Generation Systems Software (1996)

Generation Systems Software
Power Engineering Software Series
Series Editor: Professor John R. Smith
The Power Engineering Software series is designed to provide software of immediate use
to practising and graduate engineers. The scope will include power systems analysis
packages ranging from fault analysis, load flow and computerized relay settings for
distribution and transmission systems to the dynamic operation of generation systems and
mixed electrical machine systems suitable for use with industrial and marine installations.
The software is specially formulated to be of direct use for practical problem evaluation
and to serve as a computer based instructional package for those engineers requiring
updated training in the use of these techniques. Their use in the latter context may be
described as that of a sophisticated slide-rule which enables the time involved and the
drudgery of hard calculation to be eliminated. User friendly electrical power system
software can be used effectively to gain a firm grasp of the subject by reference to
demonstrations of the various problems to which the methods and analysis may be directed.
A particular attraction of the series is the clear and straightforward manner in which
individual computer program manuals are presented, together with case studies selected to
assist the user in the rapid implementation of the techniques.
1. Generation Systems Software

Steam, gas and diesel plant
Generation Systems Software
Steam, gas and diesel plant
M.-J. Chen, M. Buamud and D.M. Grant
for
E.M. Simulation Services Ltd

Stonehaven
Scotland
CHAPMAN & HALL

London· Weinheim . New York· Tokyo· Melbourne· Madras
Published by Chapman & Hall, 2-6 Boundary Row, London SE18HN, UK
Chapman & Hall, 2-6 Boundary Row, London SEt 8HN, UK

Chapman & Hall GmbH, Pappelallee 3, 69469 Weinheim, Germany
Chapman & Hall USA, 115 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10003, USA
Chapman & Hall Japan, ITP-Japan, Kyowa Building, 3F, 2-2-1 Hirakawacho,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102, Japan
Chapman & Hall Australia, 102 Dodds Street, South Melbourne, Victoria 3205,
Australia
Chapman & Hall India, R. Seshadri, 32 Second Main Road, CIT East,
Madras 600035, India
First edition 1996
© 1996 Chapman & Hall
ISBN- 13: 978-0-412-57850-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-1191-1

001: 10.1007/978-1-4613-1191-1
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or
criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents
Act,1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any
form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers,
or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of
the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in
accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the appropriate Reproduction
Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside
the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address
printed on this page.
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the
accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal
responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
§ Printed on acid-free text paper, manufactured in accordance with ANSIINIS0.48-

1992 (Permanence of Paper).
Contents
List of abbreviations Vlll
1 Introduction 1
2 Overview of system component modelling 3
3 Program operating manuals 13

3.1 Introduction 13
3.2 General 13
3.2.1 Computer requirements 13
3.2.2 Using the programs 14
3.2.3 Plotting results files 14
4 Steam turbo-generator program manual 16

4.1 Introduction 16
4.2 The opening menu (page 1) 17
4.3 System specification menu (page 2) 18
4.3.1 Protection and disturbance parameters 20
sub-menu (page 2a)
4.4 The generator menu (page 3) 21
4.5 The AVR menu (page 4) 22
4.5.1 The AVR state data menu (page 4a) 23
4.5.2 The AVR limit data menu (page 4b) 23
4.5.3 The saturation function data menu (page 4c) 24
4.6 The mechanical system menu (page 5) 24
4.6.1 Turbine section data menu (page 5a) 25
4.6.2 Generator section data menu (page 5b) 26
4.7 The governor menu (page 6) 27
4.7.1 The governor state data menu (page 6a) 27
4.7.2 The governor limit data menu (page 6b) 28
4.8 The network menu (page 7) 28
4.8.1 Line parameters menu (page 7a) 29
4.9 AVR modelling 30
4.9.1 Background 30
4.9.2 Standardized model for data presentation 31
VI
4.9.3 Exciter saturation 32

4.10 Governor modelling 33
4.11 Case studies 35
5. Diesel-generator program manual 46

5.1 Introduction 46
5.3 System specification menu (page 2) 49
5.3.1 Event data sub-menu 50
5.6 The engine data menu (page 5) 54
5.6.1 Identification of engine data 55
5.8 The transformer menu (page 7) 58
5.9 Induction motor menu (page 8) 59
5.10 AVR modelling 60
5.10.1 Background 60
5.12 Case Studies 65
6. Gas turbine-generator program manual 76

6.1 Introduction 76
6.3 System specification (page 2) 78
6.3.1 Event data sub-menu 79
V11

6.7 The transformer menu (page 6) 85
6.8 Induction motor menu (page 7) 86
6.9 A VR modelling 88
6.9.1 Background 88
6.11 Case study 94
References 102
Appendix A Inductance coefficients 103
Appendix B Diesel engine data functions 106
Appendix C Typical rotating electrical machine data 108

List of abbreviations
Electrical symbols
V voltage
I current
R resistance
L inductance
X reactance
A flux linkage
P power
Q reactive power
TX transformer
VT voltage transformer
AVR automatic voltage regulator
MW megawatts
MVA megavolt amperes
MW-s megawatt seconds
Mechanical symbols
J inertia
K stiffness
C damping coefficient
ro angular velocity
H inertia constant
T torque
LP low pressure
IP intermediate pressure
HP high pressure
1 Introduction
The contents of this book are intended for those concerned with the
simulation of the performance of generation systems. The subject is of
importance to practising electrical engineers because of the many situations
that arise in the design and operation of modem electromechanical systems
and electrical power systems. The simulation programs contained in this
book cover the prediction of generator performance for both large and
small scale units.
Synchronous generators of the round rotor and salient-pole variety of
ratings of between a few Megawatts to around 1200 MW are invariably
used by public supply companies for the generation of electrical power.
For industrial purposes a variety of types of generator are used, including
steam and gas turbines, and medium to low speed diesel engine driven
generators, the former for those cases where process steam is available and
the latter often in the role of marine generation or in a standby role.
The consideration of synchronous machine operation very often centres
on the stability of the machine or system to which it is connected and
occupies an important role in the design of power systems. In the early
years of power system development an important requirement was for the
system to maintain stability during large transient disturbances, but for
present-day conditions, the system ties are often stronger and tend to
minimize the risk from this form of instability. However, set against this
the problems associated with dynamic stability and the study of the effect
of various switching and abnormal operating conditions require reliable,
accurate and easily implemented simulation methods.
Chapter 2 provides a background to mathematical representations of
generator systems. The assumptions leading to these formulations are
clearly stated. The per-unit system for expressing machine parameters and
variables is used throughout.
Three-phase representation of all system components has been chosen to
cater for asymmetrical operation. Such a representation is able to easily
model in detail the many asymmetrical phenomena encountered. For
example, around 80% of system faults are of the phase to earth variety, and
although the three phase fault is generally considered to be the most severe
type of fault from the point of view of transient stability evaluation,
2 Simulation of the Performance of Generating Systems
asymmetrical faults resulting in a high percentage of negative phase

sequence components are known to have an onerous effect on
electromechanical oscillatory conditions associated with steam turbine
generation.
Other types of asymmetrical conditions that conceivably arise include
sequential circuit breaker pole opening, unbalanced loading and unbalanced
circuit arrangements.
Three simulation programs are presented. The fIrst concerns a steam
turbine generator, connected via a generator transformer and transmission
link, to a system of much larger capacity. Here the modelling takes account
of the torsional dynamics of the turbine prime-mover together with a
representation for both governor and excitation control. The system
represents a typical large generation unit and caters for the solution to a
variety of symmetrical and asymmetrical disturbance conditions commonly
encountered with this type of system. The second program considers a
diesel driven plant where the run-up from standstill is a feature of the
package. Since generation units of this form are generally associated with
isolated power systems, load representation in the form of the induction
motor load is also represented. The fmal program considers gas turbine
generation and again rotating load representation is provided.
In all cases, the outputs from a program are in graphical form.
Subsequent sections in the book contain manuals for operating the three
programs and a typical case study is provided for each program.
2 Overview of system component
modelling
This chapter describes the mathematical representation of the various

components of the generation systems considered. Equal consideration is
given to both the electrical and mechanical aspects of the simulation. This
is a basic requirement since an inaccurate response from the prime-mover
system would inevitably lead to inaccuracies in the overall response.
Traditionally less consideration has been given to this aspect of
simulation. This is principally due to attention being directed towards steam
turbine units, where the relatively long time constants inherent with these
systems do not place the same constraints on the accuracy of the models as
that required when considering, for example, diesel driven generation. In
addition, the non-linearity of response of the latter type of device excludes
the possibility of the classical transfer function approach to modelling.
Figure 2.1 shows the schematic arrangement for a typical generating unit.
Generator 1)(
6.~ Transmission circuit
load
b:Js
Mechanical Representation of Turbine or Engine Stages
r-----------------------------.
I T I 3 Phase
I 2 I CenenrtDr
I I TO
I I~
I
I
I
I
IL _____________________________ I
~
voltage
reference
Thermodynamic pracess and

governing system Reference
Fig. 2.1 Schematic diagram of typical generating unit.

The various sub-models depicted in the figure relate to the synchronous

generator and generator transformer, a torsional representation of the shaft
system, the prime-mover process, excitation control and the interconnecting
transmission circuit.
The voltage equations for the synchronous generator, as illustrated in
schematic form in Fig. 2.2, are given as
where V, I, A and R refer to voltage, current, flux linkage and resistance.

The subscript s relates to stator quantities and subscript r relates to rotor
quantities. 'pI is the differential operator d1dt.
las
~
.I
cs
:.....
r.. Vcs
....,
/
/
/
Fig. 2.2 Three phase synchronous generator.
The flux linkages associated with the interaction between stator and rotor
windings can be represented by
Overview of system component modelling 5
Aas Lasas Lasbs Lases Lasfd Laskd L askq las
Abs Lbsas L bsbs Lbscr> Lbsfd Lbskd L bskq Ibs
Aes Lcsas Lesbs Lcscs Lcsfd Lcskd L cskq les

- (2.2)
Afd Lfdas L fdbs Lfdcs Lfdfd Lfdkd 0 Ifd
Akd Lkdas L kdbs Lkdcs L kdfd Lkdkd 0 lkd
A kq L kqas L kqbs L kqes 0 0 L kqkq lkq
where subscripts as, bs, cs, fd, kd and kq refer to the three phase stator
windings, the excitation winding and d- and q-axis damper winding
quantities respectively.
Many of the inductances contained in equation 2.2 are functions of rotor
displacement, and therefore functions of rotor speed and time. The
individual components of the inductance matrix are given in Appendix A.
In addition, rotor motion, caused by the electromagnetic interaction, results
from a torque that is a product of stator and rotor currents. Since in this
application a prime-mover drives the generator, a bond of interconnection
is required such that equations representing both the electrical generation
process and the mechanical prime-mover may be combined.
The generator torque equation is expressed as
where ros is the synchronous speed of the system.

The prime-mover torque is linked to the generator via the torque equation
1
Pro r = -2H (T0 - Te - TI ) (2.4)
where H is the inertia constant, To the turbine output torque, Te the

electromagnetic torque given by equation 2.3 and TI the loss torque.
It is necessary in forming the complete synchronous machine model to
derive a representation for the functional stages of the excitation control
system. On forming the controller model, it is usually possible to derive
transfer functions relating small changes in the output function of a
controller unit Mo to changes in the input function to that unit Mi
M. = KMi (2.5)
o 1+ P
Individual equations formed in this way are then collected together in the
vector form.
(2.6)
The type of excitation systems used in the present work are

representative of systems generally in service and are further discussed in
Chapter 3. In the formulation of the excitation models, maximum and
minimum limits are imposed on the automatic voltage regulator (AVR) and
account is taken of the effect of saturation on the exciter output voltage.
The traditional approach for representing steam turbines is to formulate
models based on the recommendations of the IEEE [1]. The block diagram
shown in Fig. 2.3 describes a general model for a linear speed governing
system for a standard reheat turbine arrangement. The model does not
allow for the control of the intercept valve. In this model the transfer
function approach is used together with hard limits applied to the valve
output power.
The representation of the shaft assembly is described in section 6 and that
of the governor in section 7 of Chapter 4.
6.w K(1+sT~ 1
I
.----_Iim--,~
P
1+8T l s
speed relay valve servo
Pev 1
1+sT 1+sTRH 1+5T
steam chest reheater LP crossover
FHP F IP FLP
Fig. 2.3 Linear speed governing system for standard reheat turbine.
Recent work [2] concerning large industrial gas turbines has been
associated with single-shaft models. The model comprises the single-shaft
gas turbine, its control and fuel systems. In its simplified form shown in
Fig. 2.4, temperature control and minor characteristics of the gas turbine
are eliminated.
Special attention has been given to the representation of diesel engine
prime-movers. These engines are often associated with relatively small
generating units supplying power to isolated power networks such as those
associated with island systems, marine applications and industrial
complexes. In all cases the connection of large induction motor load
presents a potential problem of maintaining satisfactory operation within
specified limits of voltage and frequency. This category of operation
requires reliable and accurate model formulation which enables a
representative simulation to be performed throughout the range of
operation, including the run-up of the system from standstill. A schematic
diagram of the diesel engine is illustrated in Fig. 2.5.
F=O.23 pu
speed valve fuel
governor limits pOSition system
fuel
K1 Xl ~ K2 K3 flow
1+sT1 1+sT2 1+sT3
per unit output turbine

rotor speed torque Wf2
Fig.2.4 Schematic diagram of simplified single-shaft gas turbine.
The methodology used to represent the thermodynamic process is based

on engine characteristics to achieve a pseudo-stationary state model. These
characteristics have been found from many trials and simulations to
adequately represent the engine response. Figure 2.6 depicts, in block
diagram form, a typical arrangement for the turbo-charged diesel engine
thermodynamic process.
Load
, / torque
Diesel engine model Engine torque Prime-moYer/
(Thermodynamic)
"/ generator shott
(mechanical)
/\. /['
, /
Engine/
Fuel generator
supply speed
Goyernor 1/
(contra I) I'
/I'Speed
reference
Fig. 2.5 Schematic diagram of diesel engine prime-mover.
rUel flow Z
~ ~~
Inlet air pressure
ratio P:i/Po Engine torque
·c
II
CamplI!SSor
LL
P3fPa
speid OlC
L:
Tc
Ta
Exhaust gas
pre.ssl!re
P'''o iatio P3/PO
,1£
Compl!88lll"
torque Te
,1/ k
......,
Turba-charger
-'
dynamics Turbine torque Tt
Fig. 2.6 Turbo-charged diesel engine schematic.

