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Analysis of Steel Truss Member and a Parametric Study Using

Spread Sheet
BINDUSARA T S1, KEERTHI GOWDA B S2
1 P.G Student, Structural Engineering, Center for Post Graduates Studies, VTU, Mysuru.
2 Assistant Professor, Structural Engineering, Center for Post Graduates Studies, VTU, Mysuru,
Email: keerthiresearch@yahoo.com

Abstract: The structural steel truss is making it possible for designers to recognize explicitly structural resistant
provided with in the elastic and inelastic ranges of behavior and up to the maximum load limit state. There is an
increase in awareness of the need for practical second order analysis approaches for a direct determination of
strength of the steel truss members. This projects attempts to present a simple and reasonable comprehensive
introduction to sum of the theoretical and practical approaches which has been used in traditional and modern
process of finding the safe load for steel truss member. The project is supposed to be useful in the field work where
this user friendly table, read the safe load carrying capacity of different Angle section in both tension and
compression, of equal and unequal, single and double, bolted and welded connection. Hence it is required to design
a angle section for a particular load, this table can be used to get the safe load of that respective angle section. So
that the lengthy calculation for the same is avoided. The Engineer can use this table to design steel structure where
angles are adopted

Keywords: Single equal Angle Section, Safe Load, Compression member, spread sheet, Bolted connection

1. Introduction: • Design the safe load for different

Steel structures are structures in which the members
are made of steel and are joined by welding, riveting,
or bolting. Because of the high strength of steel, these
structures are reliable and require less material than
other types of structures. Steel AnglesSection have
been used in construction almost as structural steel
and it is commonly used as components of built up
shapes in truss. ThisPaper is based on the detailed
study of steel struts like Equal Angle Section. Where
the load carrying capacity of Equal angle sections are
calculated and tabulated using Microsoft Excel. This
Paper is supposed to be useful in field work where
this user friendly table, reads the safe load carrying
capacity of different Single Equal angle sections in
Compressionof different Bolted connection of
varying length. When it is required to design
anSingle Equal angle section for a particular load,
this table can be used to get the safe load of that
respective SingleEqual angle section so that the
Engineer can easily select the most suitable section
for specific safe load by using this table
2. Objectives of the Project:
• This Project is carried for designing the
safe load of steel
Single Equal Angle sections.
designation of varying length.
• To prepare safe load table for different
designation of varying length of
different conditions.
3. Advantages:
• Safe load table is User friendly.
• Design procedure is very much minimized.
• Safe load table provides all the data of that
section.
• Engineer can easily select the most suitable
section for specific safe load by using this Table.
4. Compression Member:
Compression members are structural elements that
are pushed together or carry a load; more technically
they are subjected only to the axial compressive
force. That is the load applied on the longitudinal
axis through the centroid of the member cross
section.
4.1. Single Equal Angle Section:
Angle sections are used as tension member in light
roof trusses, bracing members in plate girder bridges
and light latticed girder bridges, not recommended as
best tension member as they are subjected to bending
stresses due to the eccentric loads.

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The safe load carrying capacity of Single Equal

Angle Section has been presented in the form Table
given below.

4. Conclusion:

The design of single angles is more complicated than

that of other more common Shapes. So this safe load
table is most useful for the designing the L- Angle
section of different condition of varying length.
Nonetheless, the versatility of single angles in
construction has made them popular. When it is
required to design a L-angle section for a particular
load, this table can be used to get the safe load of that
respective L-angle section so that the lengthy
calculation for the same is avoided and also iterative
procedure to select the optimum Single equal angle
section can also be done without much manual
involment. The Engineer can use this table to design
steel structures where L-angles are adopted.

5. References:

[1] Bathon, L, Mueller, W.H. and Kempner, L.,

“Ultimate Load Capacity of Single Steel Angles,
5. Analysis “Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol
Step 1: No1,ASCE 1993, pp. 229~300
Taking the gross area of angle section, moment of [2] Elgaaly, H., Dagher, and Davids, W., “Behavior
inertia and radius of gyration of section from Steel of Single Angle Compression Members,”
Table. Journalof Structural Engineering, Vol.117
Step 2: No12, December, 1991, ASCEpp3720~37
Calculate the effective length (kl) using IS800-2007, [3] IS: 800 (2007), General construction in steel –
page no 45, it is based on fixed conditions. code of Practice.
Step 3: [4] Temple, M.C. and Sakla, S.S., “Consideration
Calculate slenderness ratio (λe) of section by using for the Design of Single Angle Compression
equations from IS800-2007, page no 48. Members Attached by One Leg,” Proceedings,
Step 4: InternationalConference on Structural Stability
The design of compressive stress fcd of axially loaded and Design, Kitipornchai, Hancock, Bradford
compression member shall be calculated by using (Eds), Balkema, Rotterdam, 1995, pp107-112.
equations from IS800-2007, page no 34.
Step 5:
Calculate the safe load of section by using the
equation from IS800-2007, page no 34.
In the present study all the Design calculation are
done according to IS800-2007,SECTION-7,Design
of compression member and also developed
MICROSOFT EXCEL Spread sheet to do the design
computation automatically.
6. Results and Discussion:
The Analysis has been carried out on 50 different size
Equal Angle Section of Bolted connection from 1m
to 7m of 0.5m varying length for different End
Conditions.

