Shah Wali Ullah

Shah Wali Ullah was born on 21st February 1703 in U.P. He was the son of
Shah Abdur Rahim who founded the Madrassa Rahimmiya and was
associated with Fatwa-e-Alamgiri by Aurangzeb Alamgir.Shah Wali Ullah got
his education from Madrassa Rahimmiya and taught there for twelve years .
He went to Hejaz to perform Hajj in 1724 and returned in 1732, where he was
highly influenced by Abu-Tahir Bin Ibrahim.
He pondered over the critical politico religious situation in the Sub-Continent.
He was the only person who realized the main factor of the decline of Mughal
empire after the death of Aurangzeb Alamgir i.e. “Ignorance of Islam”. The
Muslims of Sub-Continent did not follow the basic tenets of Islam.Then he
translated the Holy Quran into Persian language as it was widely understood
and spoken in the Sub-Continent just to make the Quran understandable. He
started to equip the children with basic Islamic knowledge.
He wrote 51 books, 28 in Persian and 23 in Arabics. His famous work was
Azalat-ul-Akhfa and Hajat-ul-al-Baligha in which he interpreted the Quran
and discussed the principles of Islam.
He observed the sectarian differences in the society. That’s’ why he tried
hard to resolve the Shia Sunni issues by realizing them that all of them are the
descendents of Hazrat Adam and rejected the false claim that Shias are not
the Muslims.
He stressed on Adl and Tawazan especially to tradesmen and businessmen. He
emphasized them to have fair dealing with other people in the business just to
balance the society.
He also urged soldiers to go for Jihad after understanding and studying the
term in detail because Sikh regained power in the north while Marhattas in
the south. He wrote letters to the state rulers to convince them to defeat the
Marhattas that is why Najib-ud-Daula from Rokheel Khand and Ahmed Shah
Abdali from Afghanistan defeated the Marhattas in the third battle of Panipat
in 1761. He offered Ahmed Shah Abdali to stay back in the Sub-Continent as
a ruler but he refused because of his state Afghanistan. Shah Wali Allah died
in 1762. He left four sons i.e. Shah Abdul Aziz, Shah Abdul Qadir, Shah Rafi-
ud-Din and Shah Abdul Ghani.
Shah Wali Allah came to rescue the Mughal Empire after it had fallen in
disarray after the death of Aurangzeb.He had two objectives i.e. to revive
Islam in the Sub-Continent and to revive the past glory of Muslims in the Sub-
Continent. His most important contribution was the translation of Holy
Quran in Persian language. He did his contribution for the entire Muslims of
the Sub-Continent. He was successful in reviving the Islam and realized them
that Ignorance of Islam was the main factor of their decline. But he could not
revive the past glory of Muslims in the Sub-Continent because after his death
nobody was thereto support his objectives.

SYED AHMED SHAHEED BRAILEVI

Syed Ahmed was born in 1786 in Rai Baraili at Lucknow. He was highly
inspired by Shah Abdul Aziz(son of Shah Wali Ullah) and enrolled himself in
Madrassa Rahimiya in 1806.He got military training from Ameer Khan and
became expert in artillery.He left for Hejaz to perform Hajj in 1818 and
returned in 1821.There he met HaJi Shariat Allah and was influenced by
Sheikh Abdul Wahab.He exchanged his ideas about Jihad and got clear
vision.
So when he returned, he pondered over the politico religious critical situation as Punjab was

occupied by the Sikhs. They banned to call the Azaan and even offer the prayer. They spread the

dead pigs before the mosques and played music at the time of prayer.

So they tried to ban all the religious activities of Muslims. At that time
Punjab was comprised of Eastern Punjab, Western Punjab, N.W.F.P and the
state of Kashmir.
Syed Ahmed selected the areas like NWFP and Punjab to be liberated from
Sikh rule because Punjab was adjacent with Afghan and Pathan tribes on its
western border. So

he toured the Muslim areas and called for Jihad against the Sikhs, according
to his main objective that was revival of Islam in Punjab. The area was direct
under the Sikh Rule not British. He had 80,000 forces which belonged to
different sects i.e Mujadidiya, Chishtiya etc. All forces mostly people were the
professors, scholars and literate in different aspect of life. So they had there
first encounter against the Sikhs at Akora in 1826.They got the victory and
then they had some skirmishes in which they also defeated the Sikhs.
He liberated the N.W.F.P, he appointed Yar Muhammad Khan as governor of
Peshawar to move towards other areas as he wanted to liberate Kashmir
now.Sikhs bribed Yar Muhammad Khan, that’s’ why he betrayed Syed
Ahmed and poisoned him. But it was a great blessing of Allah that he
survived. Then he was going to chang the headquarter of his army from
Nowshera to Balakot. Sultan Muhammad Khan and his pathan tribe
informed the Sikhs. Syed Ahmed, Shah Ismael and his 600 forces were present
at Balakot. Despite of having unarmed forces they fought against the Sikhs. It
was known as fierce battle of Balakot in which Syed Ahmed and his followers
were martyred on 6th May 1831.
Velayat Ali continued his efforts
Causes of its Failure:
Jihad Movement failed to achieve its objectives because
there was a disunity as his 80,000 forces belonged to different school of
thoughts. Most of them were the scholars and professors and were not the
militants while Syed Ahmed was expert in artillary.
Syed Ahmed was the leader but there was a lack of coordination between the
leader and his forces.So they had no common interest while doing jihad.There
was a financial constraint with the Muslims that’s why they could not be able
to get modern weapons while Sikhs were well equipped with modern weapons.
Even Muslims like Yar Muhammad Khan and Sultan Muhammad Khan
played a role of traitors who were not poisoned him but also informed the
Sikhs about the change of headquarter.

HAJI SHARIAT ULLAH

Haji Shariat Allah was born in 1781 in Faridpur District.He went to Hejaz to
perform Hajj in 1799 and returned in 1818. During his visit,he met Abdul
Wahab and Syed Ahmed. He exchanged his ideas about Jihad and after
returning to his country he pondered over the situation and made his
objective to revive Islam in Bengal.
Infact Bengal was a vast empire in which Hindus were in majority in western
Bengal while Eastern Bengal was a Muslim majority area. Hindus were the
landlords, living in Calcutta and in dominant position while Muslims were
working as peasants. They had to flatter Hindu landlords by accepting their
fair or unfair demands.Now Hindus forced them and infused in their mind as
to attend, participate and even celebrate the Hindu rituals e.g. Durga Festival.
So it polluted Islam in Bengal.
Then he launched a Movement named as Fraizi Movement. The word Fraizi is
taken from the Urdu word Farz which means duties which are obligated to
mankind by Allah. He exchanged the idea of Pir and Murid with Ustad and
Shagird .
He motivated them to offer the prayer, do Jihad and practice all religious activities towards

Allah. All his followers were known as Fraizis but the people who did tawba as he convinced

them were repented on their past sins. They made a promise of not doing
these sins again in their lives. They were known as Tawbars. This person was exploited by

Hindus and British and died in 1840.He was successful in the revival of Islam . His son Dudu

Mian or Mohsin-ud –Din continued his efforts while making amendments he introduced it as a

politico –Religious movement.

