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Managers are facing challenges and opportunities that business in managing information
systems and technologies to meet business goals.
1. By now you should be able to see that the success of an information system should not
be measured only by its efficiency in terms of minimizing costs, time, and the use of
information resources. Success should also be measured by the effectiveness of the
information technology in supporting an organization’s business strategies, enabling its
business processes, enhancing its organizational structures and culture, and increasing
the customer and business value of the enterprise. It is important to realize, however, that
information technology and information systems can be mismanaged and misapplied in
such a way that IS performance problems create both technological and business
failures.
2. Developing successful information system solutions to business problems is a major
challenge for business managers and professionals today. As a business professional, you
will be responsible either for proposing, assisting with development, or developing new
or improved uses of information technologies for your company
3. As a prospective manager, business professional, or knowledge worker, you will very
likely be challenged by the ethical responsibilities generated by the use of information
technology. For example, what uses of information technology might be considered
improper, irresponsible, or harmful to other people or to society? can you protect
yourself from computer crime and other risks of information technology?
4. Both information technology and the myriad of information systems it supports have
created interesting, challenging, and lucrative career opportunities for millions of men
and women all over the globe. At this point in your life you may still be uncertain about
the career path you wish to follow, so learning more about information technology may
help you decide if you want to pursue an IT/IS-related career. One thing is certain: You
will either work in an IT/IS-related career or you will regularly work with one or more
IS professionals. Either way, the knowledge you gain here will be invaluable throughout
your career.
4. What is the management information system (MIS)?
A management information system (MIS) is a computerized database of financial information
organized and programmed in such a way that it produces regular reports on operations for
every level of management in a company. It is usually also possible to obtain special reports
from the system easily. The main purpose of the MIS is to give managers feedback about
their own performance; top management can monitor the company as a whole. Information
displayed by the MIS typically shows "actual" data over against "planned" results and results
from a year before; thus it measures progress against goals. The MIS receives data from
company units and functions. Some of the data are collected automatically from computer-
linked check-out counters; others are keyed in at periodic intervals. Routine reports are
preprogrammed and run at intervals or on demand while others are obtained using built-in
query languages; display functions built into the system are used by managers to check on
status at desk-side computers connected to the MIS by networks. Many sophisticated systems
also monitor and display the performance of the company's stock.
The MIS represents the electronic automation of several different kinds of counting, tallying,
record-keeping, and accounting techniques of which the by far oldest, of course, was the
ledger on which the business owner kept track of his or her business. Automation emerged in
the 1880s in the form of tabulating cards which could be sorted and counted.
. When the first computers emerged after World War II punch-card systems were used both as
their front end and as their output.
Personal computers ("micros" PCs) appeared in the 70s and in the 1980s networked PCs
appeared and developed into powerful systems in their own right.
At present the initials IT are coming into universal use. "Information Technology" is now the
category to designate any and all software-hardware-communications structures that today
work like a virtual nervous system of society at all levels.
If MIS is defined as a computer-based coherent arrangement of information aiding the
management function, a small business running even a single computer appropriately
equipped and connected is operating a management information system.