CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

A. Background

The skin is the largest organs that coat all parts of the body, has the function of protecting the body
from various disorders and external stimuli. This protective function occurs through a number of
biological mechanisms, such as continuous horn formation, respiration and temperature regulation,
sebum production and sweat and the formation of melanin pigments to protect the skin from the
dangers of ultraviolet sunlight (1).

Unhealthy skin can cause certain diseases, such as psoriasis vulgaris, eczema, pyodermia and
dermatomikosis or skin diseases caused by fungi (2). One of the skin diseases caused by fungal
infections is Pityriasis versicolor or known as skin disease panu.

B. Problem Identification

Based on the above background then identified the problem as follows:

What are the diseases that can arise on the skin?

What is Pityriasis versicolor and how to prevent and treat it?

What is topical therapy and its benefits?

How is absorption of topical preparations on the skin?

C. Purpose
Know what diseases can arise on the skin.

Know what is meant by Pityriasis versicolor and how to treat it.

Know what is meant by topical therapy and its benefits.

Know the absorption of topical preparations on the skin.

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Skin (1)

1. Skin Structure

The skin structure consists of three layers: epidermis, as the outermost layer, hides (dermis, korium or
kutis) and subcutaneous connective tissue (subcutaneous, hypodermis or subcutaneous).

a. Epidermis

The epidermis is the outermost part of the skin. The thickness of the epidermis varies in different parts
of the body, the thickest one millimeter in the palms and soles of the feet, and the thinest size of 0.1
millimeters is found on the eyelids, cheeks, forehead and stomach. In the epidermis is divided into five
layers of skin, namely:
1) The horn layer (stratum corneum)

It is the topmost layer of the epidermis, and covers all the layers of the epiderma deeper. The horn
layer consists of several layers of flat cells, has no nucleus, does not undergo metabolic processes, is
colorless and contains very little water.

2) The clear layer (stratum lucidum) is also called the barrier layer

Located just below the horn layer, and is regarded as a horn layer coating with a grained layer (stratum
granulosum)

3) Grained layer (stratum granulosum)

Composed by keratinocyte cells in the form of coils containing the grains in the protoplasm, grained
gauze and shrunken core.

4) The coated layer (stratum spinosum) is also called malphigi layer

Consists of cells interconnected with the. mediation of protublasmic bridges. If the lining cells are
mutually excited, it is as if the cell is in progress.

5) Seed layer (stratum germinativum or stratum basale)

It is the lowest layer of the epidermis, formed by a row of piston cells (cylinder) with a position
perpendicular to the surface of the dermis.

b. Leather (dermis)

The dermis becomes the tip of the taste nerve, the presence of the hair bladder, the sweat glands, the
palm glands or the oil glands, the blood and lymph vessels, and the hair-raising muscles (pectoral
artery muscles). The existence of nerve endings in the dermis, allowing distinguish various stimuli
from the outside. In the dermis layer there are two kinds of glands, sweat glands and oil glands.

1) Sweat glands,
Sweat glands consist of fundus (the circular part) and the duet is a channel like a pipe that empties
into the surface of the skin to form pores of sweat. All body parts are equipped with sweat glands and
more abundant on the surface of the palms, soles of the feet, forehead and under the armpit.

2) Fat glands

The fat gland is located at the top of the dermis adjacent to the hair bladder composed of tiny bubbles
that empties into the hair follicle (follicle).

c. Underlying skin tissue (connective tissue) (hypodermis)

This layer mainly contains fat tissue, blood vessels and lymph, the nerves that run parallel to the skin
surface. Branches of the vessels and nerves towards the skin layer of the hides.

2. Skin Function

The skin has various functions that are as follows:

a. Protector or protection

Epidermis especially the horn layer is useful to cover the body tissues inside and protect the body
from external influences such as wounds and attacks of germs.

b. The receiver is excited

The skin is very sensitive to various sensory stimuli associated with pain, hot or cold temperatures,
pressure, touch, and vibration

c. Heat regulator or thermoregulation

The skin regulates body temperature through dilatation and construction of capillary vessels as well as
through respiration both of which are affected by the autonomic nerves. A healthy body has a fixed
temperature of about 98.6 (F or about 36.50 °

d. Expenditure (excretion)

The skin secretes certain substances that are sweat from the sweat glands released through the pores
of sweat with salt, iodine and other chemicals.

e. Storage.