The turbine or engine shaft assemblies are shown in schematic form in

Fig. 2.1. The rationale for including a representation of long shaft systems
is principally a reflection of their susceptibility to short term damaging
oscillations subsequent to a disturbing influence, such as a system fault, or
persistent oscillatory behaviour brought about by sub-synchronous or
super-synchronous phenomena.
A typical shaft is represented by an N -stage lumped parameter model.
The individual inertias Jj of the sections are linked by shafts of torsional
stiffnesses K ji . Damping of the mechanical system is represented by Cj and
energy dissipation in the shaft material by Cji.
p9j = roj
proj = {Tjin - Tjout - (Cj + Cj_i,j + Cjj+1)roj
+ Cj_1,j roj_l + C jj+1 roj+1 - (Kj-l,j + K jj+ 1) 9j
+ Kj_1,j 9j _1 + Kjj+1 9j+1} / Jj (2.7)
Similar mathematical representations to that specified for the synchronous

generator are used for both the generator transformer and induction motor
load if specified. A schematic diagram for the generator transformer is
given in Fig. 2.7a and that for the induction motor is given in Fig. 2.7b.
,---T---,
I,- -p Ir I
-.I
....
./
c I
0
~
I
......
"C -b 0
...
I
_......
"C I
::>
p
I
Va1 C I : Vb1 c I :::> I
Vc1 c I :::>
I
p t:>
I
:>
I c: JI I C J I c: JI
,
I I I ::>
I c: P I c: I ? I c:
p p
0
,... I 0
,... I
0
,... I p
p p --:
1
~ ~
tVa2
1 .,,-. .
c: +Vb2
I
,... ....
( I, p
'fIo.Vc2 ( 1
P ,,- 0 7
~
I I
~
I
~
_I _ _ _ ~ _ _ _ _I
Fig. 2.7a Three phase power transformer.

Fig. 2.7b Three phase induction motor.
The form of the basic machine equation, equation 2.1, is used for both
machines and is related as
(2.8)
The matrix equation for flux linkages is given as
Aal L a1al Lalbl Lalel L a1a2 L a1b2 L a1e2 Ial
Abl L b1al Lblbl L b1el L b1a2 L b1b2 L b1e2 Ibl
Ael L elal Lelbl L L ela2 Lclb2 L ele2 Iel

elel
(2.9)
Aa2 L a2a1 L a2b1 L a2e1 L a2a2 L a2b2 L a2e2 Ia2
Ab2 L b2a1 L b2b1 L b2el L b2a2 L b2b2 L b2e2 Ib2
Ae2 L e2a1 Lc2hl L e2el L e2a2 L e2b2 L Ie2

e2e2
where the subscripts 1 and 2 denote primary and secondary phase

quantities in the case of the transformer and stator phase quantities and
rotor phase quantities in the case of the induction motor.
In common with the synchronous generator, many of the inductances
contained in equation 2.9, when representing the induction motor, are
functions of rotor displacement. The individual components of the
inductance matrix are given in Appendix A. Again, rotor motion caused by
the electromagnetic interaction results from a torque that is a product of
stator and rotor currents.
In a similar manner to that used to illustrate how the bond of interaction
between the electrical and mechanical system sub-models was achieved for
the synchronous generator, the mechanical load torque is linked to the
motor via the equation,
1
pror = -(Te - TL -1;) (2.10)
2H
where TL represents the applied load torque, TI represents the loss torque
associated with windage and friction, and Te represents the electromagnetic
torque. The term TL may be represented by the polynomial,
(2.11 )
to represent to a reasonable degree of accuracy the characteristics of drives

in common use, such as pumps and fans.
Finally, the transmission lines connecting the system nodes, Fig. 2.8, are
analysed in terms of nominaln-sections for each phase.
Lmn R mn
~T
Fig. 2.8 Transmission line (nominal7t-section) equivalent circuit.
The equation of one phase of the line section shown in Fig. 2.8 is:
The overall generation model comprises the appropriate sub-models to

form a specific generation system. Although single machine studies are
implied, the diesel engine and gas turbine generation models have been
enhanced to include induction motor load and therefore strictly fall within
the category of multimachine modelling. Nevertheless it is the single
generator unit model that forms the central theme of this suite of programs
and auxiliary motor models are included to give a realistic insight into small
system operation.
3 Program operating manuals
3.1 Introduction
The three programs, for the steam, diesel and gas systems, have many
common features. These are described in this section. The specific details
unique to each individual program are described in chapters 4 to 6.
3.2 General
Each program provides a comprehensive dynamic analysis of a specific

combination of prime-mover, generator and system. The machine
combinations and system configurations represent those commonly found in
practice. Disturbances of various types can be introduced and the
responses of the overall system examined in the form of graphical displays
of the significant variables. All results are stored in text files which are
accessed by a plotting routine.
3.2.1 Computer requirements
The programs are designed for use on any PC or compatible machine with
a hard disk and at least 640k of RAM. The complex nature of dynamic
analysis means that simulation of several seconds of real time can require
many minutes of computer time. A 486 level machine is recommended,
although a 386 machine with a math coprocessor can be used successfully
with a significant increase in run times.
The programs should be transferred on to your hard disk by inserting the
disk into drive A: and typing
XCOPYVA:\VC:VSN
where V signifies a space. No additional software is required other than the
DOS operating system. The DOS file DOSXMSF .EXE may be located in
any directory in the path.
3.2.2 Using the programs
Using the programs is made very straightforward by menu-driven

interfaces. All data entries, option selections and results displays are made
using the interface menus. Any data or option can be revised and/or
reviewed as often as desired before running a simulation program, or
simply stored in a file for running sometime later. The interfaces are
described fully in the individual program sections of the manual, menu by
menu, in the sequence which will naturally be followed when entering data.
A set of default data is supplied with each program and this data will
appear when each menu data page is first called. In all menus, each of the
options is selected by placing the highlight bar over the selection and
pressing RETURN. The highlight bar is moved using the UP and DOWN
arrow keys.
3.2.3 Plotting results files
On completion of any simulation run a series of results files will have been
created, each bearing the generic name selected in the 'file name' option of
the main menu and having name extensions identifying the nature of their
contents. Any of the variables contained in any file can be accessed via the
'display option' selection in the main menu. The general description of the
contents of the files is indicated by the name which appears next to 'display
option'. By placing the highlight bar on this option and pressing the LEFT
or RIGHT arrow key the available file names are displayed sequentially.
When a file has been selected, pressing RETURN will activate the plotting
routine.
Each file contains a number of variables and these are initially displayed
as a menu of 'X' and 'V' options. The plotting routine is quite general,
allowing any variable to be plotted against any variable (including itself).
However, as 'time' is the normal choice for the X-axis variable then this is
the default selection. The Y-axis selection is made by moving the highlight
bar with the UP/DOWN arrow keys and then pressing RETURN when the
highlight is on the chosen variable. All variables are displayed in per unit
relative to the base of the selected item of plant, with the exception of
generator field voltage (volts), generator field current (amps) and load angle
(degrees).
The plot which appears will have a time axis (X-axis) scale to
accommodate the total simulation time and a Y-axis scale automatically set
General 15
to accommodate the range of the Y variable and make effective use of the
display area.
A 'cursor' sits on the graph and its position, in X and Y variable units, is
shown at the top of the graph. The cursor can be moved slowly by holding
the LEFT or RIGHT arrow key, or more quickly by depressing the Fl or F2
key.
An 'expand' feature allows detailed examination of part of the plot. To
activate the 'expand' feature place the cursor at one end of the chosen
section and press F7. Use the LEFT, RIGHT, F 1 or F2 key to move the
cursor to the other end of the chosen section and press F7 again. After a
short time the graph will be replotted to display this section only.
Expansion can be repeated if necessary, but no 'unexpand' facility exists.
Use F8 to exit and return to the variable menu.
To select another results file, use F8 to exit from the variable menu and
return to the main menu, where any file can be selected using the 'display
option' selection.
4 Steam turbo-generator program
manual
4.1 Introduction
This program provides comprehensive dynamic analysis of a steam turbine

driven three phase synchronous generator connected to an infinite bus
through a generator transformer and either one transmission line or two
transmission lines in parallel. Full electrical and mechanical dynamic
response is obtained for a variety of user selected disturbances. Only one
type of disturbance can be analysed in any program run. The disturbance
options are:
1. Steady state operation (no disturbance).
2. System bus voltage change.
3. A VR reference change.
4. Governor reference change.
5. Short circuit faults at a user-selected point on a transmission line,
(a) three-phase-to-earth fault,
(b) line-to-line-to-earth fault,
(c) single line-to-earth fault.
6. Line switching.
7. Load rejection (including rapid closure of steam valves).
Full protection and switchgear operation is represented, including

autoreclosure.
All significant electrical and mechanical variables are available for
graphical display as functions of time on the completion of any run.
The program is run by typing STEAM at the DOS prompt within the
appropriate directory.
The opening menu (page 1) 17
4.2 The opening menu (page 1)
STEAM TURBINE GENERATOR

System specification
Generator data
AVRdata
Mechanical data
Governor data
Network data
Filename - qaz
Store
Store/run
Display option - current
File management
Quit
The menu shown above is displayed when the program is called. The
options are described below.
System specification - reveals the PAGE 2 menu containing system data
and disturbance selections (section 4.3).
Generator data - reveals the PAGE 3 menu containing the generator rating,
pole number and d-q impedance data (section 4.4).
A VR data - reveals the PAGE 4 menu containing data on the A VR; the
A VR is modelled in accordance with the standard IEEE type 1
representation, and caters for exciter saturation (section 4.5).
Mechanical data - reveals the PAGE 5 menu containing data on the turbine-
generator rotational system; all inertia, stiffness and damping
components can be represented (section 4.6).
Governor data - reveals the PAGE 6 menu containing data on the turbine
governor; the governor is modelled in accordance with the standard
IEEE representation (section 4.7).
Network data - reveals the PAGE 7 menu containing data on the generator
transformer and the transmission line(s) connecting the transformer
to the system bus, including the fault position (if appropriate)
(section 4.8).
Filename - qaz - this option allows the generic name of all the data and
results files to be chosen by the user; any valid DOS filename of up
to eight alpha-numeric characters (no extension) is permissible; the
name which appears at this option will be used by the program when
the store or store/run option is selected, but not before; the system
data and results of previous runs can be recalled by typing a generic
filename used previously; after typing a name the prompt 'new
filename (YIN)?' appears; enter Y if the name has not been used
before or if you wish to overwrite files with this name; enter N if
files with this name exist, whereupon their data will appear in all
menus.
Store - this option stores the data entered through the menus, using the
name appearing at the 'filename' option; this function is useful if
data entry is interrupted, as a partially completed data file can be
retrieved for later completion.
Store/run - this option stores the data, using the generic filename appearing
at the 'filename' option, and runs the simulation program, thus
creating and filling the results files, each of which bears the generic
name.
Display option - current - this option allows selection of the results file for
graphical presentation; the various results files are revealed
sequentially by using the LEFT or RIGHT arrow key; when the name
of the chosen file is displayed the RETURN key will activate the
screen plotting program; the results files available are CURRENT,
AVR, SPEED, TORQUE, GOVERNOR, POWER and VOLTAGE;
each file contains several variables, any of which can be displayed as
a function of time by the plotting routine.
File management - this option reveals a menu of file handling options - list
data files, list results files, delete data file, delete results file, delete
data and results file; the list options reveal all data or results files in
the current directory; the delete options reveal a prompt requesting
the generic name of the file to be deleted (no extension).
Quit - returns the user to DOS.
4.3 System specification menu (page 2)
The system specification menu (page 2) with its default data is shown
opposite.
System specification menu (page 2) 19
Page 2 System specification

Disturbance option - three-phase-to-earth fault
Time of disturbance - 0.050

Normal frequency - 50.000
GeneratorP - 0.800
Generator Q - 0.200
Generator V - 1.000
Simulation time - 0.500
Protection and disturbance parameters
Page 1
Each menu option is selected using the highlight bar. The options are
described below.
Disturbance option - selects which of the nine disturbance types is to be
applied to the turbo-generator system; the disturbance types are
revealed sequentially by using the RETURN key.
Time of disturbance - the time in seconds from the start of simulation until
the disturbance is applied. As for all numerical data entries, when
RETURN is pressed a prompt line appears requesting a new data
value. Key in the new value and press RETURN. The new value
will now appear in the menu. Pressing RETURN without entering a
value will leave the original value.
Normal frequency - the rated system frequency in Hz.
Generator P - the pre-disturbance steady state power output of the
generator in per unit, based on generator rating.
Generator Q - the pre-disturbance steady state reactive power output of the
generator in per unit, based on generator rating. A positive value of
Q indicates lagging reactive power.
Generator V - the pre-disturbance steady state terminal voltage (estimated)
of the generator in per unit, based on generator rating.
Simulation time - the total time to be simulated, in seconds.
Protection and disturbance parameters - each type of disturbance has a sub-
menu of additional data relevant to it; this option reveals those sub-
menus; see section 4.3.1.
Page 1 - returns to the main menu.
4.3.1 Protection and disturbance parameters sub-menu (page 2a)
The sub-menu and its default data are shown below, with the selected
disturbance type as the fIrst data entry (three-phase-to-earth fault in this
case).
Three-PJhase-t o-earth f:ault

Protection operating time - 0.100
Circuit breaker opening time - 0.10
Circuit breaker closing time - 0.050
Circuit breaker recovery time - 0.050
Number of auto-reclosures - 1
Fault cleared after last reclosure - Yes
Bus voltage change - -
A VR reference change - -
Governor reference change - -
Page 2
The options are described below. Options which are not relevant to a
selected disturbance have a blank entry (-) which cannot be accessed.
Protection operating time - the time in seconds from the onset of a fault
until a trip signal is sent to the circuit breakers situated at both ends
of the faulted transmission line.
Circuit breaker opening time - the time in seconds from the protection trip
signal until the current can be interrupted.
Circuit breaker closing time - the time in seconds from the reclose signal to
the re-start of current flow.
Circuit breaker recovery time - the time in seconds between the end of
current flow and the reclose signal.
Number of auto-reclosures - the number of reclose operations performed by
the circuit breakers.
Fault cleared after last reclosure? - the user may select to clear the fault or
not; the responses NO and YES are revealed alternately each time
RETURN is pressed; if NO is selected then one more trip sequence
will be carried out, leaving the fault line isolated.
Bus voltage change - the step change in system bus voltage in per unit; all
three phases are assumed to change.
A VR reference change - the step change in the A VR voltage reference
value in per unit.
The generator menu (page 3) 21
Governor reference change - the step change in the governor power

reference value in per unit.
Page 2 - returns to the page 2 system specification menu.
4.4 The generator menu (page 3)
Page 3 Generator data (impedance parameters in per unit)

MVA rating and system base - 588.0
Rated voltage (kV) - 23.50
Rated field current (A) - 2034.30
Rated power factor - 0.8
Number of poles - 2
D-axis magnetizing reactance - 2.870
Q-axis magnetizing reactance - 2.690
Stator leakage reactance - 0.120
Field leakage reactance - 0.1350
D-axis damper leakage reactance - 0.1160
Q-axis damper leakage reactance - 0.2380
Stator resistance - 0.00140
Field resistance - 0.00133
D-axis damper resistance - 0.00530
Q-axis damper resistance - 0.01090
Page 1
The generator menu and its default data are shown above. As stated, all
impedance values are in per unit to a base of generator MVA and voltage
ratings. Stator parameters are expressed relative to the stator impedance
kV 2
base Zbs = Rotor parameters are expressed relative to the rotor
MVA
impedance base zbr = V:' where lfb is the rated field current.
Ifb
Each option is described below.
MVA rating and system base - the generator rating in MVA.
Rated voltage (kV) - the nominal line voltage of the generator in kV.
Rated field current (A) - the value of the field current which results in an
open-circuit air-line EMF Eo, where Eo == IsXmd. Is is the rated stator
current and Xmd is the d-axis magnetizing reactance.
Rated power factor - the specified design power factor of the generator.
Number of poles - the number of magnetic poles into which the generator
field system is divided (must be an even integer!).
D-axis magnetIzmg reactance - the value of per-unit mutual reactance

associated with the direct axis.
Q-axis magnetizing reactance - the value of per-unit mutual reactance
associated with the quadrature axis.
Stator leakage reactance - the value of per unit reactance per phase
associated with stator leakage flux.
Field leakage reactance - the value of per unit reactance associated with
field leakage flux.
D-axis damper leakage reactance - the value of per unit reactance
associated with the direct axis damper winding leakage flux.
Q-axis damper leakage reactance - the value of per unit reactance
associated with the quadrature axis damper winding leakage flux.
Stator resistance - the value of per unit resistance for each stator phase.
Field resistance - the value of per unit resistance for the field winding.
D-axis damper resistance - the value of per unit resistance for the direct
axis damping winding.
Q-axis damper resistance - the value of per unit resistance for the
quadrature axis damper winding.
4.5 The AVR menu (page 4)
Page 4 AVR data

A VR state data
A VR limit data
Saturation function included? Yes
Saturation function data
Page 1
The A VR menu and its default data are shown above.