SIR SYED AHMED KHAN

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was born on 17th Oct 1817.He got his early education
from his maternal grandfather. After the death of his father in 1839 he got ab
job of sub clerk in east India Company. He was transfedre typo Delhi in 1846
while in Bijnaur in 1854. There he saved the lives of twenty British families
during the war of Independence 1857.After the war he criticized the British
rulers because of their new policy to exploit Muslims who were blamed to be
responsible for the war or the mutiny.
He was a person who realised that Muslims were backward in education as
well as in trade and commerce. He was known as an advocate of Hindu-
Muslim unity because he knew that Muslims could not be able to compete
with the British as they were strong in administration and expert in
navigation.
He convinced and motivated the Muslims of sub-Continent to acquire the
western education. For such purpose he established Madrassa Muradabad in
1859.He even founded a scientific society at Ghazipur in 1863.Its main
function was to translate the Literature, Art, Science and Technology into
Urdu just to make all these subjects understandable for the Muslims. Mostly
Hindus were working with the Muslims altogether as Muslims were backward
in education. He visited England with his son Syed Mahmood Ali in 1869and
observed the teaching style, curriculum and educational system in Oxford and
Cambridge Universities. Then he established MAO high school in 1875 which
was upgraded as a college in 1877 within two years. This was upgraded as a
university ion 1921 after his death. He hold the Mohammedan Anglo Oriental
Educational Conference to have more schools through out in the Sub-
Continent and to apply new educational methods at Aligarh.
He wrote Causes of Revolt 1857 in which he realized the British that they
themselves stood responsible for the war as they introduced the harsh policies
towards Indians which created unrest and irritation among the Indians. He
wrote “Essays on the Life of Muhammad” in the response of “Life of
Muhammad” written by William Muir in which the author put several
allegations against the Muhammad PBUH. He wrote “Loyal Mohammedans
of India” just showed them that all the loyalties of Indians remained with the
British rulers. Then he did research on the Bible and wrote Tabayan-ul-
Kalam in which he explained the similarities and differences in Islam and
Christianity. He also declared the word “Nadarath” which had been taken
from Quran written as Nasara. He cleared its meaning i.e. helper or
benefactor. Then he wrote Akhkaam-e-Taam-e-Ahle Deen which was written
in the light of Quran and Sunnah.He even told that Quran permitted to dine
with nations concerned with revealed books.

He was known as an Advocate of Hindu Muslim Unity. He worked a lot and

considered Hindus and Muslims as beautiful eyes of a beautiful bridal. In
1867 Urdu Hindi controversy was held in Benaras.Infact Hindus wanted to
remove “Urdu” and made Hindi as an official language. Urdu was a language
of Muslims, whenever they spoke, exposed their culture, which was not
affordable for Hindus. It changed the mind of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, then, he
did his contributions for the betterment of the Muslims only. In 1876 he got
his retirement from his job and was elected as a member of legislative
assembly, even he renominated by Lord Rippen. He suggested to have
separate electorate in 1883, due to religious differences between the two
communities. In the meanwhile 1885Allan Octavium Hume founded a
political platform Indian
National Congress to stream the passion of Indians. Indian National Congress
claimed itself that it would be the sole representator of all communities living
in India. Sir Syed forbade Muslims to get enter in Congress but latterly
Muslims left it as it proved itself a Hindu body which never allowed Muslims
to voice their demands. Then he organized a political party named as United
Patriotic Alliance, which was converted into

Mohammedan Defence Association in 1893 as he realized that without

education Muslim would not understand the politics of Hindus and British.

EAST INDIA COMPANY

British destroyed the Spanish ARMADA in 1588 and got the permission from
Elizabeth I in 1600 to launch their trading company in sub-Continent. It was a
time that India was known as a golden Sparrow. Their first trade ship landed
in1608 at Surat, then they visited “Jehangirs’ Court” to get permission while
Shah jahan issued them a trading license in 1612.They had selected the area
like Bengal because of fertility of its soil and coastal line.
It was a time of industrial revolution in Europe, so, they established their
industries in England and introduced their policy to export raw material from
India. There they properly exploited the raw material in their industries and
send their manufacturing goods to Sub-Continent to use it as a market. In this
way the wealth of the Sub-Continent was in the hands of British. They did
not pay any tax to the local govt.
As the British entered in the Sub-Continent for the purpose of trade, three
other European nations i.e. Dutch, Portuguese and French were already
settled their East India Companies. French drove out Dutch and Portuguese.
British driven out French by having three Karnatic wars from 1740 to 1751.
They forced them to leave the open fields of the sub-continent for the British.
Then they moved towards the state of Bengal. They fought there against the
new nawab of Bengal i.e Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula. He was defeated by
Britishers with the help of his state traitors in 1757in the Battle of Plassey.
Even they became the master of Bengal after the Battle of Buxar in 1764.
Now they had a change in their policies and they moved towards the Mysore.
They had two battles against the Tipu Sultan i.e 1792 and 1799.Tipu Sultan
was martyred by the Britishers with the help of traitors in his palace Saranga
Pattam.
They started to annex state after state and introduced the harsh policies,
which created irritation and unrest among the Indians. This caused the War
of Independence 1857 in which British won the victory and Queen Victoria
declared Hindustan as British Colony in 1858. So they became the rulers of
Sub-Continent.

The British got success due to their own strength and the weakness of the local
rulers as
 They were very clever and expert in warfare by having fights with other
European nations. While on the other hand Indians were lazy and did
not know about the warfare.
 The Europeans had advance knowledge of Science and were well
equipped with modern weapons while Indians neglected the new
inventions.
 There was a disunity among the state rulers and were fighting with each
other. The British as foreign traders took advantage and gradually
occupied the whole country.
 They continued their trade activities and became rich, richer and
richest as earned an enormous wealth. They got the financial resources,
 which they used, in all cases while Indians did not take interest in
administration and trade.
 The British were known as Whale as they were expert in navigation.
They followed the Blue Water policy in which when ever they felt any
danger from the local rulers, escaped to the deep water. This policy
brought success for them while Indians could not be able to chase them.
 They were properly supported by their government at home, which
made them bold and brave.

MUGHAL DECLINE
Muslims ruled over the sub-continent for several centuries i.e 1206 to 1526
Sultans of Delhi.Then the Mughal period was started in 1526 and ended in
1857 while the period 1526 to 1707 was known as a glorious Mughal
period.The vast Mughal Empire moved towards decline due to several causes.
 Akbar married to Rajput and Hindu women just to have cordial
relations with them. He had a bitter experience of his ancestors about
the rebellions. That’s why he did it to suppress all those rebellions. He
also introduced the new religion “Din-e-Illahi”in which he combined
both Ram and Rahim.Mujadid Alf Sani was opposed Akber and
introduced his Two Nation Theory in which he made distinction
between two nations and religions.
 Aurangzeb Alamgir spent 25 yrs in Deccan where he fought against the
Marhattas. They gained power in South. They were expert in gorilla
wars and night raids. That’s why whenever Muslim forces captured
there fortresses they recaptured them. So during his stay in Deccan he
had a heavy loss of life and money.
 As he was far away from the capital, Hindus started their conspiracy
against the Mughal rulers where they started working as a governor.
After the death of Aurangzeb Alamgir all his successors were incapable
and indulged themselves into luxuries of life. They were fond of music,
dancing, gambling and drinking. So they did not take interest in
administration.
 One another cause of the decline was succession wars.They forgot the
Laws of Succession because according to that law after the death of the
king his elder son must be a ruler of the state. Unfortunately the
descendants of the Mughal Emperors fought succession wars and killed
each other.
 The main factor of their decline was the ignorance of Islam.The Mughal
rulers forgot the religion as Islam provides us the code of life but they
 forgot the teaching of Islam.That’s why the vast empire moved towards
it as it was not managed properly.
 As the disunity was prevailed in the state rulers, foreigners invaded
India. Nadir Shah invaded India in 1739.He reached Kabul conquered
Lahore and then massacred in Delhi. Even when he returned to Persia,
plundered treasury and took the fabulous and precious Peacock throne
of ShahJehan. In 1747 Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded India and then
went back to his country Afghhanistan. While British who came to
India for the purpose of trade invaded as they realized the disunity
prevailed in the sub-continent.Then they became the rulers of India
after the war of Independence 1857.

