
Pb = 0.85f' m bab
ε mu 0.003
ab = 0.85 d = 0.85 60" = 30.2"
fy 0.003 + 0.00207
ε mu +
Es
Pb = 0 .85 ( 1.5 ksi)( 7 .63")( 30 .2") = 294 kips 0 .25 Pb = 73 .5 kips
considering reinforcement : Pb = −294 + 0 .79 in 2 ( − 60 .0 - 36 .0 + 20 .2 + 60 .0 ) = −306 kips
Case 2: 36.0
Pu = 36.0 kips < 0.25 Pb = 73.5 kips φ = 0.65 + ( )0.20 = 0.75
73.5
20.0 -0.00240 -60 -47.4 0 0 0 0.00360 60.0 47.4 -165 -118 6,983
15.0 -0.00220 -60 -47.4 0.00100 29.0 22.9 0.00580 60.0 47.4 -124 -54 6,126
16.8 -0.00229 -60 -47.4 0.00057 16.6 13.1 0.00185 53.8 42.5 -139 -83 6,463
13.1 -0.00208 -60 -47.4 0.00104 30.0 23.7 0.00708 60.0 47.4 -108 -37 5,794
0.85c
∑ M cl = C m (32.0" - ) + C sl (28.0" ) - Ts2 ( 12.0" ) + Ts3 ( 12.0" ) + Ts4 ( 28.0" )
2
6450 kip-in.
4,192
120 Hu = = 32.7 kips
(10.67 x 12)
100 Hu
H= = 25.7 kips governs
80.3 kips ( 0.75 x 1.7)
5820 kip-in.
80
Case 1
60 Case 2: M u = φ M n = 0.75(5820) = 4,365 kip - in.
40 4,365
Case 2 Hu = = 34.1 kips
20 36.0 kips (10.67 x 12)
Hu
H= = 26.2 kips
1.3
5500 6000 6500 7000
Moment, Mn kip-in. Hu = 34.1 kips (Case 2) ~ 34.7 kips (w/o vertical force).
Use same shear design as for first part of problem.