The A VR system is modelled according to the IEEE type 1
representation defmed in the IEEE Committee Report [3]. This is
described fully in section 4.9, where the meaning of 'A VR' states, 'AVR
limits' and 'saturation function data' are explained.
The options in the A VR menu are described below.
A VR state data - this option calls a sub-menu (page 4a) containing the gain
and time-constant data for the transfer function blocks (section
4.5.1).
The AVR menu (page 4) 23
A VR limit data - this option calls a sub-menu (page 4b) containing the
positive and negative limit data for the limited transfer function block
section 4.5.2).
Saturation function included? - saturation of the exciter can be allowed for
or ignored; the responses YES and NO are toggled using the
RETURN key.
Saturation function data - this option calls a sub-menu (page 4c) containing
the values of data required to deal with exciter saturation, based on
the standard IEEE type format (section 4.5.3).
4.5.1 The A VR state data menu (page 4a)
The menu and its default data are shown below.

AVR state Gain Lead TC LagTC
VT-FEEDBACK 1.000000 0.000000 0.001000
VR-BEFORE-LIMIT 50.000000 0.000000 0.020000
FIELD-VOLTAGE 35.000000 0.000000 4.000000
A VR-RATE-FEEDBACK 0.000000 0.050000 0.600000
AVR data
Each data entry is selected by placing the highlight bar over it, using the
LEFT, RIGHT, UP and DOWN arrow keys. When selected, pressing
ENTER will bring up the prompt asking for a new name or value. A null
response (press ENTER again) leaves the data unchanged. A VR state
names are limited to 20 characters. Gains are dimensionless and time
constants are expressed in seconds. Data values which should not change
because of the A VR model requirements can not be accessed.
Selecting 'AVR data' returns to the A VR menu.
4.5.2 The A VR limit data menu (page 4b)
A VR limits Positive Negative

1 1.000000 -1.000000
AVR data
Each data entry is selected by placing the highlight bar over it using the
UP, DOWN, LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys. When selected, pressing
ENTER will reveal the prompt asking for a new entry. A null response
(press ENTER again) will leave the data unchanged. The limits are
expressed in per unit.
Selecting' A VR data' returns to the A VR menu.
4.5.3 The saturation function data menu (page 4c)

Voltage 1 - 3.7960
Voltage 2 - 5.0620
SE value 1 - 0.0000
SE value 2 - 0.0750
SE value 3 - 0.2230
AVRdata
The interpretation of the two voltages and the three SE values is fully
explained in section 4.9.3. Selection of any data item is by placing the
highlight bar over it using the UP and DOWN keys and pressing ENTER.
A prompt will appear requesting a new data value. A null response (press
ENTER again) will leave the value unchanged.
Selecting' A VR data' returns to the A VR menu.
4.6 The mechanical system menu (page 5)
Page 5 Mechamca
. ldta
a
Number of turbine sections (maximum 5) - 5
Turbine section data
IP cylinder present? Yes
Number of generator etc. inertias (maximum 5) - 3
Generator etc. inertia data
Page 1
The mechanical system menu (page 5) 25
The turbine and generator shaft train is modelled as an assembly of

damped inertias coupled by inertia-less shafts having torsional stiffness and
damping.
The options in the mechanical data menu are described below.
Number of turbine sections (maximum 5) - specifies the number of turbine
inertia elements, each one typically representing a turbine pressure
stage.
Turbine section data - this option calls a sub-menu (page 5a) containing the
inertia, stiffness and damping parameters for each element (section
4.6.1).
IP cylinder present? - The turbine is considered to consist of one lIP stage,
one IP stage (if present) and the remainder LP stages. The presence
of an IP stage is recorded here to ensure that the governor is
correctly represented. The ENTER key toggles the responses YES
and NO.
Number of Generator etc. inertias (maximum 3) - specifies the number of
additional (non-turbine) inertia elements which complete the shaft
train, e.g. the generator, the exciter, etc.
Generator etc. inertia data - this option calls a sub-menu (page 5b)
containing the inertia, stiffness and damping parameters for each
non-turbine element (section 4.6.2).
4.6.1 Turbine section data menu (page 5a)
Section Inertia Damping Stiffness

H.P.-TURB 0.1800 0.0000 -
Shaft - 0.0093 150.0
I.P.-TURB 0.6700 0.0000 -
Shaft - 0.0218 1600.0
LPl.-TURB 0.6700 0.0000 -
Shaft - 0.0218 200.0
LP2.-TURB 0.6700 0.0000 -
Shaft - 0.0218 1600.0
LP3.-TURB 0.6700 0.0000 -
Shaft - 0.0216 300.0
Mechanical data
The number of data sets is equal to the number of turbine sections entered
in the mechanical data menu. Each data set consists of two lines of data
containing (1) the name, inertia constant and damping coefficient of the
inertia element, and (2) the stiffness and damping coefficient of the shaft
connecting the inertia element to the next one. The inertia elements are
listed from the HP end of the turbine towards the generator. Inertia data
values are in units of MW -s/MVA, damping coefficient data values are in
MW -s/MVA radian and stiffness data values are in MW/MVA radian.
Each name or data value is accessed and entered using the highlight bar in
the normal way. The names should be valid DOS strings of up to nine
characters (names with fewer characters will be 'filled-up' to rune
automatically) .
Selecting 'mechanical data' returns to the mechanical data menu.
4.6.2 Generator section data menu (page 5b)

GENERATOR 0.850000 0.000000 -
Shaft - 0.006700 120.000
RECTIFIER 0.003000 0.000000 -
Shaft - 0.002100 1.6000
EXCITER 0.002000 0.000000 -
Mechanical data
The number of data sets is equal to the number of non-turbine inertia
elements entered in the mechanical data menu. Each data set consists of
two lines of data containing (1) the name, inertia constant and damping
coefficient of the inertia element and (2) the damping coefficient and
stiffness of the shaft connecting the inertia element to the next one. Note
that the shaft connecting the generator to the turbine was included in the
turbine section data. The units are as described in section 4.6.1.
Each name or data value is accessed and entered using the highlight bar
in the usual way. Each name should be a valid DOS string of up to nine
characters (names with fewer characters will be 'filled-up' to nine
automatically) .
Selecting 'mechanical data' returns to the mechanical data menu.
The governor menu (page 6) 27
4.7 The governor menu (page 6)
The governor menu and its default data are shown below.
Page 6 Governor data

Governor state data
Governor limit data
Page 1
The governor and associated steam systems are modelled in accordance

with the IEEE general governor model and the linearized model for a
tandem compound turbine with single reheat. These are defined in the
IEEE Committee Report [1]. A full description of the models and their
parameters is given in section 4.10.
The options in the governor menu are described below.
Governor state data - this option calls a sub-menu (page 6a) containing the
gain and time-constant data for each of the transfer function blocks
(section 4.7.1).
Governor limit data - this option calls a sub-menu (page 6b) containing the
positive and negative limit data for each limited block (section 4.7.2).
4.7.1 The governor state data menu (page 6a)
Governor state Gain Lead TC LagTC

GOV-LAG-l 18.000 0.0000 0.0010
GOV-LEADILAG 1.000 0.0010 0.0200
GOV-OIP-POWER 1.000 0.0000 0.7000
NON-HP-OIP-POWER 0.650 0.0000 1.0000
LP-OIP-POWER 0.700 0.0000 2.0000
Governor data
The number of data sets (name, gain, lead time-constant and lag time-
constant) is equal to the number of governor states required by the IEEE
model. There are five states if an IP cylinder is present, otherwise there are
four states. Note that if a single-stage turbine is chosen in the mechanical
system menu (section 4.6), then it is treated as an HP stage. In this case the
'NON-HP-O/P-POWER' gain in the governor state data menu should be

set to zero.
Each data entry is selected by the highlight bar in the usual way.
Governor state names are limited to 20 characters. Gains are
dimensionless and time-constants are expressed in seconds.
Selecting 'governor data' returns to the governor menu (page 6).
4.7.2 The governor limit data menu (page 6b)
Governor limit Positive Negative

1 0.900000 0.000000
Governor data
Each data entry is selected using the highlight bar in the usual way.
Limits are expressed in per unit.
Selecting' Governor data' returns to the governor menu.
4.8 The network menu (page 7)
Page 7 Network data (impedance parameters in per unit)

Generator transformer resistance - 0.00
Generator transformer reactance - 0.10
Lines A and B in parallel
Line parameters
Page 1
The menu provides access to the data and configuration of the network
connected between the generator and the system bus. The network is
shown in Fig. 4.1.
The network menu (page 7) 29
line A
x-----------------x
line B
X-----------------X
system
bus
Fig. 4.1 Network configuration.
The generator transformer is assumed to be delta/earthed star. The

transmission system can be line A only or lines A and B in parallel. Any
fault is taken to occur on line A. The fault position is set by the line
impedance data (section 4.8.1).
The menu options are described below.
Generator transformer resistance - the value of per unit resistance
expressed relative to the generator stator impedance base.
Generator transformer reactance - the value of per unit reactance expressed
relative to the generator stator impedance base.
Lines A and B in parallel - this option selects the transmission line
configuration; pressing the ENTER key toggles between 'lines A and
B in parallel' and 'line A only' .
Line parameters - this option calls a sub menu (page 7a) containing the
transmission line impedance data (section 4.8.1).
4.8.1 Line parameters menu (page 7a)
L·me paramet ers

Ra Rb Rc Xa Xb Xc
A 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.040 0.040 0.040
B 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.050 0.050 0.050
A to fault 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.020 0.020 0.020
Network data
Resistance and reactance data are in per unit expressed relative to the
generator stator impedance base. Data are required for each of the phases
a, b and c. If a fault has been selected as the disturbance (as in the default
data set) then the resistance and reactance of the faulted line (line A) must
be specified, measured from the generator transformer end. In the default

data example the fault is mid-way along the line.
Each data entry is selected using the highlight bar in the usual way.
Selecting 'network data' returns to the network menu.
4.9 AVR modelling
4.9.1 Background
The IEEE type 1 A VR model [3] is shown in block diagram form in Fig.
4.2. Block 1 represents the generator terminal voltage signal (VT ) process
path with unity gain and a small lag time-constant TIt, typically due to a
filter. The terminal voltage VT and feedback VF are subtracted from the
reference voltage VREF to form an error signal which is the input to the
main voltage regulator, block 2. This has gain K A , usually of the order of
20-100, and a small lag time-constant TA of the order of tens of
milliseconds. The output of the regulator block is limited to represent the
practical extremes of its output signal. Block 3 represents the exciter with
its non-linear characteristic catered for by the feedback block SE. The KE
and TE parameters are inherent to the design of the exciter and SE is a non-
linear function of the exciter output voltage VFD . To stabilize the control
process a rate-sensing feedback path, block 4, is included. The gain KF
and lag time-constant TF are user-adjustable.
SE
V REF
VT VFD
-- ~
1+sT R 1+5T A KE+sT E
block 1 block 2 block 3
VF
~
1+5T F
block 4
Fig. 4.2 IEEE type 1 AVR model.