War of Independence
The British had come to India for the purpose of trade with their policy to get
the raw material and use the Sub-Continent as market.As they realized
disunity among the state
rulers they had made an amendment in their policy to annex state after state
by having wars and battles. In the result of harsh policies of the British East
India Company, war of independence was broken out on 10th May 1857.
The British introduced Greased Cartridges in Jan 1857 to use them in new
Enfield Riffles. It was a new invention in which the cartridges were used whi
ch were folded in a fat. It was a rumour that the fat was of pig and cow.Now
pig is Haram or unlawful in Isslam while cow is sacred to Hindus. It created
resentment in Indians which caused the war.
The most important reason was the “Doctrine of Lapse” introduced in 1852
by Lord Dalhousie.It was considered as a law under which every state ruler
which would fail to produce any direct male heir, his state must belong to the
British.

In 1835 Lord Macaulay introduced the Minute education system. It was a

specific education which stated that Indians would remain Indians in their
blood and complexion but like Britishers in their taste and concepts.
In 1834 Persian was replaced with English just to keep the Muslims backward
in education and trade and commerce.It enraged the Muslim community.
They banned the Suttee in 1829. It was a religious tradition in Hinduism to
burn the alive widow with the dead body of her husband. They also abolished
the Purdah which was a religious symbol of Muslim women. It was attempted
to stop their outdoor activities and to keep them backward in education. Even
the Co-Education was also introduced which restricted the education of
Muslim girls. So it was a direct attack on the socio religious traditions on
Indians. It caused the irritation and unrest among the Indians.
Causes of Failure of War:
The war was broken out by the Indian sepoys on 10th May 1857 in Meerut
that’s’ why known as a Mutiny. It was spread like fire in jungle in its
surroundings. The most important factors due to which war could not achieve
its objectives were the following:
The war was fought by the combined Indian forces, which headed by Bahadur
Shah ZafarII. He was already besieged for three months due to which there
was no any coordination between the leader and the forces. There was no
unity among the state rulers, as they had no common interest because they
wanted to save their own state only. The only freedom fighters that fought
gallantly were the Nana Sahib, Rani of Jhansi and Tantia Topi while the rest
had no interest even they were just spectators.e.gSindh and Punjab.
It was declared that the war was started before the time as they were very
weak in finance and nobody was there to support them financially. It was a
time Mughal Empire was crumbling; even they had no trade with Iran and
China. As they did not take interest in science and technology that’s’ why they
had no idea about the inventions introduced in the world. So, it could not be
possible for Indian forces to buy new and modern weapons.
After effects of the War:
The power was transferred from East India Company to the Crown. Queen
Victoria declared Hindustan a “British Colony” in 1858. She took the title of
“Empress of India” in 1877.They abolished the board of directors of East
India Company and appointed Secretary of State to India and Governor
General was converted into Viceroy of India. They became the Rulers of the
Sub-Continent.
The combined Indian forces fought the war but only Muslims were stood
responsible for the war. Bahadur Shah ZafarII was arrested in 1857 and
exiled to Rangoon where he died in 1862. Hindus joint hands with British
rulers that’s’ why Muslims were sentenced brutally. The Muslim Law was
replaced with English Law so the Qazis in the courts had lost their
employment. The employments were there but Hindus were
appointed even on miserable charges. Then the British Rulers were looking
upon Muslims for their miserable conditions.They introduced Anti Islam and
Anti Muslim harsh policies against the Muslims as they wanted to exploit
them in all aspect of life.

PARTITION OF BENGAL 1905

The Partition of Bengal was done by Lord Curzon in 1905.It was a major
political crisis faced by the British Government. There were several cause of
Partition of Bengal.
Bengal was comprised of Bengal,Behar and Orisa. So it was a vast
empire which over populated i.e 78 million.Hindus were in majority in the
United Bengal.It was divided into Eastern and Western Bengal.In Western,
Hindus were in majority i.e 42 million with 12 million Muslims.while in
Eastern Bengal muslims were in majority i.e 18 million with Hindus i.e 12
million. It had a huge administrative problems that an administrative could
not visit even a single time during his five years tenure. The major problem
was caused due to its geographical conditions i.e typhoons,Cyclones,
windstorms and floods due to excess rainfall.The area became muddy and the
means of communication and transportation were not advanced.
The Hindus took advantage. They teased the muslims of the Eastern
Bengal because they were working as a peasants and farmers on the lands of
Hindus. Muslims stood responsible for the crops while Hindu landlords got
their lion share per year.
That’s why Dhaka, Myemsingh and Chittagong were merged into Assam
to create New province where the Muslims got dominant position.They got
sign of relief and rid of Hindu slavery.The Partition was not demanded by
Muslims.

ANNULMENT OF PARTITION 1911

Bengal was Partitioned in 1905,due to wh ich Muslims got a dominant position

in the new Eastern Bengal.It could not be acceptable and affordable to the
Hindus. It was done by British Govt due to some administrative problems.
Hindus started agitation against the govt as they realized their policy of
“Divide and Rule”.
They had protested marches even they made an assassination attempt
on Lord Minto,which was unsuccessful.They launched a movement called
“Swadeshi Movement”, it boycotted the British goods.
Hindus were already advance in education as wellas trade and
commerce. Mostly Hindu lawers made the Muslim peasants accused just to
earn mony, while Muslims were very happy but could not be able to counter
the Hindu agitation, that’s why one of the member of viceroys Executive
Council suggested to reverse the Partition and to transfer the British capital
to Delhi in 1910.{his name was John JenKins} He thought that the visit of
king of England “George”V to India Empire would be a good time for the
announcement of Annulment. Lord Hardinge agreed to ideas. It was
announced on Dec.12th 1977 at Delhi Darbar

Simla Deputation
In 1905 elections were held in England which was won by the Liberal party
and appointed Lord Minto II a viceroy of the Sub-Continent. He was famous
for his liberal policies and he declared that he would like to introduce some
reforms in the country. As it was heard by the Muslims; they decided to meet
the viceroy and apprise their demands before him. Mr. Archbold helped them
to get appointment as Viceroy was on vacations in Simla.Then 35 Muslim
leaders led by Sir Agha Khan went Simla to meet Viceroy. It was held on 7th
Oct 1906 and following demands were presented.
 They demanded 1/3 representation in all local bodies like Municipal
committee.
 They wanted to be appointed as judges in the courts to get justice in the
light of Quran and Sunnah.
 They would be the member in Senate and Syndicate of universities.
 They demanded right of separate electorate.
The viceroy heard them sympathetically and promised to consider all
demands in the new reforms. He fulfilled his words in 1909.It was a
courageous step of Muslims as not even a single Hindu supported them.

