A Proposed Design of A Three Storey Library Integrated Building

A Proposed Design of a Three-Storey Library Integrated Building
Located in Ibabang Dupay Lucena City
A Project Study
Presented to the Faculty of the
College of Engineering
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation
University Site, Lucena City
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements
For the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
By
Bryan G. Canada
Reynald Vincent P. Co
Irene R. Pastrana
Matthew Simon D. San Miguel
March, 2016
LIBRARY INTEGRATED BUILDING 2
APPROVAL SHEET
This project study here to entitled:
“A PROPOSED DESIGN OF A THREE-STOREY LIBRARY INTEGRATED
BUILDING LOCATED IN IBABANG DUPAY LUCENA CITY”
prepared and submitted by BRYAN G. CANADA, REYNALD VINCENT P. CO, IRENE R.
PASTRANA and MATTHEW SIMON D. SAN MIGUEL in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering has been examined
and is hereby recommended for acceptance and approval for Final Examination
ENGR. RAMELA BARLIZO – RAMIREZ

Adviser
Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of _____________%.
DR. GUILLERMO M. RAGO JR.

Chairman
ENGR. CIELITO V. MALIGALIG ENGR. MA. LUISA B. CANELA

Member Member
Accepted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of
Science in Civil Engineering.

Dean, College of Engineering
March, 2016
Date
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Foremost, the researchers would like to express their sincere gratitude to their adviser
Engr. Ramela B. Ramirez for the continuous support of their study and research, for her
patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. Her guidance helped them in all
the time of research and writing of this thesis. They could not have imagined having a better
adviser and mentor for this study.
Besides their adviser, they would like to thank the rest of their thesis committee:
Engr. Cielito V. Maligalig, Engr. Ma. Luisa B. Canela and Dr. Guillermo M. Rago Jr., for
their encouragement, insightful comments, and hard questions.
To Arch. Rommel Co and future architect Aljon Pastrana, for sharing their knowledge
in modern architecture design.
To their PICE family and the mischievous bunch of future civil engineers BSCE
2016, there shall never be a batch more diverse yet more solid as them.
Finally, to the ever embodiment of lenience which is the Almighty, We thank thee.
THE RESEARCHERS
DEDICATIONS
I am dedicating this project study to:
Our Almighty God, who give us strength to go on;
To my parents, RAFAEL and REMEDIOS, who are now in the hands of the Lord.
To my Grand Father, JAIME CANADA
To my supportive sisters, KRISTINE and GRACE.
To Mr. and Mrs. Rodelo B. Gabriel and relatives.
Friends, classmates and especially to my groupmates – Reynald Vincent, Reinhodge and

Matthew Simon.
GOD BLESS YOU ALL !
- BRYAN G. CANADA
DEDICATIONS
First of all I would like to thank my parents for being there for me always and for
supporting my studies and who never get tired of guiding to my everyday life. To my professors
giving us advises through the path of success. My friends and classmates thank you for the years
passed by were together especially to my best friend ecar, cath, iazelle, myke, jerone, daen,
yancy, and ace.. To my group mates Matt, Irene, Bryan who stayed strong together to build this
thesis. To my especial someone Azi a lovable and a cheerful and always there for me thank
you! I’am so grateful of having her in my life. :-*
THANK TO GOD ALMIGHTY! 
I LOVE YOU ALL!!
MAY FOREVER!!
ALWAYS BE HAPPY FOR OUR LIFE GOD GAVE THIS TO US!!
GOOD LUCK TO THE NEW CHALLENGES TO OUR LIFE COMES…….
-ADMIN CO 
DEDICATIONS
I would never have been able to finish my dissertation without the guidance of my
committee members, help from friends, and support from my family. This thesis is
dedicated to:
My FAMILY, for their endless love, support and encouragement.
To my FATHER, who taught me the best kind of knowledge to have is that which is
learned for its own sake.
To my MOTHER, who taught me that even the largest task can be accomplished if it is
done one step at a time.
To GERALDINE(babe), who always there cheering me up and stood by me through
the good times and bad.
To all my FRIENDS, Wyrenah, Darwinah, Larae and Limbo, thank you for understanding
and encouragement in my many moments. Your friendship makes my life a wonderful
experience.
And most especially to our Almighty God.
- REINHODGE
DEDICATIONS
This is humbly dedicated to:
my loving parents – Rodelio A. San Miguel and Sarah D. San

Miguel
my brothers – Mark Lester and Christian
my sisters – Charmaine
my grandparents – Juan and Nieves, Efren and Teresita
to the graduating Civil Engineering Students batch 2016
who have been instrumental in completing this work
And most especially to our Almighty God.
- M. S. San Miguel
Table of Contents
Page No.
Title Page 1
Approval Sheet 2
Acknowledgement 3
Dedication 4
Table of Contents 8
List of Figures 12
List of Tables 12
Abstract 13
UNIT I – INTRODUCTION 14
Background of the Study 14
Objectives of the Study 15
Significance of the Study 16
Scope and Delimitation 17
Conceptual Framework 18
Definition of Terms 21
Acronyms 21
UNIT II – REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE 22
UNIT III – METHODS AND PROCEDURES 46