AVR modelling 31
4.9.2 Standardized model for data presentation
To simplify the presentation of AVR parameter data, the transfer function

block diagram is modified to that of Fig. 4.3, in which all blocks have the
standardized functional characteristics shown in Fig. 4.4.
VREF 'imi~f
VT VFD
K1(1+sTD1) K2 (1+sTD~ K3(1+sT D~
1+sT G1 1+sTG2 1+sT G3
K4(1+sTD4)
~------~-----I ~----~----~
1+sT G4
block 4
Fig. 4.3 Standardized representation of IEEE AVR model.
Kn( 1+s TDn )

1+sTGn
Kn - gain of block n
Ton - leaD time-constant of block n
TGn - laG time-constant of block n
Fig. 4.4 Standardized transfer function block.
The standardization of the transfer function blocks results in some care

being required when evaluating and entering data, as described below.
Comparing Figs. 4.2 and 4.3:
Block 1 : KI = 1, TOI = 0, TGI = TR

Block 2 : K2 =KA, T02 = 0, TG2 = TA
Block 3 : K3 = lIKE, T03 = 0, TG3 = TElKE
Block 4 : ~=O, T04 = KF, TG4 = TF
Note that block 4 has to be treated as a special case, since the rate
feedback block (4) of Fig. 4.2 cannot be converted to the standard format
of Fig. 4.4. However, the program has been arranged to accept the data in
the form shown and to consider TD4 to be the rate feedback gain KF .
4.9.3 Exciter saturation
The overall steady-state transfer function resulting from block 3 and the
saturation function block is shown in Fig. 4.5.
Fig. 4.5 Combination ofblock 3 and saturation function block.
A value of zero for SE will remove saturation modelling and the exciter
will be treated as a linear system.
Any non-zero value for SE causes VFD to be reduced below its linear
system value, representing the reduction in exciter output voltage caused by
magnetic saturation.
The value of SE depends on the value of VFD in accordance with the
exciter characteristic. A typical characteristic is shown in Fig. 4.6, along
with the defInition of SE.
VA
Fig. 4.6 The definition of SE. the saturation factor.
Governor modelling 33
As shown in section 4.5.3, the data expected are two values of VFD and
three values of SE. These values are used to describe the exciter
characteristic according to the following principle.
As the exciter characteristic is initially linear, the parameters 'voltage I'
and 'SE value I' should be taken to be the value of VFD at the end of the
linear section, and zero, respectively. The values of 'voltage 2', 'SE value
2' and 'SE value 3' are found by approximating the characteristic by
piecewise linearization up to the practical maximum value of VFD, as
shown in Fig. 4.7.
From Fig. 4.7, 'SE value l' = 0 (since (Bl - Al)/Al = 0), 'SE value 2' =
(B2 - A2)/A2 and 'SE value 3' = (B3 - A3)/A3. 'Voltage l' and 'Voltage 2'
correspond to the breakpoints in the piecewise linear representation of the
exciter characteristic.
/
B1
--(-----------
A1
Fig. 4.7 Evaluation of saturation function parameters
4.10 Governor modelling
The IEEE governor and steam system model is shown in block diagram
form in Fig. 4.8, based on a tandem compound, single reheat turbine [1].
Am is the speed error from nominal, Po is the initial load power reference
and PGV is the governor power output signal. The time-constants
correspond to the speed relay and valve servomotor, the latter having limits
to its speed and travel. The steam system model describes the distribution
of steam to the turbine sections and their corresponding output powers. The
time-constants correspond to transport lags introduced by the steam chest,

reheater and crossover pipework. Pm is the output power to the generator.
As in the case of the A YR, the governor model is modified to use
standardized function blocks of the type shown in Fig. 4.4, and the steam
system is rearranged to enable each of the turbine sections (HP, IP and LP)
to have its power output identified. This is to permit analysis of the torque
distribution along the turbine shaft. The modified model is shown in Fig.
4.9.
reference
Po rate;
hmits imitJll
~W K(HsT, 1 1 PGV
HsT1 TJ s
speed relay wive servo
HsTCH HsTRH HsTCO

steam chest reheater LP crossover
Fig. 4.8 IEEE governor model.
Comparing the two models, the standard blocks of Fig. 4.9 correspond to
the system components thus :
Block 1 the speed relay

Block 2 the valve servo
Block 3 the steam chest
Block 4 the reheater
Block 5 the LP crossover
If no intermediate pressure stage is present, block 5 is omitted and block

4 corresponds to the HP - LP transfer.
The speed relay gain Kl is typically about 20, while K2 = K3 = 1. Gains
~ and K5 depend on the turbine design and are fractional. K4 is that
Case studies 35
fraction of the total turbine power which is not produced by the HP

cylinder, and K5 is that fraction of the non-HP-cylinder power produced by
the LP cylinder(s).
The lead time-constants T02, T03, T04 and T05 are all zero.
block 1 block 2
l-KS
L--r--IK (1+sTD4.1---'~~~ >C.-----""... I--_ _ _ _ ~,...;PLP=-

1+sTG4-
block 4- block S
Fig. 4.9 Modified governor model.
4.11 Case studies
To illustrate the use of the program three examples of practical situations

are considered. The fIrst two examples examine balanced and unbalanced
fault conditions, and in both cases the system is fed via parallel
transmission lines. In the third example the effect of unbalanced line
impedances is examined.
Each case study is supported by practical system data and graphical
outputs of the principal system variables. The data is basically the same for
all studies - where a difference occurs this will be highlighted.
Case study 1. Three-phase-to-earth fault
The system layout is as shown in Fig. 4.1. The system data is given below.
System specifIcation
Disturbance option - three-phase-to-earth fault
Time of disturbance - 0.20

Generator P - 0.80
Generator Q - 0.20
Generator V - 1.00
Protection and disturbance parameters

Three-phase-to-earth fault
Protection operating time - 0.100
Circuit breaker opening time - 0.100
Circuit breaker closing time - 0.050
Circuit breaker recovery time - 0.050
Number of auto-reclosures - 1
Fault cleared after last reclosure? - Yes
Bus voltage change - -
A VR reference change - -
Governor reference change - -
Generator data (impedance parameters in per unit)
MVA rating and system base - 588.0
Rated voltage (kV) = 23.50
Number of poles = 2
AVR data
Case studies 37
AVR state data

AVR state data Gain Lead TC LagTC
VT -FEEDBACK 1.000 0.000 0.0010
VR-BEFORE-LIMIT 50.00 0.000 0.020
FIELD-VOLTAGE 35.00 0.000 4.000
AVR-RATE-FEEDBACK 0.000 0.050 0.600
AVR limit data

AVR limit data Positive Negative
1 1.000000 -1.000000

Voltage 1 - 3.7960
Voltage 2 - 5.0620
SE value 1 - 0.000
SE value 2 - 0.0750
SE value 3 - 0.2230
Mechanical data
Number of turbine sections (maximum 5) - 5
IP cylinder present? Yes
Number of generator etc. inertias (maximum 5) - 3
Generator etc. inertia data

H.P.-TURB 0.180 0.0000 -
Shaft - 0.0093 150.0
LP.-TURB 0.670 0.0000 -
Shaft - 0.0218 1600.0
LP1.-TURB 0.670 0.0000 -
Shaft - 0.0218 200.0
LP2.-TURB 0.670 0.0000 -
Shaft - 0.0218 1600.0
LP3.-TURB 0.670 0.0000 -
Shaft - 0.0216 300.0
Generator data
GENERATOR 0.8500 0.00000 -
Shaft - 0.00670 120.0
RECTIFIER 0.0030 0.00000 -
Shaft - 0.00210 1.60
EXCITER 0.0020 0.00000 -
Governor data
Governor state data

GOV-LAG-l 18.00 0.0000 0.0010
GOV-LEADILAG 1.000 0.0010 0.0200
GOV-OIP-POWER 1.000 0.0000 0.7000
IP+LP-OIP-POWER 0.650 0.0000 1.0000
LP-OIP-POWER 0.700 0.0000 2.0000
Governor limit data

1 0.900 0.000
N etwork data (impedance parameters in per unit)

Generator transformer resistance = 0.00
Generator transformer reactance = 0.10
Lines A and B in parallel
Line parameters
Ra Rb Rc Xa Xb Xc
A 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.040 0.040 0.040
B 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.050 0.005 0.050
A to fault 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.020 0.020 0.020
The system responses are shown in Figs CS 1.1 and CS 1.2.
Case study 2. Single-phase-to-earth fault.
The circuit diagram and the system parameters for this study are the same
as for Case study 1.
Case studies 39
The results are shown in Figs CS 2.1 and CS 2.2.
Case study 3. Steady state operation with single unbalanced line.
The system data is as for the two previous studies except for the line
impedances.
Line parameters
Line A only
Ra Rb Rc Xa Xb Xc
A 0.010 0.010 0.020 0.040 0.040 0.080
B - - - - - -
A to fault - - - - - -
The results are shown in Figs CS 3.1 and CS 3.2.

TERM-UOLT-PHASE-A e.8933 TERM-uoLT-PHASE-A

1 _ . 5 e e e Tb,..(IIIS)
1.ze
-1.ze
e.e6 Z6e1.ea
Generator voltage phase A p. u.
PHASE-A-Cl.IJ'IREtlT 1.9933 PHASE-A-CURREHT

1 _ . 5 _ Tinc(ns)
5.66
-"'l.Be
e.ea Ze61.ee
Generator current phase A p.u.
GEN.-FIELD-CURREtlT 3177.7776 GEI'I.-FIELD-CURREHT

1_.seeo Tine(ns)
_ . e a ..
e.se
e.ee Tll1'1c(lI'IIs) Ze61.ee
Generator field current
Fig. CS 1.1 Three-phase-to-earth fault of 200ms duration.

Case studies 41
E..-tI-POWER Z . 1.aZZ E/I1-POWER

1aaa.saaa Ti_(...,.)
6.40
-Z.40
a.aa
Generator electromagnetic power p. u.
LP3 .-GEtlE-SHAFT-TORQ ~.3aaO LP3.-GENE-SHAFT-TORQ

1aaa.saaa Tinc(ns)
za.aa
-16.aa .....
a.aa Ti...e( ...s ) zaa1.aa
Generator shaft torque p. u.
LOAD-Al'lGLE BZ.8333 LOAD-AHGLE

1aaa.saaa Tinc(ns)
1~a.aa
a.aa
a.aa Za61.aa
Generator load angle
Fig. CS1.2 Three-phase-to-earth fault of200ms duration.

0.9933 TERM-UOLT-PHASE-A
TERN-UOLT-PHASE-A 1000.5000 Tine(ns)
1.20
-1.20 . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. . . . . . : . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.00 Tine(ns) 2001.00

0.9533 PHASE-A-CURRENT
PHASE-A-CURREMT 1000.5000 Tine(ns)
3.20
-5.60 Til'l'lc(lI'IIs)
2001.00
0.00
Generator current phase A p. u.

2277.7776 GEN.-FIELD-CURRENT
GEN.-FIELD-CURREMT 1000.5000 Tine(ns)
5000.00
- . ~ . . . . . .~ .. . . . .~. . . .. . ~. . . . . .
.: _.' :- .
..... .; ...... ; ..
. ~. . . .. . ~. . . . . .
0.00 Till'le(lI'IIs)
2001.00
0.00
Fig. CS 2.1 Single-phase-to-earth fault of 200 ms duration.

Case studies 43
EA1-POWEH a .9222 EA1-POWER

1eee.seee Tine(As)
2.8e
-1.2a
a.e6 2ee1.e6

LP3.-GEHE-SHAFT-TORQ a.96"l"l LP3.-GEHE-SHAFT-TORQ
1eee.seeo Tine(As)
6."Ia
-"I.8e ...... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . .: ...... : ..... .

" "
a.aa TiPICC ...s ) 2aa1.e6

LOAD-AtlGLE 62.2222 LOAD-ANGLE
1eee . seee T1Il1<0 (AS)
7a.e6
a.aa
a.aa TilJle(ltIs) 2e61.aa
Fig. CS 2.2 Single-phase-to-earth fault of 200ms duration.

TERM-UOLT-PHASE-A -e.7333 TERM-uoLT-PHASE_

Z5e._ Ti..,..(...,.)
1.26
-1.26
e.e6

PHASE_-CUJlHEI1T -0.768e PHASE-A-CUHHEnT
Z5e._ Tinc(ns)
e.96
-e.96
e.ee Till'lc(l'IIIs) see.ee

GEn.-FIELD-CUHHEnT ZG75.eeee GEn.-FIELD-CUHHEMT
zso.eeee Tinc(ns)
3eee.e6 .
e.ee
e.ee Tine( ...s) see.ee
Fig. CS 3.1 Supply line impedance unbalanced.

Case studies 45
E/M-POWER 0.8025 E/M-POWER

250.0000 Tine(ns)
0.96
0.00
0.00 Til'llc(l'IIs) 500.00
Generator electromagnetic power p.u.

LP3.-GENE-SHAFT-TORQ 0.8889 LP3.-GENE-SHAFT-TORQ
250.0000 Tine(ns)
1.00
0.00
0.00 Tirrae(l'IIs) 500.00

LOAD-ANGLE 62.2222 LOAD-ANGLE
250.0000 Tine(ns)
70.00
0.00
0.00 Til'llc(rrls) 500.00
Fig. CS 3.2 Supply line impedance unbalanced.

5. Diesel-generator program manual
5.1 Introduction
This program provides comprehensive dynamic analysis of a diesel engine

driven three phase synchronous generator connected through a delta/star
(Dyll) transformer to a load busbar, to which an induction motor can be
connected. Full electrical and mechanical dynamic behaviour are simulated
by the use of validated models under a variety of user-selected disturbance
events. All types of short circuits and motor switching operations can be
selected, with up to six events possible in anyone simulation run. The
event options are:
I. Short circuit faults at the generator bus,
(a) single-phase-to-earth,
(b) line-to-line,
(c) three-phase.
2. Short circuit faults at the load bus,
(b) line-to-line,
(c) three-phase.
3. Clear fault.
4. Connect induction motor.
The simulation runs may commence by either starting the diesel engine
from rest or by assuming that the engine is running at rated speed prior to
the commencement of the simulation. For the case where the engine starts
from rest the fuel rack position follows a substantially ramp function prior
to switching to full governor control. It is possible to connect the induction
motor load at any time (t ~ 0).
The program is run by typing DIESEL at the DOS prompt within the
DIESEL GENERATOR
Generator data
AVRdata
Engine data
Governor data
Transformer data
Induction motor data
Filename - qaz
Store
Store/run
Display option - generator
File management
Quit
The menu shown above is displayed when the program is called. As in all
menus, each of the options is selected by placing the highlight bar over the
selection and pressing RETURN (ENTER). The highlight bar is moved
using the UP and DOWN arrow keys. The options are described below.
and access to the event menu (section 5.3).
pole number, inertia and d-q impedance data (section 5.4).
A VR data - reveals the PAGE 4 menu which allows access to A VR data
sub-menus; the A VR is modelled in accordance with the standard
IEEE type 2 representation, and caters for exciter saturation (section
5.5).
Engine data - reveals the PAGE 5 menu containing data required by the
diesel engine model; the model is described in detail elsewhere and
is based on test results (section 5.6).
Governor data - reveals the PAGE 6 menu which allows access to governor
data sub-menus; the governor model is described in section 5.7.
Transformer data - reveals the PAGE 7 menu containing rating and
impedance data for the delta-star transformer linking the generator
bus to the load bus (section 5.8).
Induction motor data - reveals the PAGE 8 menu containing rating, pole
number, inertia and impedance data for the motor, plus data to permit
representation of the load torque-speed characteristic (section 5.9).
filename used previously; after typing a name the prompt 'new
filename (Y/N)?' appears; enter Y if the name has not been used
menus.
Store/run - this option stores the data, using the generic filename appearing
name.
Display option - generator - this option allows selection of the results file
for graphical display; the various results files are revealed
sequentially by using the LEFT or RIGHT arrow keys; when the
name of the chosen file is displayed the RETURN key will activate
the plotting routine: the results files available are GENERATOR,
DIESEL, TRANSFORMER, INDUCTION MOTOR and BUS
VOLTAGE; each file contains several variables, any of which can be
displayed as a function of time.
data and results file; a list option reveals all data or results files in the
current directory; a delete option reveals a prompt requesting the
generic name of the file to be deleted (no extension).
Quit - this option exits the program and returns the user to DOS.
This menu with its default data is shown below.
Page 2 Syst em speciiilcafIon