Formation of Muslim League

The Muslims of India got political awareness in 1905 and were forced by the
Hindus to have their own political platform.
After the war of Independence in 1857 Muslims were exploited in all aspect of
life. So, in 1867 Urdu Hindi controversy was held in Benaris by the extremist
Hindu leaders. They wanted to remove Urdu and Hindi would be the official
language. Infact Urdu was the language of Muslims so, whenever they spoke
exposed their culture. While in the hidden aims Hindus wanted to eliminate
them from Hindu society.
The British rulers thought that the unrest among them against the
government likes volcanoes and once they would eject lava then they would
have to leave India. That’s why they introduced a political platform i.e. Indian
National Congress. It was founded by A.O.Hume in 1885 to stream their
passions. The Congress claimed itself a sole representator of all communities
living in India but later on proved it a Hindu body. The Muslims of Sub-
Continent entered in political platform but gradually left it as Hindus never
allowed them to voice their demands. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan forbade them as
they were backward in education as well as in trade and commerce. Even they
had no political awareness.
The extremist Hindu organisation Arya Smaj was established in 1877 by Sir
Diyanand Saraswati. It raised a slogan “Hindustan is only for Hindus”. They
recalled that Aryans had come in the Sub-Continent about 5000 yrs ago and
whatever they had their religion but they were converted to Hinduism. So
they had given two options “to convert into Hinduism” or “to leave India”.
On the other hand British rulers partitioned the Bengal in 1905 because of
several administrative and climatic problems. The Muslims got East Bengal
where they were in dominant position and had no more Hindu stranglehold. It
was a concession which was given to them without any demand. It made them
more courageous and inculcates political awareness.
In 1906 Liberal party won the elections and appointed Lord MintoII as
viceroy of India. He declared to introduce reforms in India that’s why Muslim
political leaders went to Simla where they met the viceroy and apprised their
demands before him. He heard them and promised to consider them in the
new coming reforms. He fulfilled his words in 1909.
All these above mentioned factors forced the Muslims of Sub-Continent to
have their separate political platform. Even Hindus thought that Muslims had
ruled over Sub-

Continent for several centuries.So, they wanted them in the ruling power and
never be well wishers of Muslims. Then they had taken acourageous step i.e.
It was a Educational Conference held at Dhakka attended by all Muslim
leaders. So with the suggestions of Nawab Saleem Ullah Khan All India
Muslim League was formed on 30th Dec 1906. They had the following
objectives:
 To protect and safeguard the rights and interests of Muslims of Sub-
Continent.
 To have their loyalties towards British government to convey their
problems.
 To have cordial relations with all communities living in India.

MINTO MORLEY REFORMS

In the result of election 1905 in England, Liberals won and appointed Lord
Minto as a viceroy while John Morley as a secretary of state for India. They
prepared far-reaching proposals, which passed as an Indian Council Act of
1909, which made the important changes in the composition and functions of
the legislative councils.
Its provisions were:
British govt. enlarged the Imperial Council by including 60 members while in
Provincial Council added 50 members in large states and 30 members in small

states. They were elected through direct and indirect voting but all the
members were elected in Bengal. The allowance was given to the Non-official
members of Provincial Council and official members of Imperial Council. The
members of Imperial Council were allowed to discuss the budget,
administration, official policies and other subject matters but the
constitutional power or final decision would retain with the British govt.
So they were allowed to make their suggestions, opinions and raise questions
but no body was there to answer them. IT was declared that these reforms
would not lead them towards full Democracy and the addition of local people
in these councils would not take as a parliament.
Muslims got the right of separate electorate and representation in local
bodies, it began the controversy of communal representation. They included
the concession for Indians that they would get new reforms after every ten
years.
These reforms introduced the different chambers where they included the
loyal and polite Indians to express their views but the decision making power
was remained with the British rulers. First time in the history of Sub-
Continent Muslims got their Right of separate electorate, which led them
towards the establishment of Pakistan. So Muslim League got more
significance and respect, which could not be acceptable for Hindus. Congress
claimed that it was against the democracy while they were in majority in all
the councils. These reforms provided indirect democracy that’s’ why widely
criticized by the Hindus and Congress party.

Lucknow Pact
At the end of 1913 Mr. Jinnah joined Muslim League as it changed its course
i.e. Self Rule. He was known as ambassador of Hindu Muslim unity. So he
tried by heart and soul and succeeded to hold a joint session of Congress and
Muslim League in Bombay in 1915. It was his untiring effort that due to
mutual understanding about the agreed plan for the constitutional reforms
another joint session held in Lucknow in 1916. In this session both Congress
and Muslim League signed a pact known as Lucknow Pact. Their main
objective was to work for the attainment of self-government.
Mr. Jinnah led Muslim League while Congress led by Ambeka Charan.

1. They demanded provincial autonomy especially in matters of finance

and administration (from the control of central government).
2. The Congress accepted the right of separate electorate of the Muslims,
which they had been rejected since its birth.
3. It was also declared that no law or bill should be passed if 3/4 members
of a concerned community voted against it.
4. They had the right of adjournment motion.
5. More seats were reserved for Muslims in minority areas and less seats
reserved in majority areas.
6. Both communities got weightage in central and provincial legislature.

The Lucknow Pact was a landmark in the history of Sub-Continent because it

established unity among two opposing parties and communities. Both Hindu
and Muslims demanded self-government. Muslims realized that to succeed
they would have to cooperate with other parties.
Hindus accepted their right of separate electorate and declared them a
separate nation. They carried on cooperation in a better environment. This
spirit of mutual understanding and reliance (confidence) was never observed
thereafter.

Khilafat Movement
Q What is Khilafat and how it reached in Turkey?
Khilafat was an institution which was established after the demise of
Muhammad PBUH just to manage the first Islamic state in the world. So after
the rule of four caliphs it was in the hands of Ummaiyads, Abbasyines and
then ottoman in Turkey. Turkey was a vast Muslim empire in the world. All
the Muslims of the world had great affiliation with the caliph.

Q1. Why did Khilafat Movement launch in the sub-continent?

Q.2. Was the Hijrat Movement main reason of failure of Khilafat Movement.
Discuss.
Q3. Why did Khilafat Movement fail?
Q4. Do you think that Khilafat Movement helped Muslims to run Pakistan
Movement
 effectively? Explain.