The skin can store fat inside the fat glands.

f. Absorption is limited

The skin can absorb certain substances, especially fat-soluble substances can be absorbed into the
skin. The hormones present in the face cream can enter through the skin and affect the skin layers at
very thin levels.

3. Types of Skin Diseases

A. Psoriasis vulgaris

Psoriasis vulgaris is an eritemato-squamous dermatosis, possibly a multifactorial congenital defect,

which is also strongly influenced by environmental factors.

B. Piodermia.

Piodermia is a skin disease caused by staphylococcus, mainly by Staphylococcus aureus and

Streptococcus pyogenes. The condition for the occurrence of infectious diseases by these germs, which
some people always have on the nasofa rings mucosa, is the weakening of the immune system (eg due
to malnutrition, anti-body deficiency syndrome or due to cortisone) or because of minor injuries.

C. Pityriasis Versicolor or Panu

1. Definitions
Pityriasis Versicolor is a superficial fungal infection that often occurs due to Malassezia furfur, a
dimorphic lifopilik mushroom and is a normal flora of human skin, characterized by a variety of lesions
ranging from hypopigmentation, redness to browning or hyperpigmentation. This disorder commonly
affects the body and is sometimes seen in the armpit, groin, upper leg, neck, face and scalp

4. Prevention and Treatment of skin Disease

.The disease can be prevented, here are ways to prevent the occurrence of the disease

.Dry the towel after use and replace as often as possible

.Shower routine and clean

.Store or hang clothes in a dry place

.Healthy lifestyle, then the possibility to suffer from this disease is very small

.In everyday life, preferably when the air is hot, then we must be diligent to wipe the sweat attached to
the body. Clothes worn should also be absorbing sweat.

.In addition, after exposure to water, it should dry it immediately, because the mushrooms are happy
with a humid place. It is also advisable to use clothes, or towels separately between families.

5. Topical Therapy

Topical therapy is defined as a drug application with certain formulations on the skin that aims to treat
skin diseases or systemic diseases that manifest on the skin. Topical therapy is a convenient method, but
its success depends on understanding the function of the skin barrier.

The main advantage is that it can bypass the first metabolism of the liver in the liver.

5. Pharmacokinetics of Topical Drugs

Topical pharmacokinetic drugs describe changes in drug concentration after application on the skin
surface, its journey through the skin barrier and underlying tissue, and its distribution into the systemic
circulation. Compounds applied to the skin surface, including topical medications, enter into the skin
following a concentration gradient (passive diffusion). The concentration gradient is caused by
differences in the concentration of the active drug in the dosage applied to the skin and the
concentration of the active drug in the skin tissue and underlying tissues (dermis and subcutaneous).

a. Ointment
Ointment is a semisolid preparation that can be used on the skin or mucosa. The basic ingredients of
ointment used in dermatotherapy are divided into four groups: 1) hydrocarbons, 2) absorption materials,
3) emulsion base materials, and 4) water-soluble substances (watersoluble based)

b. Cream

Cream is a semisolid preparation containing one or more active substances dispersed in a dispersing
medium and forming an emulsion. For emulsion stability, an emulsifier agent is used. The emulsifier may
dissolve in the two phases of the emulsion fluid, and surround the dispersed liquid to form dissolved
micro-water points in the dispersing medium.

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION

1. Diseases that can arise in the skin include psoriasis vulgaris, eczema, pyodermia, dermatomikosis.

2. Pityriasis versicolor or fungus is caused by superficial fungal infections caused by Malassezia furfur
that can be prevented by maintaining body hygiene while the

3. treatment consists of oral and topical. Topical therapy is defined as a drug application with certain
formulations on the skin that aims to treat skin diseases or systemic diseases that manifest on the skin.

4. Topical pharmacokinetic drugs describe changes in drug concentration after application on the skin
surface, its journey through the skin barrier and underlying tissue, and its distribution into the systemic
circulation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anatomy of Skin Physiology. http://pharzone.com/materi%20kuliah/anfis%202/kulit.pdf. Retrieved on 9

November 2012.

Mutschler, E. 1986. Drug Dynamics. Edition V. Bandung Institute of Technology. Bandung. P. 581-584.
Management of Pitiriasis Versicolor or Panu. 2009.
http://imadeharyoga.wordpress.com/2009/07/24/installation-pitiriasis-versikolor-atau-panu/. Retrieved
December 1, 2012.

Asmara, A. Sjaiful, F. and Tantien, N. 2012. Vehiculum In Topical Dermatotherapy. MDVI. Vol 39. No. 1.