BasekVA - 10000
Base voltage (kV) - 13.80
Engine initial speed Zero
Number of events - 1
Event data
Page 1
described below.
Simulation time - the total time of the simulation, in seconds.
Normal frequency - the nominal system frequency in Hz.
Base k VA - the k VA value used as a base in the per unit modelling of the
overall system.
Base voltage (kV) - the voltage value at the generator bus used as a base in
the per unit modelling of the overall system.
Engine initial speed - 'ZERO' is the default response; the responses ZERO
and RATED are toggled using the RETURN key.
Number of events - the number of user-selected disturbances which occur
during the simulation.
Most of the above options require numerical data to be entered. All such
numerical entries are handled in the same manner - when the highlight bar
is placed over the option, pressing the RETURN key will display a prompt
line requesting a new data value. Key in the new value and press RETURN
again - the new value will now appear in the menu. Pressing RETURN
without keying-in any data will leave the original value unchanged, as will
keying-in invalid data types.
Event data - this option calls a sub-menu containing the details of the
disturbance events (section 5.3.1).
Page 1 - returns to the main menu (page 1)
5.3.1 Event data sub-menu
The sub-menu with its default data is shown below.
Event number Event type Time

1 Connect induction motor 0.10
The number of events listed corresponds with the 'number of events' data
in the system specification menu (section 5.3).
Any of the event types can be selected by placing the highlight bar over
the event type name, using the UP, DOWN, LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys,
and then pressing RETURN. Each RETURN keystroke selects a different
event type. When the desired event type is displayed the highlight bar can
be removed. All event types are edited in this way to create the required
sequence of events.
The event time is entered by using the highlight bar, RETURN key and
prompts, as for all numerical data entries.
As more than one fault can be present during the simulation, the 'clear
fault' option may also be selected more than once. In such cases the fault
application and clear fault events are paired in a 'nested' pattern thus:
fault tl
fault t2
clear fault t3
clear fault t4
i.e. fault at t2 is cleared at t3 and fault at tl is cleared at t4. The nested
pattern is unaffected by any motor switching event which may occur in
between the fault applications and clearances.
Selecting 'system specification' returns to the system specification menu
(page 2).
Page 3 Generator data (impedance parameters in per uni!}

Number of poles - 4
kVArating - 10000
D-mcis magnetizing reactance - 1.680
Inertia constant (H) - 1.250
Page 1
All impedance data are in per unit to a base of the machine k VA

specified in the generator menu. Stator parameters are expressed relative
kV 2
to the stator impedance base Zbs = . Rotor parameters are expressed
MVA
relative to the rotor impedance base Zbr = V~ where lfb is the rated field
lfb
current.
k VA rating - generator rating in k VA.
Rated field current (A) - the value of field current which results in an air-
line open circuit emf Eo = IsXmd, where Is = rated stator current and
Xmd is the d-axis magnetizing reactance.
D-axis magnetizing reactance - the value of per-unit mutual reactance

field leakage flux.
associated with the direct axis damping winding leakage flux.
Inertia constant (H) - the value of diesel generator total rotational inertia
expressed as the ratio (rotational kinetic energy) + (machine VA base). The
rotational KE is given by YlI0)2 where I is the total inertia (kgm2) and 0) is
the generator nominal angular velocity (rads- I ).
Selecting 'page l' returns to the main menu.
Page 4 AVRdata
A VR state data
A VR limit data
Page 1

representation defmed in the IEEE Committee Report [3]. This is described
fully in section 5.10, where A VR states, limits and saturation function are
explained.
Each menu option is selected using the highlight bar.

A VR state data - this option calls a sub-menu (page 4a) containing details
of the A VR model state variable data (section 5.5.1).
A VR limit data - this option calls a sub-menu (page 4b) containing details
of the limits applying to the A VR model (section 5.5.2).
Saturation function included? - YES
'Yes' is the default response; it indicates that excitation system non-
linearity is represented; the responses YES and NO are toggled using
the RETURN key.
the data required to represent exciter system saturation, based on the
standard IEEE format (section 5.5.3).
Page 1 - this option returns to the main menu.
The IEEE type 2 A VR model has five states, corresponding to its four
transfer function blocks, one of which has two states. A standardized data
format is used in which each state is associated with a gain, a lead time-
constant and a lag time-constant. The transfer function model is fully
described in section 5.10, where all state variables are identified.
The menu with its default data is shown below.

1 1.00 0.00 0.020
2 600.0 0.00 0.040
3 1.00 0.00 0.200
4 1.00 0.00 2.000
5 0.080 0.00 0.120
AVR data
All gains are dimensionless and time-constants are expressed in seconds.

Each data entry can be edited using the highlight bar, ENTER and prompt
line as described previously (section 5.3).
Selecting 'AVR data' returns to the A VR menu, page 4.
5.5.2 The AVR limit data menu (page 4b)
The IEEE type 2 A VR model has one limited variable - the output of the
main amplifier, block 2.
The limit menu with its default data is shown below.
AVR limit Positive Negative

1 15.000000 0.000000
AVR data
The limit values are expressed in per unit.
Each data entry can be edited in the same way as those of the A VR state
data menu.
Selecting 'AVR data' returns to the AVR menu, page 4.

Voltage 1 - 4.5750
Voltage 2 - 6.10
SE Value 1 - 0.00
SE Value 2 - 1.40
SE Value 3 - 1.50
AVR data
explained in section 5.10. The data entries can be edited in the same way
as those of the A VR state data menu.
Selecting 'AVR data' returns to the AVR menu, page 4.
5.6 The engine data menu (page 5)
The basis of the turbo-charged diesel engine quasi-dynamic model has been
described elsewhere. The data required for the model consist of a set of
algebraic functions which relate the significant engine variables. These
functions are obtained from engine test data. A set of typical functions is
included at the end of this manual as Appendix B.
The engine data menu (page 5) 55
The relationship between these functions and the data set shown in the
engine data menu is described in section 5.6.1.
The engine data menu with its default values (which derives from
Appendix B) is shown below.
Page 5 Engme
. Daa
t
Constant 1 Constant 2 Constant 3 Constant 4
F1 1.295000 0.645000 1.020000 -
F2 0.770000 1.015000 0.760000 2.000000
F3 -0.846243 1.148420 -0.178089 -
F4 2.540660 -0.539388 0.073559 -
F5 0.000000 - - -
F6a 3.100000 -0.019815 0.663654 -
F6b -0.088981 1.087810 0.031912 -
F7 1.250000 - - -
F8 0.075000 - - -
F9 0.400000 - - -
FlO 0.000000 0.000000 - -
Page 1
Editing of the data entries is as described for the A VR state data menu.
5.6.1 Identification of engine data
The engine functions shown in Appendix B correspond to data functions

F1, F2, F3, F4, F6a and F6b in table 5.1. Data function F5 relates to the
exhaust gas pressure ratio correction-factor which is applied when this
pressure ratio exceeds the inlet pressure ratio, i.e.
The correction factor K is defmed as:
K = 1; P3IPO ~ P2IPO
K = 1 - [(P3 - P2)1P2]Rk ; P3IPO> P2IPO
Data functions F7 and F8 are self-explanatory.

Data function F9 is the time-constant of the simple exponential lag

representing the delay between the actual engine output torque and the
torque derived from the quasi-steady state engine functions.
Data function FlO describes the engine friction torque characteristic in

terms of indicated torque and speed. The characteristic is expressed as:
Friction torque = Tfl + (Tn * indicated torque * speed)
Engine function Constant 1 Constant 2 Constant 3 Constant 4

F1 - exhaust gas pressure a2 al ao -
ratio
F2 - turbine torque Ktl Kt3 Kt2 (P3/PoA,
characteristic
F3 - compressor torque ao al a2 -
characteristic
F4 - compressor speed ao al a2 -
characteristic
F5 - exhaust gas pressure Rk - - -
ratio correction function
F6a (P2/POZA, ao al -
F6b a2 bo bl
engine indicated torque/inlet -
pressure ratio/fuel rate
characteristic
F7 - maximum engine torque Tm - - -
(per unit)
F8 - turbo charger intertia Htc - - -
constant, sec.
F9 - engine time constant, Te - - -
sec.
FlO - engine friction torque Tfl Tn - -
characteristic
Table 5.1 Engine function data.
The menu with its default data is shown opposite.


Governor state data
Governor limit data
Pagel
The diesel engine governor is modelled by a set of simultaneous linear
differential equations relating the engine speed, reference speed and load
share signals - the inputs - with the fuel rack position (fuel flow rate) signal
- the output. A full description of the governor model transfer function
representation is given in section 5.11. The model has been validated
against experimental data.
The options offered in the menu are described below.
Governor state data - this option calls a sub-menu (page 6a) containing
details of the governor model state variable data (section 5.7.1).
Governor limit data - this option calls a sub-menu (page 6b) containing
details of the limits applying to the governor model (section5.7.2).
5.7.1 The governor state data menu (page 6a)
The governor model has seven states. A standardized data format is used
in which each state is associated with a gain, a lead time-constant and a lag
time-constant. The transfer function representation of the governor model
is fully described in section 5.11, where all state variables are identified.
Governor data Gain Lead TC LagTC

1 1.00 0.000 0.050
2 0.00 0.000 0.050
3 1.00 0.0020 0.0050
4 1.00 0.000 0.000
5 1000.0 0.470 0.0550
6 1.00 0.000 0.250
7 3.00 0.000 0.0050
Governor data

Each data listing can be edited as described previously (section 5.3).
Selecting 'Governor data' returns to the governor data menu, page 6.
5.7.2 The governor limit data menu (page 6b)
The governor model has two limited variables - the output of the main
amplifier which is rate limited, and the fuel rack position (the governor
output) which is amplitude limited. The limits are expressed in per unit per
second and per unit respectively.

1 180.00 0.00
2 45.00 0.00
Governor data
Each data entry can be edited as described for the governor data menu.
Selecting 'Governor data' returns to the governor data menu, page 6.
5.8 The transformer menu (page 7)
Page 7 Transformer data (impedance parameters in per unit)

Rated voltage - 6300
Full-load current - 1500
Frequency - 50.0
Primary resistance - 0.00
Primary leakage reactance = 0.050
Secondary resistance - 0.00
Secondary leakage reactance - 0.050
Magnetizing reactance - 45.00
Page 1
All impedance data are expressed in per unit to a base of the transformer
current and line voltage values specified in the transformer menu.
Rated voltage - the nominal secondary line voltage rating of the
transformer, in volts; the primary voltage has been specified by the
generator rated voltage in the generator menu.
Full-load current - the rated secondary line current in amps.
Frequency - the rated frequency of the transformer in Hz; reactance values
are based on this frequency.
Induction motor menu (page 8) 59
Primary resistance - the per unit value of the resistance of each primary
phase.
Primary leakage reactance - the per unit value of the leakage reactance of
each primary phase.
Secondary resistance - the per unit value of the resistance of each
secondary phase.
Secondary leakage reactance - the per unit value of the leakage reactance
of each secondary phase.
Magnetizing reactance - the per unit value of the mutual reactance per
phase.
5.9 Induction motor menu (page 8)
Page 8 Induction motor data (impedance parameters in per unit)

Rated voltage - 6300
Full-load current - 230.0
Frequency - 50.00
Number of poles - 4
Rotor resistance - 0.0280
Rotor leakage reactance - 0.090
Load constant 1 - 0.00
Page 1
All impedance data are expressed in per unit to a base of the motor
current and line voltage values specified in the induction motor menu
(equivalent star parameters).
Rated voltage - the nominal line voltage of the machine, in volts.
Full-load current - the rated line current of the machine, in amps.
Frequency - the rated frequency of the induction motor in Hz; reactance

values are based on this frequency.
Rated power factor - the motor power factor at full load.
Number of poles - the number of magnetic poles into which the stator
winding has been divided (must be an even integer!).
Stator resistance - the per unit value of the resistance of each stator phase.
Stator leakage reactance - the per unit value of the leakage reactance of
each stator phase.
Rotor resistance - the per unit value of the resistance of each rotor phase,
referred to the stator.
Rotor leakage reactance - the per unit value of the leakage reactance of
each rotor phase, referred to the stator.
Inertia constant (H) - the value of the total motorlload rotational inertia
expressed as the ratio (rotational kinetic energy at synchronous
speed) + (machine VA base).
Load constants 1, 2, 3 and 4 represent the values A, B, C and D
respectively in the load torque-speed equation:
(A, B, C, D and ro expressed in per unit).

5.10 AVR modelling
5.10.1 Background
The IEEE type 2 A VR and exciter model is shown in transfer function form
in Fig. 5.1.
Block 1 represents the process path for the generator terminal voltage
signal VT . This block has a typical gain of unity and a lag time-constant of
the order of tens of milliseconds. Block 2 represents the main error
amplifier stage with a typical gain of several hundred and a lag time-
constant of the order of tens of milliseconds. The output of the amplifier
block is limited to represent the practical extremes of the output signal -
these extreme values are the A VR limit data in the A VR menu. Block 3
represents the exciter with its non-linear saturation characteristic catered
for by the feedback block SE. This aspect is discussed fully in section
AVR modelling 61
5.10.3. The value of KE is unity when variables are expressed in per unit
and the lag time-constant is typically 0.1-0.3 seconds. Block 4 represents
a rate-sensing stabilizing feedback path. The values of its gain and lag
time-constants can vary widely, depending on the system dynamics, and
have a significant role in determining the overall response of the
A VRlexciter system.
lim~f
1+sT R
block 1 block 2
(1+sT Fl)(1+sTF2 )
block <1-
Fig. 5.1 IEEE type 2 AVR and exciter model.
5.10.2 Standardized model for data presentation
The transfer function diagram of Fig. 5.1 can be replaced by one consisting
of standard function blocks. This aids the presentation of data in the menus
and avoids ambiguity in the terminology. The standard form transfer
function diagram is shown in Fig. 5.3, where each block is in the standard
form shown in Fig. 5.2.
Kn(1+sTDn)
1+s TGn
Kn gain of block n
TDn leaD time-constant of block n
TGn laG time-constant of block n
Fig. 5.2. Standard transfer function block