Russia planned to occupy Turkey to get warm water. It was realized by

British and made a conspiracy against Turkey. As it was realized by
Germany, it declared war i.e. world war one. Muslims of the Sub Continent
were highly inspired by the Khilafat or
Turkey was a vast Muslim empire. It was comprised of Saudia
Arabia, Palestine, Syria etc. The Ottoman Empire of Turkey indulged itself
into the war for the sake of its close friend Germany. The Muslims of Sub-
Continent emotionally felt that as Turkey was an Islamic center of Khilafat.
That’s why they were concerned with their Holy and sacred places. They were
assured and British govt made premises i.e.
1:- Not to dismember the territory of Turkey.
2:- Not to harm the Holy and sacred places of Muslims
3:- Not to reduce the authorities of Caliph.
4:- Not to harm the Khilafat institute
That so much practices would be carried out.
But after the war British govt did not fulfill their words. The treaty of
Versailles dismembered the Ottoman Empire. The Indian Muslims felt that
allies would demolish the Turkish homeland. They felt dismayed over the
British betrayal and lost faith in them. Thus a Khilafat committee was made
and launched a movement.
It was launched by Ali brethrens and required the support of entire Sub-
Continent. The Lucknow Pact settled Hindu-Muslim unity in 1916.So, during
1919 Gandhi offered his cooperation without any condition. The Khilafat
conference was held on 17th Oct 1919

to pressurize the govt.to keep their promises. On the other hand Gandhi
launched Non-Cooperation Movement on 23rd Nov 1919. They boycotted the
British goods, renounced their tittles and left their jobs. Muslims were
enjoyed their cooperation and Hindu-Muslim unity. This unity was not
beneficial for the Muslims as Gandhi or Congress was seeking Sawaraj or self
rule.
In Feb 1920 a khilafat delegation went to England to remind the British prime
minister their promises and to convince them that Turkey should not be
treated harshly. But it was declared that Austria and Germany had been
severly punished then Turkey had no right to escape.On the other hand there
was a call of Hijrat which was issued by Abu al Kalam Azad and Maulana
Abdul Bari in 1920. They declared the India a Home of war or Dar-ul-Harb
and suggested them to go to Afghanistan a Home of peace or Dar-us-
Salam.So, the Muslims from Sindh, Balochistan and rest of the sub-continent
sold out their belongings, properties and homes. They went to Afghanistan
where the first badge was warmly greeted but latterly they were sent back and
when they returned, found themselves homeless, penniless and jobless.
In 1922 on 5th Feb an enraged mob entered in Chaura Chauri town of district
Gaurakhpur where they set fire on a police station.

and got more violent than Ghandi’s aim must be exposed to the Muslims and
his aim self rule would be ruined this sparked anger among Muslims. They
thought that if the movement continued, it compelled the British to surrender
before the Muslim demands.
4:- It created self-confidence
Montague Chelmsford Reforms 1919
The First World War was started in 1914 and ended in 1918. British rulers
demanded manpower and financial support from Indians, which they
provided them. The Hindus and Muslims came closer to each other and signed
pact for self-government. Edwin Montague the secretary of state visited India
with Chelmsford the viceroy met the local leaders and presented their report
with the possibility of self-rule by the Indians in all internal matters. The bill
was drafted on the base of this report and sent to Parliament for approval. It
was known as Montague Chelmsford Reforms.
The main recommendations of this act were as follows:
1.It introduced Dyarchy System in India. Under this system all the subject
matters were divided in “Transferred and Reserved” matters. The Reserved
matters were defence, currency, post, telegraph, railways, customs,Foreign
affairs and affairs of princely states assigned to the central government.While
the Transferred matters were agriculture, irrigation, health education and
local self-government remained under the control of Governor and his
executive council in the provinces.
1. The central legislative was replaced by a Bicameral legislative. It consisted
of two houses Upper house and Lower house. Upper house known as the
Council of States consisting of 60 members with the tenure of 6yrs.While
Lower house known as the Indian Legislative Assembly consisting of 145
members with the tenure of 3yrs
2. The right of separate electorate was retained for the Muslims and also
given to Sikhs.
3. 32/103 seats were reserved for Muslims in legislature Assembly.
6. A commission would be set up after ten years to review the working of
Dyarchy to
see whether full responsible government would be given to Indians or Not.
The Congress and Muslim League reluctantly accepted these reforms, as these
reforms were disappointed and in sufficient. The reforms were strongly
objected, as self-rule was not given to the Indian people.While introduced a
condition regarding commission
to review the responsible government. Infact the power were reserved by the
central government under Dyarchy System. Even the governors had the
authorities to dissolve the provincial assemblies. So they put their hold on the
local bodies by giving them minimum concessions.
5.5 million voters out of 250 m
Simon Commission:

It was declared in Mantague Chalmsford Reforms that a commission would

be sent to observe the Dyarchy system in working condition then they would
decide to give the full responsible government to the Indians. The Commission
was set up in 1927 led by Sir John Simon, to report on Constitutional progress
of India. He did not include any Indian while appointed white people. The
Commission prepared a detailed report on
which the future Constitution would be based his report was boycotted by
Muslim League and Congress. That’s why Sir John Simon was greeted with
black flags and the
slogans Simon go back. Even they started the non-cooperation and large-scale
mass agitations.
The report of Simon Commission was sent to the British Parliament based on:
(i) Abolition of Dyarchy (ii) Federal system should be established with
full Indian
autonomy.
(iii) Separate electorate for Muslims should not have one-third seats in
Legislature.
(iv) Sindh should remain a part of Bombay presidency
(v) Special status of N.W.F.P should remain same until further discussion.
(vi) Maintenance of weightage in Muslim Minority Provinces.
(vii) Fair representation of minorities in Legislature and executive council.
Indians rejected the report while Muslim league split into two factions. Which
were led by Mr. Jinnah and Sir Shafi. The reason was Sir Shafi decided to
cooperate with the Commission.Lord Berkenhead the secretary of state to
India heard it’s rejection then he challenged the political leaders of India. He
declared in the parliament “The Indians are so divided, opposed and fed up of
each other that they are unable to produce a unanimously accepted
constitution.”

Nehru Report:

All parties Conference was held in 1928 in which they appointed a committee
under the leadership of Moti Lal Nehru to make recommendations for future
constitution.
(1) Full responsible government should be formed with
residuary powers vested with center.
(2) Separate electorate should be replaced with joint electorate,
which was already extended with Muslims and given to
Sikhs in 1919.
(3) Sindh should be separated from Bombay presidency if it
would be able to bear its expenditure.
(4) Full provincial status should remain with NWFP.
(5) Hindi should be an official language.
(6) The seats should be reserved for Muslims on the base of
population.
These recommendations were presented before the All parties Conference
held in Dec 1928 for discussion. As the report was ambiguous, showed the
Hindu’s narrow mindedness. Quaid-e-Azam also attended the conference,
amended the report by (i) !/3
seats should be reserved for Muslims in the central legislature .(ii)Muslim
representation in Punjab and Bengal should be on the basis of population.(iii)
There should be full government but the residuary powers should vest with
province instead of center to make it more strong.
Quaid-E-Azam made some amendments, which were refused by Hindus. So
the report was completely rejected by Muslims because it was based on bias
and prejudice attitude of Hindus towards Muslims. Quaid-E-Azam declared it
an ambiguous report which only favored the Hindus. They did not want to see
Muslims in Dominant Position that’s why they wanted to replace separate
electorate with joint electorate and put the condition on separation of sindh
would be another Muslim majority area Hindus emphasized that future
Constitution should be based on this report while Mr., Jinnah declared that it
would ruin the political future of India as it reflected Hindus narrow
mindedness. It showed the polices on which the report was based i.e. Anti-
Islam and Anti – Muslim policy

FOURTEEN- POINTS
 The Muslims of the Sub-Continent rejected the Nehru Report because they
refused to accept the amendments in their report. It realized the Muslims to
gather under one leader and kept unity among them. Mr. Jinnah assumed the
charge of the Muslim League because they had no other choice So he
presented his fourteen points at the annual session of the League in 1929 at
Delhi in the response of Nehru report.