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Table 1: Safe Load Table of Single Equal Angle Section of Varying Length
DESIGNATION W/m A Rvv FIXITY CONNECTION Length in meters
(mm) N (mm2) (mm) 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
SINGLE BOLTED 44 37 * * * * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 58 46 * * * * * * * * * * *
ISA 50X50X5 37.3 479 9.7 SINGLE BOLTED 29 24 * * * * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 41 31 * * * * * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 54 44 * * * * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 72 56 * * * * * * * * * * *
ISA 50X50X6 44.1 568 9.6 SINGLE BOLTED 36 30 * * * * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 49 37 * * * * * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 50 42 * * * * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 65 53 * * * * * * * * * * *
ISA 55X55X5 40.2 527 10.6 SINGLE BOLTED 31 27 * * * * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 48 37 * * * * * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 62 52 * * * * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 81 66 * * * * * * * * * * *
ISA 55X55X6 48.1 626 10.6 SINGLE BOLTED 40 34 * * * * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 58 44 * * * * * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 105 103 * * * * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 145 142 * * * * * * * * * * *
ISA 55X55X8 62.8 818 10.6 SINGLE BOLTED 73 71 * * * * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 111 107 * * * * * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 105 87 * * * * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 141 113 * * * * * * * * * * *
ISA 55X55X10 77.5 1002 10.6 SINGLE BOLTED 74 61 * * * * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 94 72 * * * * * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 55 47 39 * * * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 72 60 47 * * * * * * * * * *
ISA 60X60X5 44.1 575 11.6 SINGLE BOLTED 33 29 24 * * * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 56 44 32 * * * * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 68 59 47 * * * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 91 76 58 * * * * * * * * * *
ISA 60X60X6 53 684 11.4 SINGLE BOLTED 44 38 31 * * * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 67 53 38 * * * * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 95 81 65 * * * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 127 105 80 * * * * * * * * * *
ISA 60X60X8 68.7 896 11.4 SINGLE BOLTED 64 55 44 * * * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 89 69 51 * * * * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 119 101 81 * * * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 160 132 100 * * * * * * * * * *
ISA 60X60X10 84.4 1100 11.4 SINGLE BOLTED 83 70 56 * * * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 110 86 62 * * * * * * * * * *

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Table 2: Safe Load Table of Single Equal Angle Section of Varying Length
DESIGNATION W/m A Rvv FIXITY CONNECTION Length in meters
(mm) N (mm2) (mm) 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
SINGLE BOLTED 60 53 44 * * * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 78 67 54 * * * * * * * * * *
ISA 65X65X5 48.1 625 12.6 SINGLE BOLTED 35 32 27 * * * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 63 51 38 * * * * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 75 66 55 * * * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 100 85 68 * * * * * * * * * *
ISA 65X65X6 56.9 744 12.6 SINGLE BOLTED 47 42 35 * * * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 76 61 46 * * * * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 105 91 75 * * * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 141 120 94 * * * * * * * * * *
ISA 65X65X8 75.5 976 12.5 SINGLE BOLTED 70 61 50 * * * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 101 81 61 * * * * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 133 115 94 * * * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 180 152 118 * * * * * * * * * *
ISA 65X65X10 92.2 1200 12.5 SINGLE BOLTED 92 79 65 * * * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 126 101 75 * * * * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 64 58 49 * * * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 84 74 61 * * * * * * * * * *
ISA 70X70X5 52 677 13.6 SINGLE BOLTED 37 34 29 * * * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 71 58 45 * * * * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 81 73 62 * * * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 108 94 77 * * * * * * * * * *
ISA 70X70X6 61.8 806 13.6 SINGLE BOLTED 50 45 39 * * * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 85 70 54 * * * * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 115 102 85 * * * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 155 134 108 * * * * * * * * * *
ISA 70X70X8 81.4 1058 13.5 SINGLE BOLTED 76 67 57 * * * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 114 94 72 * * * * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 146 129 108 * * * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 198 171 137 * * * * * * * * * *
ISA 70X70X10 100.1 1302 13.5 SINGLE BOLTED 100 88 74 * * * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 141 116 88 * * * * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 68 62 54 46 * * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 88 79 67 55 * * * * * * * * *
ISA 75X75X5 55.9 727 14.6 SINGLE BOLTED 38 35 31 28 * * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 78 65 52 41 * * * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 87 79 68 58 * * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 116 103 86 70 * * * * * * * * *
ISA 75X75X6 66.7 866 14.6 SINGLE BOLTED 52 48 42 36 * * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 94 79 62 49 * * * * * * * * *