Note that block 4 in Fig. 5.1 has been split into blocks 4 and 5 in Fig. 5.3.
The outputs of the five blocks are the five state variables used by the
program's state space equations. The five blocks are the five 'AVR states'
referred to in the state data menu, each with its gain, lead time-constant and
lag time-constant. (As there are no lead time-constants in the original
model of Fig. 5.1, all lead time-constant data values are zero.)
SE
vAEF mNbf
vr Kl(HsTDl) K2 (HsTD21 K~1+sfu) vFD
HsT G1 1+sTG2 1+sTG3
Vr
K5(1+sTOS) K~(HsTrJ
HsT G5 1+sTG4
block 5 block 4
Fig. 5.3 IEEE type 2 excitation system in standard transfer function format.
5.10.3 Excitersaturation
saturation function block (Fig. 5.3) is shown in Fig. 5.4.
Fig. 5.4 Combination of block 3 and saturation block.
Any non-zero value of SE causes VFD to be reduced below its linear
The value of SE depends on VFO in accordance with the exciter

characteristic. A typical exciter saturation characteristic is shown in Fig.
5.5, along with the definition of SE.
l-ine
-~/
I.
Fig. 5.5 The definition of SE.
As seen from the A VR saturation function data menu ( section 5.5.3) the
data required are two values of VFO and three values of SE. These values
are used to describe the saturation curve according to the following
principle.
As the exciter characteristic is initially linear, the data values for 'voltage
l' and 'SE value l' should be taken to be the value of VFO at the end of the
piecewise linearisation up to the practical maximum value of VFO, as
shown in Fig. 5.6.
From Fig. 5.6, 'SE value l' = 0, since (BI - AI)/AI = 0; 'SE value 2' =
(B2 - A2)/A2; 'SE value 3' = (B3 - A3)/A3; 'voltage l' = value of VFO at the
first breakpoint; 'voltage 2' = value of VFO at the second breakpoint.
5.11. Governor Modelling
The turbo-charged diesel engine governor is modelled in transfer function

format as shown in Fig. 5.7.
81
--~----------- -
A1
Fig. 5.6 Evaluation of saturation function parameters.
6m;[
rate +
speed
<..) (1+sT7)(1+sT8) fuel
1-.---=-_-=-..1 rack
stabilising actuator position
amp.
load
si nal KE
(1 +sT 1)(1 +sT2)
Fig.5.7 Diesel governor model.
The model reflects the physical components of a speed governing system

which includes a load-sharing signal, stabilizing amplifier, main speed-error
amplifier and fuel rack actuator. In the case of a single diesel generator, as
here, the load signal input is zero. The speed reference is set to 1 pu, the
nominal running speed. The output of the main amplifier is rate limited and
the output of the actuator is amplitude limited, representing the practical
limits on the actuator position.
Case studies 65
SJ)!!ed
reference
speed
Fig. 5.8 Diesel governor standard format model.
As with the A VR, a standard transfer-function block format is adopted to

simplify data presentation, and this leads to the seven-state model shown in
Fig. 5.8. The outputs of the seven blocks are the seven state variables
used by the program's state space equations. The data in the governor state
data menu are the gains (K), lead time-constants (TD) and lag time-
constants (TG) of the seven blocks. Data values which are fixed by the
nature of the original model of Fig. 5.7 can not be accessed in the state data
menu.
5.12 Case studies
To illustrate the use of this program the case of the diesel-engine driven
generator starting a three-phase induction motor is considered. Subsequent
to the motor start a three-phase fault is assumed to occur at the terminals of
the motor. The generator is connected to the load bus via a delta-star
transformer.
Two simulation studies are undertaken. The first assumes the diesel
engine to be at rest at the start of the simulation period and the second
assumes the engine to be running at rated speed at the start of the
simulation. Since the principal data is identical for both simulations only
one set of system data is listed below. Figure 5.9 shows the system
considered in schematic form.
480V 4BOV/6.6kV 6.6kV
1---+-1~~.
1.5 MVA 2 MVA
Diesel generator pump drive
Fig. 5.9 System schematic.
Case study 1. Diesel starting from rest.
BasekVA - 15000.0
Event data
2 3-phase fault at load bus 15.00
3 clear fault 15.30
Generator data (impedance parameters in per unit)

Number of poles - 4
kVArating - 1~0
Case studies 67
AVRdata
A VR state data
1 1.00 0.000 0.010
2 500.0 0.000 0.100
3 1.00 0.000 0.100
4 1.00 0.000 0.700
5 0.080 0.000 0.050
A VR limit data
A VR limit Positive Negative
1 4.00 0.00
Engine data
Function Constant 1 Constant 2 Constant 3 Constant 4
Fl 1.295000 0.645000 1.020000 -
F2 0.770000 1.015000 0.760000 2.000000
F3 -0.846243 1.148420 -0.178089 -
F4 2.540660 -0.539388 0.073559 -
F5 0.000000 - - -
F6a 3.100000 -0.019815 0.663654 -
F6b -0.088981 1.087810 0.031912 -
F7 1.300000 - - -
F8 0.075000 - - -
F9 0.400000 - - -
FlO 0.000000 0.000000 - -
Governor data
Governor state data
1 1.00 0.000 0.100
2 0.00 0.000 0.200
3 1.00 0.0020 0.010
4 1.00 0.000 0.000
5 1000.0 0.470 0.110
6 1.00 0.000 0.500
7 3.00 0.000 0.010
Governor limit data

1 180.000000 0.000000
2 45.000000 0.000000
Transformer data (impedance parameters in per unit)

Rated voltage = 6 (()O.O
Full-load current = 175.0
Frequency = 50.0
Primary leakage reactance - 0.02750
Secondary resistance = 0.00
Magnetizing reactance = 45.00
Induction motor data (impedance parameters in per unit)

Rated voltage - 6 (()O.O
Frequency - 50.0
Number of poles - 4
Load constant 2 = 0.00
Samples of the system responses are shown in Figs CS 4.1 to CS 4.3.
Case study 2. Diesel running at rated speed at the commencement of

the simulation.
The system parameters for this study are the same as for Case study 1.
Samples of the system responses are shown in Figs CS 5.1 to CS 5.3.
Case studies 69
AU.-TERM.-UOLTAGE e.9967 AU.-TERM.-UOLTAGE

1e999.9997 Ti~e(~s)
1.ze
e.ee
e.ee Tirrle(l'IIs) zzeee.ee
Generator average terminal voltage p.u. rms.
EXCIT.-UOLTAGE 51.3333 EXCIT.-UOLTAGE

1e999.9997 Ti~e(~s)
1ze.ee
e.ee
e.ee TiIllC(ITIS) zzeee.ee
Generator excitation voltage p.u.
ROTOR-SPEED e.9961 ROTOR-SPEED

1e999.9997 Ti~e(~s)
1.1e
e.ee
e.ee Til'lle(lIIs) zzeee.ee
Generator speed p.u.
Fig. CS 4.1 Start-up of diesel-generator followed by induction motor start and 3-phase fault
Motor-Ia. 6_8667 Motor-I ..

16999_9997 Tine(ns)
2_-'16
-8_66
6_66 Tittte(",s) =eee_66
Induction motor phase A current p_u_
I"Iotor-torquc: 0_76-'1-'1 Motor-torque

16999_9997 Tine(ns)
1_66
--'I_Be . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . .
0_66
Induction motor torque p_ u_
Motor-speed 6_9717 Motor-speed

10999 _9997 T inc (ns)
1_16
0_66
6_6e
Induction motor speed p_u.
Fig. CS 4.2 Start-up of diesel-generator followed by induction motor start and 3-phase fault.
Case studies 71
Q 0.5378 Q
109'39 .9'397 T It1E (...s)
1.10
0.00
0.00 TIME(...s)
Diesel output torque p. u.
O.-'l-'l-'l-'l RJa'Z
109'39.9997 TIME(AS)
0.00
0.00 TIME(AS) 22000.00
Fuel rack position p.u.
we 1.5339 we
10999.9997 TIME(AS)
2.20
0.00
0.00 22000.00
Compressor speed p.u.
Fig. CS 4.3 Start-up of diesel-generator followed by induction motor start and 3-phase fault.
AV_-TERM_-VOLTAGE 6_99~~ AV_-TERM_-VOLTAGE

16999_9997 Tine(ns)
Z_66
6_66
6_66 Till'llc(l'I'Is) ZZ666_a6
Generator average terminal voltage p_ u_ rms
EXCIT_-VOLTAGE 51_1111 EXCIT_-VOLTAGE

16999_9997 Tine(ns)
Z66_a6
6_a6
6_66 Till'llc(lI'IIs) ZZ666_66
Generator excitation voltage p_u_
ROTOR-SPEED 6_9933 ROTOR-SPEED

16999_9997 Tine(ns)
1_16
6_96
6_66 Til'llc(l'I'Is) ZZ666_a6
Generator speed p_ u_
Fig_ CS 5_1 Start-up of induction motor followed by 3-phase fault

Case studies 73
Motor-Ia. 6.eeaa Motor-Ia.

16999.9997 Tine(ns)
B.a6
-6.46
6.66 T il'llc (illS) zzaaa.a6
Induction motor phase A current p. u.
Motor-torque 6.?Baa Motor-torque

10999.9997 Tine(ns)
Z.46
-4.Be
6.66 T ill'lc (illS) zzaaa.66
Induction motor torque p. u.
Motor-speed. 6.9767 Motor-speed.

10999.9997 Ti ..... (ns)
1.64
6.66
6.a6 =aaa.66
Induction motor speed p. u.
Fig. CS 5.2 Start-up of induction motor followed by 3-phase fault.

Q a.S6ZZ Q
1a999.9~7 TIME(nS)
Diesel output torque p. u.
JlKI'Z a .4639 JIKI'Z

1~.~7 TIME(nS)
1.ee
a.ee
a.aa TIME( ...S) zzeea.aa
Fuel rack position p.u.
we 1.6389 we
1a9~.9~7 TIME(nS)
Compressor speed p.u.
Fig. CS 5.3 Start-up of induction motor followed by 3-phase fault.

Case studies 75
When making a preliminary assessment of the ability of a motor to start

on a particular supply system the characteristic and speed of the excitation
system can take on special significance. The excitation system chosen for
these studies is relatively powerful and ensures that the voltage recovers
sufficiently in the post switching period. Induction motor manufacturers are
required to guarantee that a motor will start when the terminal voltage is
80% of the nominal value. For those cases where greater voltage dips are
encountered individual simulation studies are necessary.
Due to the initial voltage drop, in addition to the starting power factor of
the motor, the step change in load is relatively small and the engine is able
to provide the changes in power required without excessive deviation in
speed and hence frequency.
6. Gas turbine-generator program
manual
6.1 Introduction
This program provides comprehensive dynamic analysis of a gas turbine

driven three phase synchronous generator connected through a delta/star
(Dy11) transformer to a load busbar, to which an induction motor load can
be connected if required. Full electrical and mechanical dynamic behaviour
are simulated by the use of validated models under a variety of user-
selected disturbance events. All types of short circuits and motor switching
operations can be selected, with up to six events possible in anyone
simulation run. The event options are:
1. Short circuit faults at the generator bus,
(b) line-to-line,
(c) three-phase.
2. Short circuit faults at the load bus,
(a) single-phase-to-ea~
(b) line-to-line,
(c) three-phase.
3. Clear fault.
4. Connect induction motor.
All significant electrical and mechanical variables are available for

graphical display as functions of time on the completion of any run.
The program is run by typing GAS at the DOS prompt within the
GAS TURBINE GENERATOR

Generator data
AVRdata
Governor data
Transformer data
Induction motor data
Filename - qaz
Store
Store/run
Display option - Generator
File management
Quit
The menu shown above is displayed when the program is called. As in

all menus, each of the options is selected by placing the highlight bar over
the selection and pressing RETURN (ENTER). The highlight bar is moved
using the UP and DOWN arrow keys. The options are described below.
and access to the event menu (section 6.3).
pole number, inertia and d-q impedance data (section 6.4).
AVR data - reveals the PAGE 4 menu which allows access to AVR data
sub-menus; the AVR is modelled in accordance with the standard
IEEE type 2 representation, and caters for exciter saturation (section
6.5).
Governor data - reveals the PAGE 5 menu which allows access to governor
data sub-menus; the governor model is described in section 6.6.
Transformer data - reveals the PAGE 6 menu containing rating and
impedance data for the delta-star transformer linking the generator
bus to the load bus (section 6.7).
Induction motor data - reveals the PAGE 7 menu containing rating, pole
number, inertia and impedance data for the motor, plus data to permit
representation of the load torque-speed characteristic (section 6.8).
filename used previously; after. typing a name the prompt 'new
filename (Y/N)?' appears; enter Y if the name has not been used
menus.
StorelRun - this option stores the data, using the generic filename appearing
name.
Display option - generator - this option allows selection of the results file
for graphical display; the various results files are revealed
sequentially by using the LEFT or RIGHT arrow keys; when the
name of the chosen file is displayed the RETURN key will activate
the plotting routine; the results files available are GENERATOR,
TRANSFORMER, INDUCTION MOTOR and BUS VOLTAGE;
each file contains several variables, any of which can be displayed as
a function of time.
data and results file; a 'list' option reveals all data or results files in
the current directory; a 'delete' option reveals a prompt requesting
the generic name of the file to be deleted (no extension).
Quit - this option exits the program and returns the user to DOS.
This menu with its default data is shown overleaf.

Page 2 Syst em specifilca(IOn

BasekVA - 100000
Number of Events - 1
Event data
Pagel
described below.
Simulation time - the total time of the simulatio~ in seconds.
Normal frequency - the nominal system frequency in Hz.
Base k VA - the k VA value used as a base in the per unit modelling of the
overall system.
Base voltage (kV) - the voltage value at the generator bus used as a base in
the per unit modelling of the overall system.
Number of events - the number of user-selected disturbances which occur
during the simulation.
Each of the above options requires numerical data to be entered. All such
numerical entries are handled in the same manner - when the highlight bar
is placed over the optio~ pressing the RETURN key will display a prompt
line requesting a new data value. Key in the new value and press
RETURN again - the new value will now appear in the menu. Pressing
RETURN without keying-in any data will leave the original value
unchanged, as will keying-in invalid data types.
Event data - this option calls a sub-menu containing the details of the
disturbance events (section 6.3.1).
Page 1 - returns to the main menu (page 1)
6.3.1 Event data sub-menu
The sub-menu with its default data is shown below.