1. He demanded Federal system by distributing the remaining power to the

provinces instead of given to the center. As federal system concerned with
federation in which
there must be a center and rest of the country divided into several
units.Each unit is known as federal unit and quite independent by having
governor and legislative assembly.So all the provinces would get the
remaining powers to make them strong srather than the center by giving it
all the residuary powers.
2. All the provinces should have the autonomy or powers at equal basis.
3. The representation should be given to the minorities on the basis of same
adequate and effective principles without changing the majority into
minority in all administrative institutions.
4. He demanded 1/3representations of Muslims in central legislature which
should not be acceptable less than the demand.
5. He demanded the separate electorate should retain with the Muslims as
Hindus already accepted their right in 1916. It should also be open to any
community and joint electorate regarding representation of communal
groups.
6. The territorial distribution should not be effected the muslim majority
areas.He clearly declared that if it would be necessary than it would not be
accepted in Punjab, Bengal and N.W.F.P.
7. All the Communities of India should have the freedom of religious activities,
freedom for speech and writing regarding religion.
8. No bill or resolution should be passed if ¾ of the concerned community oppose
the bill if on the basis if it would not be in the interest of the community. So it
should not be in practiced as a law.
9. Sindh should be separated from the Bombay Presidency,as there would be one
another Muslim province.
10. Reforms should be introduced in N.W.F.P. and Balochistan as in the other
provinces just to develop these areas regarding education and trade.
11.He demanded the provision should be made in the Constitution that
Muslims should have adequate share in government services and in
administrative institutions on merit basis as given to the other Indians.(as
there were many graduates from Aligarh
12.The Constitution should have the Provision to safe guard and protect the
Muslim Culture, it should embody adequate provisions through which the
Muslims could promote their language religion, personal laws and charitable
institutions. He wanted us the grants and given by the state and
administrative bodies should also be given to the Muslim Charitable
institutions.
13.He declared that no Cabinet should be formed at central or provisional
level Without the proportion of Muslims which should at least 1 /3rd as
Ministers.
14. No change should be made by the central legislature without consulting
provinces or the Federal units in the Indian Federation.Infact the
fourteen points were the demands of Muslims but were concerned with all the
communities of India. It was really the turning point in the Indian politics
because both Hindus and Muslims stood paralyzed with wide divergent point
of view. It was hoped that Congress would be given due consideration to 14
points because these points were
in the favor of all communities. After having comparison with Nehru Report
by the British government, appreciated these points and called “the best”.
Congress rejected these points and pressurized the govt that the new
Constitution must be given to India by Dec 1929 on the base of Nehru report
while most of the recommendations of 14 points were taken for India Act
1935.The Muslims had a clear objective and their demands were now in black
and white. They had no mandate before these points.

THREE ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE

Lord Birkenhead (secretary of state to India) suggested to Lord Irwin (the

viceroy of India) to hold the Conference, as both the major communities of
India were failed to achieve any unanimous plan to frame the future
constitution for India. They had already wasted their time i.e.1927-1929. The
basic aim was to frame the future constitution of India. All the political
leaders of India were invited there, so, all the communities and Muslim
League attended the conference while Congress refused and
started the civil disobedience. Now Muslims got a golden opportunity to hold
talks with British.

1st Round Table Conference:

It was started on 12th Nov 1930 ended on 19th Jan 1931.All the Indian political
leaders attended the conference except Congress. Now Muslims got a golden
opportunity to hold talks with British. Then they made important decisions
i.e. to introduce Federal System in the country. They accepted dominion
status and a responsible government for India. Sindh should be a separate
identity. These decisions could not be implemented because of absence of
Congress which was directly concerned with Hindus.As they were the major
nation of the Sub-Continent thats’ why British rulers were unable to
implement even a single decision. So, it conclded nothing.

Gandhi Irwin Pact 1931:

Before the start of 2nd Round Table Conference, British realized that they
could not take any decision without the presence of Congress, which
represented the major nation of the Sub-Continent. That’s why Lord
Birkenhead suggested Lord Irwin to hold the talk with Gandhi. The talk was
held on 17th Feb then 19th to 27th Feb 1931.Both presented their conditions i.e.
Gandhi presented:
All the Congress members arrested during civil disobedience would be
released.
All the ordinances, which were passed against the Congress members, would
be withdrawn.
Lord Irwin presented:
Congress would attend the 2nd Round Table Conference.
Next time Mr. Gandhi would not start civil disobedience.
Both agreed and signed a pact on 5th March 1931.

2nd Round Table Conference:

It was started on 7th Sep 1931 and ended on 1stDec 1931. Congress attended
the meeting and Gandhi was the sole representator of Congress.They formed
two committees i.e.
Framing of constitution committee
Minority Rights committee
Unfortunately Gandhi as a sole representator became a member of both the
committees. He worked in Framing of constitution committee and stressed
that future constitution should be based on Nehru Report. While in Minority
Rights committee he did not want to work because he wanted to disband it. He
showed his stubborn attitude and child like behavior. They were failed to
achieve any results. So it concluded nothing.
After the 1st&2nd Round Table Conferences the Indians were failed to produce
any unanimous plan that’s why British parliamentarians prepared their
report known as White paper, which was published in Aug 1932 and latterly
known as India Act of 1935.

3rd Round Table Conference:

It was started on 17th -24th Nov 1932. Gandhi did not attend this meeting and
started civil disobedience in India. Sir Agha Khan led Muslim League and it
was just a formality, which was failed to conclude any result.
Evaluation:
The first Round Table Conference was the most important because all the
decisions were made in this conference i.e. Federal System, Dominion status
with responsible govt and separation of Sindh. But the British could not
implement these decisions because Congress did not attend that meeting and it
was a Hindu body. Now Muslims got a golden opportunity to communicate
with British due to which British realized that Muslims were more
cooperative than Hindus.
The second Round Table Conference was also inconclusive, as Gandhi did not
want to resolve the minority issues. This Conference was also achieved
nothing because of Gandhi’s stubborn attitude and his childish behavior. The
British included the decisions made in the first Round Table Conference,
discussion of the second Round Table Conference and fourteen points of
Quaid-e-Azam in their report. Their Report was known as India Act of 1935.
Prime Minister of England Ramsay Macdonald
Secretary of state to India from 1930-1933 Wedgwood Benn

ALLAHABAD ADDRESS
In 1930 all the Indian political leaders were invited for Three Round Table
Conferences held in London to frame the future constitution of Sub-
Continent. It was an annual session of Muslim League held at Allahabad.
Allama Iqbal was invited to preside over the session. The speech he delivered
was based on Two Nation Theory in which he made a clear distinction
between Muslim and Hindu regarding their culture, religion, rites and
customs. He said that Islam provide us a complete code of life so, it required a
separate state as a laboratory for practical application.

He further stated that both communities were failed to produce any agreed
plan for future constitution. He concluded that due to the Hindu Muslim riots
it could not be possible that both live together. He reached the following
conclusion in his address “I far see that the future of the Muslims of the Sub-
Continent lay in having an independent Muslim state in the North-Western
part of India where they stood in majority. Even he pointed out the names of
all those areas”.
His address produced a revolutionary zeal among the Muslims. They had
found their destiny and goal i.e. to get a separate electorate while clear their
objectives about their identity. Now he had given them a new dimension
pictured on the political screen of Muslims. Now the effect of the address was
marvelous because it united the Muslim community and struggled for it under
the banner of Muslim League.