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Table 3: Safe Load Table of Single Equal Angle Section of Varying Length
DESIGNATION W/m A Rvv FIXITY CONNECTION Length in meters
(mm) N (mm2) (mm) 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
SINGLE BOLTED 124 112 96 80 * * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 168 148 122 99 * * * * * * * * *
ISA 75X75X8 87.3 1138 14.5 SINGLE BOLTED 80 73 63 53 * * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 126 106 83 65 * * * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 159 143 121 102 * * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 216 190 156 125 * * * * * * * * *
ISA 75X75X10 107.9 1402 14.5 SINGLE BOLTED 108 97 82 69 * * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 157 132 103 80 * * * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 92 85 75 64 * * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 122 110 94 79 * * * * * * * * *
ISA 80X80X6 71.6 929 15.6 SINGLE BOLTED 54 50 45 39 * * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 103 88 71 56 * * * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 133 122 106 90 * * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 180 161 136 112 * * * * * * * * *
ISA 80X80X8 94.2 1221 15.5 SINGLE BOLTED 85 78 68 59 * * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 139 119 95 75 * * * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 172 156 135 115 * * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 234 209 175 143 * * * * * * * * *
ISA 80X80X10 115.8 1505 15.5 SINGLE BOLTED 115 105 91 77 * * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 173 147 117 92 * * * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 209 189 163 138 * * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 285 254 212 173 * * * * * * * * *
ISA 80X80X12 137.3 1781 15.4 SINGLE BOLTED 144 130 112 95 * * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 206 175 139 109 * * * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 101 94 85 75 66 * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 132 122 108 93 80 * * * * * * * *
ISA 90X90X6 80.4 1047 17.5 SINGLE BOLTED 56 53 49 44 40 * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 119 105 87 71 58 * * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 149 139 124 109 94 * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 201 184 160 137 115 * * * * * * * *
ISA 90X90X8 105.9 1379 17.5 SINGLE BOLTED 92 86 77 69 60 * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 162 142 118 96 78 * * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 195 181 160 140 121 * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 265 243 210 178 149 * * * * * * * *
ISA 90X90X10 131.5 1703 17.4 SINGLE BOLTED 128 118 105 92 80 * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 203 178 147 119 97 * * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 239 221 195 170 146 * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 326 298 257 217 180 * * * * * * * *
ISA 90X90X12 155 2019 17.4 SINGLE BOLTED 162 149 132 115 99 * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 242 212 175 141 115 * * * * * * * *

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Table 4: Safe Load Table of Single Equal Angle Section of Varying Length
DESIGNATION W/m A Rvv FIXITY CONNECTION Length in meters
(mm) N (mm2) (mm) 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
SINGLE BOLTED 107 102 94 85 77 69 * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 140 131 119 106 93 81 * * * * * * *
ISA 100X100X6 90.2 1167 19.5 SINGLE BOLTED 57 55 52 48 44 40 * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 135 121 104 87 73 61 * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 163 154 141 126 112 99 * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 219 204 183 160 138 119 * * * * * * *
ISA 100X100X8 118.7 1539 19.5 SINGLE BOLTED 97 92 85 77 70 62 * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 185 166 141 118 98 82 * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 216 204 185 165 145 * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 294 274 244 212 182 * * * * * * * *
ISA 100X100X10 146.2 1903 19.4 SINGLE BOLTED 138 130 118 106 95 * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 233 209 177 148 122 * * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 267 251 227 202 177 * * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 366 340 301 261 223 * * * * * * * *
ISA 100X100X12 173.6 2259 19.4 SINGLE BOLTED 178 167 151 134 119 * * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 279 250 212 176 146 * * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 175 167 155 142 128 115 * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 234 221 202 181 160 140 * * * * * * *
ISA 110X110X8 131.5 1702 21.4 SINGLE BOLTED 101 97 91 84 77 70 * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 207 189 165 141 119 101 * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 236 225 207 188 169 151 * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 320 302 274 244 214 186 * * * * * * *
ISA 110X110X10 161.9 2106 21.4 SINGLE BOLTED 146 139 129 119 107 97 * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 262 239 208 177 149 126 * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 294 279 257 233 208 185 * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 402 378 343 303 265 229 * * * * * * *
ISA 110X110X12 192.3 2502 21.3 SINGLE BOLTED 192 182 168 152 137 122 * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 315 287 249 212 178 150 * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 377 357 328 296 264 233 * * * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 519 487 440 389 338 291 * * * * * * *
ISA 110X110X15 237.4 3081 21.3 SINGLE BOLTED 257 243 223 201 179 159 * * * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 391 356 309 262 221 186 * * * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 194 188 179 168 156 144 133 122 * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 255 245 230 213 196 178 160 145 * * * * *
ISA 130X130X8 156 2022 25.5 SINGLE BOLTED 104 102 98 93 88 82 77 71 * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 247 232 209 186 163 142 124 108 * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 269 260 246 229 212 195 178 162 * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 362 347 324 298 271 244 218 195 * * * * *
ISA 130X130X10 193.3 2506 25.4 SINGLE BOLTED 157 153 145 137 128 119 109 101 * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 316 296 267 236 206 179 156 135 * * * * *