The number of events listed corresponds with the 'number of events' data
in the system specification menu (section 6.3).
Any of the event types can be selected by placing the highlight bar over
the event type name, using the UP, DOWN, LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys,
and then pressing RETURN. Each RETURN keystroke selects a different
event type. When the desired event type is displayed the highlight bar can
be removed. All event types are edited in this way to create the required
sequence of events.
The event time is entered by using the highlight bar, RETURN key and
prompts, as for all numerical data entries.
As more than one fault can be present during the simulation the 'clear
fault' option may also be selected more than once. In such cases the fault
application and clear fault events are paired in a 'nested' pattern thus:
fault t}
fault t2
clear fault t3
clear fault 14
i.e. fault at t2 is cleared at t3 and fault at t} is cleared at 14. The nested
pattern is unaffected by any motor switching event which may occur in
between the fault applications and clearances.
Selecting 'system specification' returns to the system specification menu
(page 2).
This menu with its default data is shown overleaf.
All impedance data are in per unit to a base of the machine k VA

specified in the generator menu. Stator parameters are expressed relative
kV 2
to the stator impedance base Zbs = . Rotor parameters are expressed
MVA
relative to the rotor impedance base Zbr = V~ where lfb is the rated field
lfb
current.
k VA rating - generator rating in k VA.
Page 3 Generator data (impedance parameters in per unit)

Number of poles - 2
kVA rating = 47000.0
D-axis magnetizing reactance = 1.70
Q-axis magnetizing reactance = 1.50
Field leakage reactance = 0.140
Field resistance = 0.0010
D-axis damper resistance = 0.0030
Pagel
Rated field current (A) - the value of field current which results in an air-
line open circuit emf Eo = IsXmd, where Is = rated stator current and
Xmd is the d-axis magnetizing reactance.
D-axis magnetizing reactance - the value of per-unit mutual reactance
field leakage flux.
associated with the direct axis damping winding leakage flux.
Inertia constant (H) - the value of generator and turbine total rotational
inertia expressed as the ratio (rotational kinetic energy) + (machine
VA base). The rotational KE is given by Yllro2 where I = total
inertia (kgm2) and ro = generator nominal angular velocity (rads- I).
Page 4 AVRdata
A VR state data
A VR limit data
Pagel

representation defined in the IEEE Committee Report [3]. This is described
fully in section 6.9, where AVR states, limits and saturation function are
explained.
Each menu option is selected using the highlight bar. .
A VR state data - this option calls a sub-menu (page 4a) containing details
of the A VR model state variable data (section 6.5.1).
AVR limit data - this option calls a sub-menu (page 4b) containing details
of the limits applying to the A VR model (section 6.5.2).
Saturation function included? - YES. 'Yes' is the default response; it
indicates that excitation system non-linearity is represented; the
responses YES and NO are toggled using the RETURN key.
the data required to represent exciter system saturation, based on the
standard IEEE format (section 6.5.3).
Page 1 - this option returns to the main menu.
The IEEE type 2 A VR model has five states, corresponding to its four
transfer function blocks, one of which has two states. A standardized data
format is used in which each state is associated with a gain, a lead time-
constant and a lag time-constant. The transfer function model is fully
described in section 6.9, where all state variables are identified.

1 1.00 0.00 0.020
2 600.0 0.00 0.040
3 1.00 0.00 0.200
4 1.00 0.00 2.000
5 0.080 0.00 0.120
AVRdata

Each data entry can be edited using the highlight bar, ENTER and prompt
line as described previously (section 6.3).
Selecting' A VR data' returns to the A VR menu, page 4.
6.5.2 The AVR limit data menu (page 4b)
The IEEE type 2 A VR model has one limited variable - the output of the
main amplifier, block 2.
The limit menu with its default data is shown below.
AVRlimit Positive Negative

I 15.00 0.00
AVRdata
The limit values are expressed in per unit.

Each data entry can be edited in the same way as those of the A VR state
data menu.

Voltage 1 - 4.5750
Voltage 2 - 6.10
SE value 1 - 0.00
SE value 2 - 1.40
SEvalue 3 - 1.50
AVRdata
explained in section 6.9. The data entries can be edited in the same way as
those of the A VR state data menu.

Governor state data
Governor limit data
Page 1
The gas turbine and its governor are modelled in transfer function format
in accordance with the principles described by W.J.Rowen [2]. The model
adopted is somewhat simplified by neglecting second order effects and is
valid for small speed variations. A full description of the gas
turbine/governor model is given in section 6.10.
The options offered in the menu are described below.
Governor state data - this option calls a sub-menu (page 5a) containing
details of the governor model state variable data (section 6.6.1).
Governor limit data - this option calls a sub-menu (page 5b) containing
details of the limits applying to the governor model (section 6.6.2).
6.6.1 The governor state oota menu (page 5a)
The governor model has four states. A standardized data format is used in
which each state is associated with a gain, a lead time-constant and a lag
time-constant. The transfer function representation of the governor model
is fully described in section 6.10, where all state variables are identified.

1 25.00 0.00 0.050
2 1.00 0.00 0.050
3 1.00 0.00 0.400
4 0.00 0.00 0.000
Governor data

Each data listing can be edited as described previously (section 6.3).
Selecting 'governor data' returns to the governor data menu, page 5.
6.6.2 The governor limit oota menu (page 5b)
The governor model has one limited variable - the output of the main speed
error amplifier is amplitude limited. The limits are expressed in per unit
relative to the gas turbine power rating. Typical values are +1. 0 and -0.1.

1 1.50 -0.10
Governor data
Each data entry can be edited as described for the governor data menu.
Selecting 'governor data' returns to the governor data menu, page 5.
6.7 The transformer menu (page 6)
The menu with its default data is shown opposite.

Page 6 Transformer data (impedance parameters in per unit)

Rated voltage - 6300.0
Frequency - 50.0
Pagel
All impedance data are expressed in per unit to a base of the transformer
rated current and voltage values specified in the transformer menu.
Rated voltage - the nominal secondary line voltage rating of the
transformer, in volts; the primary voltage has been specified by the
generator rated voltage in the generator menu.
Full-load current - the rated secondary line current in amps.
Frequency - the rated frequency of the transformer in Hz; reactance values
are based on this frequency.
Primary resistance - the per unit value of the resistance of each primary
phase.
Primary leakage reactance - the per unit value of the leakage reactance of
each primary phase.
Secondary resistance - the per unit value of the resistance of each
secondary phase.
Secondary leakage reactance - the per unit value of the leakage reactance
of each secondary phase.
Magnetizing reactance - the per unit value of the mutual reactance per
phase.
6.8 Induction motor menu (page 7)
The menu with its default data is shown overleaf.
All impedance data are expressed in per unit to a base of the motor rated
current and voltage values specified in the induction motor menu
(equivalent star parameters).
Induction motor menu (page 7) 87
Page 7 Induction motor data.Cimpedance parameters in per unit)

Rated voltage = 6300.0
Full-load current = 330.0
Frequency = 50.0
Rated power factor = 0.80
Number of poles - 4
Stator leakage reactance = 0.080
Inertia constant (H) = 0.50
Page 1
Rated voltage - the nominal line voltage of the machine, in volts.

Full-load current - the rated line current of the machine, in amps.
Frequency - the rated frequency of the induction motor in Hz; reactance
values are based on this frequency.
Rated power factor - the motor power factor at full load.
Number of poles - the number of magnetic poles into which the stator
winding has been divided (must be an even integer!).
Stator resistance - the per unit value of the resistance of each stator phase.
Stator leakage reactance - the per unit value of the leakage reactance of
each stator phase.
Rotor resistance - the per unit value of the resistance of each rotor phase,
referred to the stator.
Rotor leakage reactance - the per unit value of the leakage reactance of
each rotor phase, referred to the stator.
Magnetising reactance - the per unit value of the mutual reactance per
phase.
Inertia constant (H) - the value of the total motorlload rotational inertia
expressed as the ratio (rotational kinetic energy at synchronous
speed) + (machine VA base).
Load constants 1, 2, 3 and 4 represent the values A, B, C and D
respectively in the load torque-speed equation:
(A,B,C,D and ro expressed in per unit).

6.9 AVR modelling
6.9.1 Background
The IEEE type 2 A VR and exciter model is shown in transfer function form
in Fig. 6.1. Block 1 represents the process path for the generator terminal
voltage signal VT. This block has a typical gain of unity and a lag time-
constant of the order of tens of milliseconds. Block 2 represents the main
error amplifier stage with a typical gain of several hundred and a lag time-
constant of the order of tens of milliseconds. The output of the amplifier
block is limited to represent the practical extremes of the output signal -
these extreme values are the A VR limit data in the A VR menu. Block 3
represents the exciter with its non-linear saturation characteristic catered
for by the feedback block SE. This aspect is discussed fully in section
6.9.3. The value of KE is unity when variables are expressed in per unit
and the lag time-constant is typically 0.1-0.3 seconds. Block 4 represents a
rate-sensing stabilizing feedback path. The values of its gain and lag time-
constants can vary widely, depending on the system dynamics, and have a
significant role in determining the overall response of the AVRlexciter
system.
SE
v
HaT R
black 1
Figure 6.1 IEEE type 2 excitation system

AVR modelling 89
6.9.2 Standardised model for data presentation
The transfer function diagram of Fig. 6.1 can be replaced by one consisting
of standard function blocks. This aids the presentation of data in the menus
and avoids ambiguity in the terminology. The standard form transfer
function diagram is shown in Fig. 6.3, where each block is in the standard
form shown in Fig. 6.2.
Kn - gain of block n
Ton - leaD time-constant of block n
TGn - laG time-constant of block n
Fig. 6.2 Standardised transfer function block.
5 E
V
----i~ 1C,(1+IT01) ....-........ IC ;,{1+im)+----L-",VFD
1+IT G1 1+ITG3
blocIc 1 block 3
1C.(1+IT nJ
1+11T G5 1+11TG4
bIacIc 5 bIocIc •
Fig. 6.3 IEEE type 2 excitation system in standard transfer function format.
Note that block 4 in Fig. 6.1 has been split into blocks 4 and 5 in Fig. 6.3.
The outputs of the five blocks are the five state variables used by the
program's state space equations. The five blocks are the five 'AVR states'
referred to in the data menu, each with its gain, lead time-constant and lag
time-constant. (As there are no lead time-constants in the original model of

Fig. 6.1, all the lead time-constant data values are zero).
6.9.3 Exciter saturation
saturation function block (Fig. 6.3) is shown in Fig. 6.4.
Fig. 6.4 Combination of block 3 and saturation ftmction block.
Any non-zero value of SE causes VFD to be reduced below its linear
The value of SE depends on VFD in accordance with the exciter
characteristic. A typical exciter saturation characteristic is shown in Fig.
6.5, along with the defmition of SE.
As seen from the A VR saturation function data menu (section 6.5.3) the
data required are two values of VFD and three values of SE. These values
are used to describe the saturation curve according to the following
principle.
As the exciter characteristic is initially linear, the data values for 'voltage
1' and 'SE value l' should be taken to be the value of VFD at the end of the
piecewise linearisation up to the practical maximum value of VFD, as
shown in Fig. 6.6.
From Fig. 6.6, 'SE value l' = 0, since (BI - AI)/AI = 0; 'SE value 2' =
(B2 - A2)/A2; 'SE value 3' = (B3 - A3)/A3; 'voltage l' = value of VFD at the
first breakpoint; 'voltage 2' = value of VFD at the second breakpoint.
Fig. 6.5 The definition of SE.
/
VFD B3 /
== ==========ij=====~iF~-------
B2
-- II
---------------~- -
A2
_______~1____ _
A1
Fig. 6.6 Evaluation of saturation function parameters.
6.10 Governor modelling
The simplified gas turbine (GT) governor model described by Rowen [2] is
shown in transfer function format in Fig. 6.7.
_G_
0.71
bII+c
valve
fuel
1':
turbine tarque function
Fig. 6.7 Simplified gas turbine governor transfer function model.
A single GT does not require the digital set point feature. Assuming a
droop characteristic, the governor transfer function is somewhat simplified
by having X = 0 and Z = 1. The 0.77 and 0.23 factors cater for the typical
turbine power/fuel rate characteristic which rises linearly from zero power
at 23% fuel rate to rated output at 100% fuel rate. The turbine torque
function is given by:
torque = 1.3(fuel rate - 0.23) + O.5(speed error)
where speed error = reference speed - actual speed.

Taking these factors into consideration the transfer function model can be
redrawn as shown in Fig. 6.8.
The governor output is the fuel rate, which allows the turbine torque to be
calculated algebraically. This torque is used in the differential equations
which model the mechanical system.
As with the A VR, the transfer functions are standardized to the form
shown in Fig. 6.2, allowing the GT/governor model to be drawn as shown
in Fig. 6.9.
Comparing Figs. 6.8 and 6.9 shows that
Kl -- Kg TOl - 0 TGl - Y
K2 -- alc T02 -- 0 TG2 -- blc
K3 - 1 T03 - 0 TG3 - TF
K4 - KF T04 - 0 TG4 - 0
Kg
Vs +1 o.n
gCMmDr
fuel
flow
rate
r-------,
I I
~~+---~
I rotor I
~--+-~
I dynamics
I I
L _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _..I
torque turbine torque function
Fig. 6.8 Modified gas turbine/governor model.
The values of the parameters of the GT/govemor model depend on

whether the turbine is a gas, liquid or dual fuel type. Kl is typically 8 to
30, while TGI is typically <1 second. Care should be taken to ensure that
K 2, K 3, ~, T G2 and TG3 are self-consistent according to the turbine type.
Data from Rowen [2] and others is reproduced below relating a, b, c, TF
and KF for different gas turbines.
Fuel a b c TF KF
Gas 1 0.05 1 0.40 0
Dual 1 0.20 1 0.10 0
r--:--~
1mb! r------,
1(1+ITD1_~,..........f
o.n
1t1TC1
black 1
r--
I
I rator
I------=~-_i
I dynamics
I
L.. _ _ _ _ _ _..II
turbine torque function
Fig. 6.9 Standardized gas turbine/governor transfer function.
6.11 Case study
The use of the gas-turbine generator program is illustrated by considering

the following three events occurring in sequence.
(a) Run-up of an 8 MYA induction motor,
(b) subsequent to a period of steady-state operation a three-phase
fault is applied to the motor terminals, and
(c) fault removed after an interval of 500 ms.
The system data is listed below.
Base kVA - 100000.0
Case study 95
Event data
2 3 phase fault at load bus 11.000
3 Clear fault 11.250
Generator data
Number of poles - 2
kVA rating - 37400
Rated field current - 300.0
Rated power factor = 0.80
Field leakage reactance = 0.140
D-axis damper leakage reactance = 0.080
Q-axis damper resistance = 0.0030
AVR data
AVR state data
1 1.00 0.00 0.020
2 600.00 0.00 0.040
3 1.00 0.00 0.200
4 1.00 0.00 2.000
5 0.080 0.00 0.120
AVR limit data

AVR limit Positive Negative
1 7.50 0.00

Voltage 1 - 4.5750
Voltage 2 - 6.10
SE value 1 - 0.00
SE value 2 - 1.40
SE value 3 - 1.50
Governor data
Governor state data
1 25.00 0.00 0.050
2 1.00 0.00 0.050
3 1.00 0.00 0.400
4 0.00 0.00 0.000
Governor limit data

1 1.50 -0.10
Transfonner data (impedance parameters in per unit)

Frequency - 50.0
Case study 97
Induction motor data (impedance parameters in per unit)

Frequency - 50.0
Number of poles - 4
Sample of the system responses are shown in Figs CS 6.1 to CS 6.3.