CH.REHMAT ALI

He was born on 16th Nov 1897 in Balachaur of East Pakistan. He joined

Islamia college in 1912 and founded society named Bazm-e-Shibli in 1915.In
1930 he left for Hejaz and enrolled in Cambridge University. He did Masters
in 1930 and Law in 1931.It was a time of 1930 to 1931 and Three Round Table
Conferences were held in England. They were working for future constitution
of India in which they demanded Federal system and separate homeland for
the Muslims of India.
His attitude towards the struggle for freedom was militant. He wanted to
snatch the power from British rulers instead of relying on arguments. Both
Mr. Jinnah and Ch.Rehmat Ali had the same objectives but the means to
achieve were different.
He was also impatient and wanted to make efforts on 28th June 1933 named
Now or Neve. He coined the name of Pakistan for 30 million Muslims of Sub-
Continent by taking the names of all rtthese areas which were pointed out by
Allama Iqbal in his Allahabad Address in 1930. The letter “P” stands for
Punjab, “A” stands for Afghan, “K” stands for Kashmir, “S” stands for
Sindh& Tan for Balochistan. The meaning of Pakistan is Land of pure people.
He wrote the pamphlet on the base of Two Nation Theory of Sir Syed Ahmed
Khan. He cleared a distinction between Hindus and Muslims. His ideas were
different from Iqbals’ ideas in which Iqbal demanded lose federation. He
served in England as an ambassador of Muslims of Sub-Continent as he
advocated the establishment of
Pakistan. He collected all interviews and his articles which were published
with the name of the father land of the Pak nation. He was rewarded for his
efforts in 1940 that Lahore Resolution was named as Pakistan Resolution. He
did not agree with the final map of Pakistan. He died in England on 3rd Feb
1951.
 INDIAN ACT 1935

This Act was in the result of Three Round Conferences, as all of them were
inconclusive. That’s why British introduced their report after 2nd Round
Table Conference. It was published with the name of Communal Award in
Aug 1932 which laterally known as India Act 1935.
According to Act it had two parts , Federal And Provincial. They introduced
its Provincial Part in which following recommendations were made:
They abolished Dyarchy system in provinces and introduced in Federal just to
have their hold on Indians. Then first time they introduced the Federal
System, which divided the whole country into 11 provinces with princely
states. All provinces got autonomy and considered as separate entities.
Powers and authorities were given to the Viceroys, Governor Generals and
governors which were not shared with the local people. Even Governors were
stood responsible to resolve the minority issues while in 1919 they had the
authority to dissolve the provincial assembly.The resolving of minority issues
meant that Muslims would get their rights.
They retained the Right of Separate Electorate with the Muslims and also
provided to the Sikhs,They also accepted 1/3 Muslim representation.
Even they separated Sindh from Bombay presidency and Orissa from
Bengal.According to this Act NWFP got its provincial status and at the end
concession was made for Indians that elections would be held in near future.
EVALUATION:-
The Act of 1935 was considered as a defective document declared by Mr.
Jinnah under this Act Federal System was Introduced did not provide
guarantee for individual liberty which could not be a dominion status. Despite
of having lot of drawbacks in
Diarchy System, it was introduced in the center and abolished in the
provinces. Governors and viceroys were highly authoritative in the provinces
and at the center. It was against the democracy because ministers were not
allowed to interfere in state matters. Elections were held in the country under
this Act of 1935.
The Government of India Act of 1935 was opposed on all sides in India. However,
it was an
important step towards independence, as it provided the basis for the
negotiations which finally resulted in the British leaving India. Parliamentary
systems had been set up, in which the Indian people gained increased
representation. The 1937 elections, which both the Congress and Muslim League
wanted to contest, followed quickly at provincial level.

Election 1937
Under the India Act of 1935, it was declared that elections would be held in
1937. These elections were won by Congress in 08 out of 11 provinces. While
on the other hand Muslim League was defeated and got hardly 4.8% seats.
Actually Mr. Jinnah got anger as Muslim League was fractioned into two
parts, one led by Sir Muhammad Shafi and other by Mr.Jinnah.In 1930 all
the political leaders were invited to England to attend the Round Table
Conferences. He left for London and then voluntarily exiled himself from
politics. He did not want to come back but Allama Iqbal wrote him letters and
persuaded by Liaqat Ali Khan that his nation was seeking his leader ship. He
came back in 1934 and India Act was introduced in 1935. The Act declared
that the elections would be held in 1937.
Mr. became president of Muslim League for life time and then he reorganized
the League. In that short span it couldn’t be possible for the Muslims to tour
the entire Sub-Continent. So they deliberately ignore the Muslim majority
areas and only did their campaign in Muslim minority areas. While Hindus
toured the whole Sub-Continent went door to door and presented their
manifesto. Thats’ why Muslim League got heavy defeat.

Congress Ministries

In the result of election1937, Congress formed its ministries. Then they got
promises from the governor of the provinces not to use their special powers
under the constitution to protect minority rights. They started a series of
move to drown the Muslims’ culture and identity. They leveled humiliating
atrocities on the Muslims and heightened the Hindu nationalism.
A Bengali Hindu writer Bankim Chattergee wrote a song in his novel
Anandmath. In the song abuses were hurled at the Muslims and it contained
most humiliating material.
But the Congress appreciated it and adopted it as a song. It was made
compulsory that every Hindu and non-Hindu must be recited it before work
everyday.
A basic education scheme was launched by Gandhi.i.e Wardha Scheme.
Spinning cotton by hand was included in the curriculum and Hindi was made
as medium of instruction.
They banned the religious education. Their hidden aim was to keep the
Muslims backward in education.
The Congress also introduced a Widya Mander Scheme. It was a religious
educational scheme to convert non-Hindus to Hinduism. The Muslims were
forced to join their hands and bow their heads before Gandhi’s’ portrait
followed by the singing of hymns. It was introduced in all educational
institutions by Dr. Zakir Hussain .
A three colored flag hoisted with Union Jack. The three colored flag was for
Hindus while Union Jack concerned with British rulers. So they showed that
India had only two nations British and Hindus.
Hindu Muslim riots raged throughout the nation in the wake of the recent
atrocities. The offenders were mostly Hindus who burnt down mosques,
interrupted Azaans and forcefully drove pigs into the mosques. The Muslim
settlements in the Muslim minority areas were burnt down and horrible
holocausts were committed.
The Congress aimed at physically and mentally converting Muslims. They
started Muslim mass contact campaign and used leaflets and force to defame
Muslim League in the heart of Muslim masses. It was initiated by Pundit
Nehru to divide an d weaken them. Their hidden aim was to convert the
Muslims into Congressites.
As the Congress started its cruelties, it provided a perfect opportunity for
Quaid to remind Muslims that in a Congress dominated India this would be
their fate. He also realized them that Hindu raised a slogan that Hindustan is
only for Hindus because British rulers did not fulfill their words. Under the
Act of 1935 governors were stood responsible for minority issues but they
reacted like spectators.

