Cytoskeleton & consciousness !

• Dr. Stuart Hameroff believes that

maybe microtubules are the roots of
consciousness
• A type of cell called a lymphocyte makes
proteins that are exported from the cell. You
can track the path of these proteins within
the cell from production through export by
labeling them with radioactive isotopes.
• Identify which of the following structures
would be radioactively labeled in your
experiment, listing them in the order in which
they would be labeled:
• chloroplasts, Golgi apparatus, plasma
membrane, smooth ER, rough ER,
nucleus, mitochondria.
 O2

CO2

Lungs

Chapter 6: O2 CO2

Cellular Respiration

O2 CO2

Muscle cells
Cellular
respiration
Food
Energy
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Many reactions require ATP
Vitamin-derived
coenzymes
(NAD+ & FAD)
hold high
energy
electrons/
protons
released during
cellular
respiration.
Important Note:

• Detailed metabolic pathways (Ch 6, 7)

given in Apppendix A of Textbook.
• During glycolysis:

1. A six-carbon glucose molecule is split

to form 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.
2. High-energy electrons are donated to
NAD+,
3. forming NADH, and
4. Four ATP molecules are directly
generated (substrate level
phosphorylation).
• Are phosphorylated substrates/
intermediates encountered in
glycolysis?
What will be the net ATP gain per
glucose molecule (in glycolysis) if
triose phosphate isomerase is
inactive?

16
• Glycolysis is the first phase of aerobic
cellular respiration. How many
molecules of oxygen are used during
the glycolysis of one glucose molecule?

17
Linear vs Cyclic
Metabolic Pathways
and Hans Krebs

18
Kreb’s Cycle

• See Figure A2 in Appendix of

Textbook for details
 21
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Thought Question…

• If you were able to stop cellular

respiration after completion of
electron transport but prior to
chemiosmosis, in which
compartment of the mitochondrion
would you find the pH to be the
lowest? Why?
• Thermogenic plants such as the
“skunk cabbage” can use energy of
electron transfer to generate heat.
Mechanism of heat generation in
newborn babies and hibernating animals
Mechanism of heat generation in
newborn babies and hibernating animals