1IUS-1-A-UOLT 1.e633 1IUS-1-A-UOLT

?SaO.5aOe TIME(ns)
1.40
-1."le
e.e6 TIME(ns) 15a01.EIe
IlUS-Z-A-UOLT e.9B78 BUS-Z-A-UOLT

75ee.5aOe TIME(ns)
1."le
-1.40
e.EIe TIME(ns) 15ee1.EIe
Load voltage phase A p. u.
A-CUJlREtlT e.Z"lEle A-CURREnT

?SaO.saee TIME(ns)
5.66
. . . . . . . . . . . . ~ ..... j ...... : ...... L .
. . . ..~ . . ...~ .. . . . .~. . . .. ':' .
-1.66
e.EIe 15ee1.e6
Fig. CS 6.1 Induction motor starting followed by application and clearing of fault
Case study 99
EXC IT. -VOLTAGE 163.aeae EXCIT.-UOLTAGE

75OO.sooa TlnE(ns)
360.ee
6.66
6.ee TIME(ns) 15661.ee
Generator excitation voltage p.u.
ROTOR-SPEED 6.~4 ROTOR-SPEED

75OO.sooa TlnE(ns)
1.16
. .
. . . ';' . . . . . ~ .
6.96
6.66 15661.66
Generator speed p. u.
E/I1-I'OWEH 6.2622 E/I1-I'OWER

?See.5666 TlnE(ns)
2.aa
-2.86
6.66 TIME(ns) 15661.66
Fig. CS 6.2 Induction motor starting followed by application and clearing of fault.
noT-1-A-CURREtlT 6.9~11 noT-1-A-CURREtlT

7~99.9996 TltlE(ns)
8.~6
-7.00
6.00 TltIE(ns) 156E)E).00
Induction motor current phase A p. u.
I'IOT-1-TORQUE 6.8556 noT-1-~

~99.9996 TltIE(ns)
3.26
-5.66
6. E)E) TltIE(ns) 1500a • E)E)
Induction motor torque p. u.
noT-1-SPEED 6.9800 noT-1-SPEED

7~99.9996 TltIE(ns)
1.6~
-6.68
6. E)E) TltlE(ns) 15E)E)E) .00
Induction motor speed p. u.
Fig. CS 6.3 Induction motor starting followed by application and clearing of fault.
Case study 101
Similar comments to those appended to the diesel generator simulation are

also relevant here. It is noted that the voltage depression is severe during
the motor run-up period. Additional simulation could be undertaken to
assess the effect of changing parameters associated with the automatic
voltage regulator.
References
1. IEEE Committee Report (1973), Dynamic models for steam and

hydro turbines in power system studies. IEEE Transactions on
Power Apparatus and Systems, PAS-92, pp 1904-1915.
2. Rowel\ W.J. (1983). Simplified mathematical representations of

heavy duty gas turbines. ASME, Journal of Engineering for Power,
83-GT -63, pp 865-869.
3. IEEE Committee Report (1968). Computer representation of

excitation systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and
Systems, vol. PAS-87, 1460-1464.
Appendix A Inductance coefficients
Synchronous machine
Stator self-inductances
Lasas - Lao + La2 cos2(Br)

4sbs - Lao + Lai cos2(Br - 120°)
Leses - Lao + La2 cos2(Br + 120°)
where Lao = (Ld + Lq + LIJ /3 and La2 = (Ld - Lq) /3 and LIs is the stator
leakage inductance and is identical for all three phases, Ld is the d-axis self-
inductance and is defmed as the sum of stator leakage inductance and d-
axis magnetizing inductance. Lq is the q-axis self.,.inductance and is defined
as the sum of stator leakage inductance and q-axis magnetizing inductance.
Stator mutual inductances
Lasbs = 4sas = -40 + La2 cos2(Br + 120°)

4ses = Lesbs = -40 + La2 cos2(Br)
Lesas = Lases = -40 + La2 cos2(Br - 120°)
where 40 = (Ld + Lq - 2LIs)/6.
Rotor inductances
The rotor inductances are all constants if the stator surface is considered to
be smooth.
Lrdfd Llfd + 4dfd

=
~d = Llkd + Lfdkd
4qkq = Llkq + Lmkq
where Llf~ Llkd and Llkq are leakage inductances of the appropriate
windings and 4dfd = Lrdkd are the mutual inductances between rotor
windings.
Mutual inductances (stator and rotor)
L asfd = L fdas = Lmfd cos8 r

4sfd = L fdbs = L mfd cos(8 r - 120)
L csfd = L fdcs = Lmfd cos(8 r + 120)
Laskd = Lkdas = Lmkd cos8 r
L bskd = L kdbs = Lmkd cos(8 r - 120 )
Lcskd = L kdcs = Lmkd cos(8 r + 120)
L askq = L kqas = -Lmkq sin8 r
L bskq = L kqbs = -Lmkq sin (8 r - 120 )
L cskq = L kqcs = -Lmkq sin(8 r + 120 )
Induction machine
Stator inductances
If it is assumed that the air-gap of the induction motor is uniform and the
stator and rotor windings are sinusoidally distributed, the 28r terms in the
self and mutual inductances of the salient-pole synchronous machine will
not appear in the formulation
where LIs is the stator leakage inductance and is identical for all three
phases. Lms is the stator magnetizing inductance. The mutual inductance
between any two stator windings is, owing to symmetry
1
Lalbl = 4lal = -2 Lms
1
L blcl = LClbl = - 2 Lms
1
- --L
2 ms
Rotor inductances
In the same manner to that given for the stator, the rotor self-inductances
are
Inductance coefficients 105
1
La2b2 = 42a2 = - 2" Lmr
1
42c2 = Lc2b2 = - 2" Lmr
1
Lc2a2 = La2c2 = - 2" Lmr
Mutual inductances between stator and rotor
The mutual inductance between a stator winding and any rotor winding
varies sinusoidally with the rotor position.
La1a2 = Lb1b2 = Lc1c2 = Lmsr cosea

La1c2 = 41a2 = Lc1b2 = Lmsr coseb
La1b2 = 41c2 = Lc1a2 = Lmsr cosec
AppendixB Diesel Engine Data Functions
The following graphs show the functions Fl, F2, F3, F4 and F6 referred to
in section 5.6.
Range of T t1
Range of Tt2
Tt
1-' 1 - 1 - 1 - -,
I I I I
1.2
-I -I I - --- l=-=--=-T':'---
1.0 - - + - ~ --+ +- - 1 - ---1 iT K t1 = 0.77
I I I Ii t2 I
0.8 - - I --=-- -- .:-:-r-- ::-::-- =F- ::-::--1::-::-- ~ "'", - - Kt2 = 0.76
0.6 ~ L --1 _ L _1_ ~ : Kt3 = 1.015
I I I I I I'
0.4
- r-- -t - -r- -1- -j iTt1
0.2 I -I - -
--- I --
I -I
I I I I I
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
A P
:(-?a-)b
Exhaust gas pressure ratio
Fig. Bl Turbine torque characteristic.
Range of ~ = 00 + 01x + °2x2
Range of ~
z = b O +b1 x
q
z
1 - ' 1 - 1 - 1 - -,
P2
1.2 _ ~_L~: __ J x =
PQZ
I I : I I I 00 = -0.0196
1.0 _
+ - --+i- +- -1----1 01 = 0.6637
0.8 _
I I I; I I I 02 = -0.0890
T 11;-,-1-1 b0 = 1.0878
0.6 _ _ L --1:_ L _1_ ~ b1 = 0.0319
I Ii I I I
0.4 _
-t Q"1 r-- -t: - -r-~I- -j
0.2 _ ----± J_ - L - -::r:<- - -~ ?:-=-=-I--=-=- ::!
I I Ii, I I I
1.0 2.0 3.0: 4.0 5.0
/.'- (!..L )
Poz b
Inlet gas pressure ratio/fuel flow rate
Fig. Bl Engine characteristic relating indicated torque, inlet pressure ratio and fuel rack
position.
Diesel engine data functions 107
3.0
I
----
I I -
I I -I
I I I I I 1.020
2.5 -l--~___t - 1 - -l
0.645
I I I I I I
2.0
1-' i-I-I 1.295
1.5 ~ L_I_---l
I I I I
1.0 ---t-r---t t- -I----j
0.5
I --
- I -I I
----
I I
I I I I I I
o 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 q
Indicated torque
Fig. B3 Exhaust gas pressure ratio.

K2
'-'1-1-1-1
w
c
= K2
'Po
/~ - 1
I I I I I I x =~
2.1 --------- Po
I I I I I I
-l- - ~ ___t +- - 1 - -l K2 = 0 0 + 0lx + °2 x2
I I I I I 0 0 = 2.5407
1.9 -
-'I i-I-I 0 1 = -0.5394
1.8 - ~ L ~ _ L _I_.J O 2 = 0.0736
I I I I I
1.7 - ---t - I-' - t- - 1 - ---j
1.6 - - I
---
I I I I
I I
1.5
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Inlet gas pressure ratio
Fig. B4 Compressor speed coefficient characteristic.
,-,
K3
1 I-I- I Tc K4~·L
, Po
- 1
P2
I I I I II x
1.2 - ---
I I I
---
I II PO
K3 = 0 0 + °l x + °2 x2
1.0 - -l--~___t- -l
00 = -0.8462
I I I I I
0.8 -
I- I i-I-I 0 1 = 1.1484
0.6 - ~ L~ L _I_.J O2 = -0.1781
I I I I I
0.4 - - r ---t - t- - 1 - ---j
0.2 - ----
I I I
---
I I
I I I I I
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Inlet gas pressure ratio
Fig. B5 Compressor torque coefficient characteristic.

Appendix C Typical rotating electrical
machine data
Generators (impedance parameters in per-unit)
Rating (MVA) 4.59 18 37.5 412
Terminal voltage (kV) 6.6 6.6 13.8 19.5
Power factor 0.88 0.8 0.8 0.85
Rated field current (A) 65 180 244 1804
Speed (rpm) 1500 1800 3000 3000
D-axis magnetizing reactance 1.07 2.15 1.676 2.005
Q-axis magnetizing reactance 0.784 0.98 1.508 1.84
Stator leakage reactance 0.12 0.14 0.14 0.135
Field leakage reactance 0.086 0.24 0.14 0.13
D-axis damper leakage reactance 0.023 0.05 0.04 0.074
Q-axis damper leakage reactance 0.023 0.2 0.04 0.074
Stator resistance 0.0073 0.00238 0.002 0.0015
Field resistance 0.0012 0.0015 0.00107 0.0013
D-axis damper resistance 0.0457 0.034 0.00318 0.019
Q-axis damper resistance 0.0115 0.034 0.00318 0.019
Inertia constant 1.89 1.9 5.3* 3.6*
* Includes prime mover
Induction motors (impedance parameters in per-unit)
Rating (MVA) 0.45 0.62 2.8 4.6
Terminal voltage (kV) 3.3 4.0 6.6 6.6
Number of poles 4 6 4 4
Power factor 0.87 0.9 0.83 0.81
Rated line current (A) 78.73 127 244.7 407.9
Stator resistance 0.01 0.0159 0.012 0.0059
Stator leakage reactance 0.1 0.14 0.1 0.135
Magnetizing reactance 4 3.86 4.93 4.161
Rotor resistance 0.01 0.0125 0.012 0.0339
Rotor leakage reactance 0.12 0.082 0.12 0.075
Inertia constant 1 2.023* 0.502 1.975
* Includes drive

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Generation Systems Software

Power Engineering Software Series

Series Editor: Professor John R. Smith

1. Generation Systems Software

M.-J. Chen, M. Buamud and D.M. Grant

E.M. Simulation Services Ltd

CHAPMAN & HALL

Chapman & Hall, 2-6 Boundary Row, London SEt 8HN, UK

First edition 1996

© 1996 Chapman & Hall

ISBN- 13: 978-0-412-57850-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-1191-1

§ Printed on acid-free text paper, manufactured in accordance with ANSIINIS0.48-

List of abbreviations Vlll

2 Overview of system component modelling 3

3 Program operating manuals 13

4 Steam turbo-generator program manual 16

4.9.3 Exciter saturation 32

5. Diesel-generator program manual 46

6. Gas turbine-generator program manual 76

6.6.1 The governor state data menu (page 5a) 85

Appendix A Inductance coefficients 103

Appendix B Diesel engine data functions 106

Appendix C Typical rotating electrical machine data 108

asymmetrical faults resulting in a high percentage of negative phase

This chapter describes the mathematical representation of the various

6.~ Transmission circuit

Thermodynamic pracess and

Fig. 2.1 Schematic diagram of typical generating unit.

The various sub-models depicted in the figure relate to the synchronous

where V, I, A and R refer to voltage, current, flux linkage and resistance.

Fig. 2.2 Three phase synchronous generator.

Aas Lasas Lasbs Lases Lasfd Laskd L askq las

Abs Lbsas L bsbs Lbscr> Lbsfd Lbskd L bskq Ibs

Aes Lcsas Lesbs Lcscs Lcsfd Lcskd L cskq les

Akd Lkdas L kdbs Lkdcs L kdfd Lkdkd 0 lkd

A kq L kqas L kqbs L kqes 0 0 L kqkq lkq

where ros is the synchronous speed of the system.

where H is the inertia constant, To the turbine output torque, Te the

The type of excitation systems used in the present work are

speed relay valve servo

per unit output turbine

Fig.2.4 Schematic diagram of simplified single-shaft gas turbine.

The methodology used to represent the thermodynamic process is based

Diesel engine model Engine torque Prime-moYer/

Fig. 2.5 Schematic diagram of diesel engine prime-mover.

Fig. 2.6 Turbo-charged diesel engine schematic.

The turbine or engine shaft assemblies are shown in schematic form in

Similar mathematical representations to that specified for the synchronous

Fig. 2.7a Three phase power transformer.

Fig. 2.7b Three phase induction motor.

The matrix equation for flux linkages is given as

Aal L a1al Lalbl Lalel L a1a2 L a1b2 L a1e2 Ial

Abl L b1al Lblbl L b1el L b1a2 L b1b2 L b1e2 Ibl

Ael L elal Lelbl L L ela2 Lclb2 L ele2 Iel

Ab2 L b2a1 L b2b1 L b2el L b2a2 L b2b2 L b2e2 Ib2

Ae2 L e2a1 Lc2hl L e2el L e2a2 L e2b2 L Ie2

where the subscripts 1 and 2 denote primary and secondary phase

to represent to a reasonable degree of accuracy the characteristics of drives

The overall generation model comprises the appropriate sub-models to

Each program provides a comprehensive dynamic analysis of a specific

3.2.1 Computer requirements

3.2.2 Using the programs

Using the programs is made very straightforward by menu-driven

3.2.3 Plotting results files