DAY OF DELIVERANCE:

The elections of 1937 were held under the India Act 1935. Congress won
those elections and formed their ministries in 8/11 provinces. They had
started theiiir cruelties towards Muslims. Now it was a time of World
War II i.e. 1939-1945. So the British govt demanded man power and
financial aid. The Congress took advantage of critical situation and
demanded transfer of power immediately.
The British govt refused to accept their demand that is why
Congress decided to resign from their ministries.They did it in Nov
1939. So the Muslims of Sub-Continent got sigh of relief from
tyrannical and oppressive
rule. Even the thanks prayers were offered and they bow their heads
before Allah.They celebrated Day of Deliverance on 22nd Dec 1939
on the request of Quaid-e-Azam.
 SECTION # 3
INNITIAL PROBLEMS
FORMATION OF GOVERNMENT:-
The literacy rate of Pakistan after the
partition was hardly 3.6%. Hindus who were advanced in education, migrated
to India. That’s why there was no expertise in Pakistan. Quaid-e-Azam
nominated all those people who were elected in 1945-1946 elections and got
experience to work in Interim Govt. of 1946e.g Liaqat Ali Khan, Sardar
Abdur Rab Mashtir. He held its first session on 11th Aug 1947 in which a task
had been given i.e. to form the government and to frame the future
constitution of Pakistan with in 18 months to two years .
PAKHTOONISTAN ISSUE:-
It was declared in 3rd June plan that referendum
would be held in NWFP to get accession to India or Pakistan. There was a
political party named as Red Shirt led by Dr. Khan Sahib (brother of Abdul
Ghaffar Khan known as traitor and Sarhadi Gandhi). They wanted to
adjacent with Afghanistan otherwise to have separate Independent state that’s
why Quaid-e-Azam visited NWFP several times and convinced them to be a
part of Pakistan. He also admired Pathans and Balochi people for their
bravery, boldness and courage declared that I would like to see the people of
NWFP and Balochistan in Pak army, Navy and Airforce.Now most of the
people are belonged to NWFP & Balochistan.
INFLUX OF REFUGEES:-
As the partition of the Sub-Continent was
announced, all the Hindus and Muslims migrated to their respective areas. It
was the biggest migration in the world. Now there was a influx of refugees
entered in Pakistan. It creates great problem in accommodation. It could not
possible for Pakistan to provide them basic necessities of life, medical, social
security and shelter. It was forcibly stopped in 1958.
INDUS WATER DISPUTE:-
Indus plain was considered as one of the fertile
plain in the world so being an agricultural country Pakistan’s’ economy was
based on this sector. As Radcliffe did unfair to Pakistan by awarding all these
areas to India in which the headworks of Eastern Rivers were located e.g.
Ravi, Sutlej and Bias. Mostly they stopped the water even opened it during the
rainy season to occur the flood in Pakistan, just to destroy its
economy.Pakistan knocked the door of International court of justice which
referred to world Bank. Hence Pakistan signed Indus Water Treaty in 1960 in
which India got rights over Eastern rivers and Pakistanover western rivers.
ACCESSION OF PRINCELY STATES:-
At the time of partition, according to
rd
the 3 June plan, an option had been given to the princely states either to go
to India or Pakistan. That’s why Gilgit got separation from Kashmir and
acceded to Pakistan. Similarly Kalat located in Balochistan and Bahawalpur
acceded to Pakistan. While Munawader and Junagarh which were located at
a distance of 300 miles also stopped to accede to Pakistan forcibly by Indian
forces. These states had already informed Mr. Jinnah through telephonic
conversation for their accession. There was another richest Muslim state i.e.
Hyderabad, which even desired to join Pakistan. It was also stopped forcibly
by Indian forces. That’s why Nizam Hyderabad just took his documents of his
property and left for Pakistan while in Kashmir Raja Hari Singh escaped to
Delhi where he signed the papers to accede to India.

DIVISION OF MILITARY AND FINANCIAL ASSETS:-

It was decided to divide
the military assets between the two states. But unfortunately artillery and
other weapons which were sent to Pakistan were in obsolete condition. In
financial assets 5:17 ratio was suggested according to which Rs.750 millions
were given to Pakistan out of Rs.4000millions. Pakistan got its first
installment of Rs.200 millions, then 500 millions were given on the threat of
Mr. Gandhi to have hunger strike. Still 50 millions are reserved with Reserve
Bank of India. It is a concept of Indian government that if 50 millions will be
given to Pakistan then it will be used in Kashmir against Indian forces.

Quaid-E-Azam as Governor General

Quaid-E-Azam became the first Governor General of Pakistan. During his life
time he contributed a lot. Pakistan got its independence on 144th Aug 1947 but
he formed the first constituent assembly on 11th government Aug 1947. It was
very difficult as the literacy rate was hardly 4.6% and had no expertise in
Pakistan. He nominated those who were elected in elections 1945-46 and had
experience of interim government in 1947. He gave them two tasks i.e. to form
the government and to frame the constitution.
Then he resolved the Pakhtoonistan Issue as the people of NWFP wanted to
accede to India. Actually there was a political party named as Red Shirts
which was led by Dr. Khan Sahib (brother of Abdul Ghaffar Khan known as
traitor and Sarhadi Gandhi).
They started the issue to have separate state that’s why Quaid-e-Azam visited
NWFP several times and convinced them to be a part of Pakistan. He also
declared that I would like to see the people of NWFP in Pak army, Navy and
Airforce.Now most of the people are concerned with NWFP.
He inaugurated the State Bank of Pakistan to stable the economy of his
country and upgrade its trade. Even he declared himself the protector general
of minorities. Then he died on 11th Sept 1948.
CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Q. Explain how successful has the constitution 1973 been than 1956 and 1962
constitutions in stabilizing the democratic forces in Pakistan?
A. Pakistan got its first constitution in 1956. It introduced the Parliamentary
form of government due to which the whole administrative machinery
revolves around the prime minister. He must be all inm all while president
have far less powers and authorities than prime minister. President must be
bound with the advice of prime minister.
Unfortunately Iskander Mirza , who was the last Govrnor General of
Pakistan became the first president after getting first constitution in 1956. So
the governor generalship was converted into presidentship with far less
powers than the prime minister. Iskander Mirza did not want to replace his
powers and authorities or transfer the powers to prime minister that’s’ why
four ministries were changed during 1956-58.i.e. Ch. Muhammad Ali

Hussain Shaheed Suharwardy, I.I.Chundrigarh and Maklik Feroze Khan

BNoon. So it was failed to stabilize the democratic government in Pakistan.
The constitution of 1962 introduced by Ayub Khan in which presidential form
of government i.e. dictatorship which showed him a strong head of state. That
was one man show. It was introduced without any discussion and lifted the
martial law. It showed the combine democracy but forwarded government by
western Pakistan. As president was all in all so he had the powers in both
choosing and dismissing cabinet members.
The constition of 1973 promulgated on 13th April 1973 intoduced by Z.Z.
Bhutto. Once again Parliamentary form of Government with bicameral
legislature was introduced. It introduces 4 provinces with federal system that
every province was quite independent and had no fear of central
government’s overrule on them. It agreed and voted on by a democratically
elected Assembly which provided them great authority.
The constitution of 1973 was the most important and successful that National
Assembly completed his five years tenure and held elections in 1977. It proved
itself a permanent constitution which can be suspended but not abrogated.
Even Zia-ul-Haq
Imposed Martial Law but could not abrogate the third constitution. He used
its structure and made several amendments to rule over the country. So he
announced to hold elections in 1985 and banned the political parties. So under
the constitution of 1973, Junejo government was formed so it restored the
democracy.

Q. Explain the causes which delayed the framing of Constitution of Pakistan?

Q. Examine the Islamic provisions of all the three constitutions of Pakistan?