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Table 5: Safe Load Table of Single Equal Angle Section of Varying Length

DESIGNATION W/m A Rvv FIXITY CONNECTION Length in meters

(mm) N (mm2) (mm) 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
SINGLE BOLTED 342 329 311 289 266 243 221 200 * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 465 446 415 381 344 308 274 243 * * * * *
ISA 130X130X12 229.6 2982 25.4 SINGLE BOLTED 212 205 194 181 168 155 142 129 * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 383 358 322 284 248 215 187 162 * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 446 429 404 374 343 312 282 255 * * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 612 586 545 498 448 399 353 311 * * * * *
ISA 130X130X15 283.5 3681 25.3 SINGLE BOLTED 294 283 266 247 227 207 188 170 * * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 479 448 402 355 309 267 231 200 * * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 294 287 275 262 247 231 215 200 185 * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 391 379 361 339 316 291 267 244 222 * * * *
ISA 150X150X10 223.7 2903 29.3 SINGLE BOLTED 163 159 154 148 141 133 126 118 110 * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 366 348 322 292 262 233 207 183 163 * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 381 371 355 336 316 295 273 252 232 * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 515 499 473 444 411 377 343 312 282 * * * *
ISA 150X150X12 266.8 3459 29.3 SINGLE BOLTED 226 220 212 202 191 180 168 156 145 * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 447 425 392 355 318 282 250 221 196 * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 507 493 470 444 416 386 356 327 300 * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 693 671 636 594 548 500 453 409 368 * * * *
ISA 150X150X15 329.6 4278 29.2 SINGLE BOLTED 322 314 300 284 266 248 230 213 196 * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 563 535 493 446 398 353 312 275 243 * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 627 609 580 547 511 473 435 399 365 * * * *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 863 835 790 736 678 617 558 501 450 * * * *
ISA 150X150X18 391.4 5079 29.1 SINGLE BOLTED 418 405 386 364 340 315 290 267 245 * * * *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 676 642 590 533 476 422 372 328 289 * * * *
SINGLE BOLTED 450 444 434 422 408 393 376 359 342 325 308 291 275
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 591 582 566 547 525 501 476 450 423 397 372 348 326
ISA 200X200X12 359 4661 39.2 SINGLE BOLTED 238 236 231 226 221 214 207 199 192 184 176 168 160
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 592 576 550 519 486 451 416 382 350 320 292 267 245
SINGLE BOLTED 628 619 604 586 564 541 516 491 465 439 414 390 366
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 847 832 808 778 745 707 668 628 587 548 510 474 440
ISA 200X200X15 445.4 5780 39.1 SINGLE BOLTED 363 358 351 342 331 319 306 293 280 266 253 240 227
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 761 739 705 665 621 575 529 485 443 404 369 336 307
SINGLE BOLTED 802 789 769 744 716 685 652 618 583 549 516 485 454
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 1094 1074 1042 1003 957 907 854 800 746 693 642 595 550
ISA 200X200X18 529.7 6881 39 SINGLE BOLTED 494 487 475 461 444 426 407 388 368 348 329 310 293
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 923 896 854 805 751 694 638 584 533 485 442 403 368
SINGLE BOLTED 1184 1165 1133 1094 1050 1001 949 897 844 791 741 693 *
FIXED DOUBLE BOLTED 1635 1605 1554 1493 1422 1345 1262 1177 1093 1011 932 859 *
ISA 200X200X25 722 9380 38.8 SINGLE BOLTED 797 783 760 734 703 670 636 601 566 532 499 467 *
HINGED DOUBLE BOLTED 1285 1247 1188 1117 1040 960 881 804 733 667 606 552 *

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