Research Design 46
Research Environment 47
Design Procedures 48
Data Gathering 48
Site Investigations 50
Soil Analysis 50
Structural Design Analysis Computations 55
Working Plans and Drawings 75
Preparation of Technical Specification 76
Program of Works Method 76
Cost estimates of the Project 76
Design Concept 77
UNIT IV – RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 78
Social Acceptability of the Project 78
Soil Analysis 81
Design of Lateral Loads 83
Seismic Analysis 83
Earthquake Load 86
Wind Load 89
Design of Structural Members 98
Design of Reinforced Concrete Slab 98
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beam 115
Design of Reinforced Concrete Column 133
Design of Footing 139
Design of Reinforced Concrete Stairs 147
Design of L-Shaped Retaining Wall 152
Technical Specifications 159
Cost Estimates 168
Program of Works 175
Results of the LEED-NC 2014 177
Summary of Findings 180
UNIT V – CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 185
Conclusions 186
Recommendations 187
References 188
Appendices 189
A. Letter of Transmittal
B. Soil Geology and Soil Characteristics
C. Occupancy Requirements
D. Near Source Factor
E. Lateral Factor k for Building
F. Seismic Coefficient
G. Uniform Live Load and Concentrated Load
H. Coefficients for Moments in Slabs
I. Wall Pressure Coefficient
J. Minimum Concrete Cover for Concrete
K. Philippine Standard Reinforcing Steel Bar
Curriculum Vitae 202

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page No.
1 Conceptual Framework Paradigm 20
2 Frame A – Traverse Section 96
3 Frame B – Longitudinal Section 97
4 PERT – CPM Diagram 176
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page No.
4.0 Distribution of Responses According to Gender 78
4.1 Distribution of Responses According to Age 79
4.2 Distribution of Responses According to Socio-Economic 79
4.3 Results of the Questionnaire-Opinionnaire 80
4.4 Liquid Limit Determination 81
4.5 Plastic Limit Determination 81
4.6 Water Content Determination 82
4.7 Sieve Analysis and Grain Shape 82
4.8 Cost Estimates and Bill of Materials 168
4.9 Program of Works 175

ABSTRACT
Bryan G. Canada, Reynald Vincent P. Co, Irene R. Pastrana, Matthew Simon D. San Miguel.
“A Proposed Design of a Three-Storey Library Integrated Building located in Ibabang Dupay
Lucena City”. Unpublished Project Study for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil
Engineering, Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, March 2016.
Studies have shown that the presence of libraries is good for towns and cities; people
find more value in areas that have libraries higher than other public services in professionally
conducted polls. Libraries offer services that level the intellectual playing field. That means
that they allow people of any income level or background to access high-quality information,
to use computers, or to borrow books that they want. The existence of libraries ensures that
knowledge and technology are available to everyone, not just to those who can afford their
own. The City of Lucena supports government programs with construction works such as
vertical and horizontal structures that is why the researchers focused their studies by applying
their technical and theoretical knowledge on this research.
This study was guided by the objectives as follows: to design a three-storey library
integrated building located at Ibabang Dupay, Lucena City; to develop the technical plans
and drawing of the designed three-storey library integrated building; to prepare the technical
specification, bill of material, cost estimate, program works of the designed three-storey
library integrated building; and to evaluate the designed three-storey library integrated
building in terms of LEED Rating System.
With this, the researchers highly recommend the construction of a three-storey library
integrated building for future use of the community and future development of studies related
to sustainable and self-sufficient building.
Keywords: library; integrated

UNIT I
Introduction
Background of the study
Studies have shown that the presence of libraries is good for towns and cities; people
find more value in areas that have libraries higher than other public services in professionally
conducted polls. Libraries offer services that level the intellectual playing field. That means
that they allow people of any income level or background to access high-quality information,
to use computers, or to borrow books that they want. The existence of libraries ensures that
knowledge and technology are available to everyone, not just to those who can afford their
own. The City of Lucena supports government programs with construction works such as
vertical and horizontal structures that is why the researchers focused their studies by applying
their technical and theoretical knowledge on this research.
The primary problem of every school is the library. Libraries are economically
efficient. Their model of sharing allows them to serve many people with few resources. It
serves a vital social service by helping bridge gap between the haves and have not’s,
especially when it comes to literacy and computer skills training. There are some libraries in
the City of Lucena that is not efficient for the needs for the next generation because of
insufficient and not updated collection of books. As time passes by, the population grows as
well as the number of students who will use books for their studies. Libraries are also spaces
where people of all ages can practice lifelong learning. To meet the informational needs of all
by providing materials or referral, to facilitate informal self-education of all people in the
community, and to enrich and further develop the subject areas in which individuals are
undertaking formal education, there is a need for the place wherein the books are to be
stored. To support the information needs of the students and the community, the researcher
proposed a design of a three-storey library integrated building to be constructed at the heart
of Ibabang Dupay Lucena City with a lot area of 28,985 sq. m.
The environment is changing for the worse due to excessive use of energy
consumption but people need more buildings for business and homes because of expanding
population, that’s why the need to be eco-friendly is becoming more and more important.
This means the researcher starts proposing a solar-eco-friendly three-storey library integrated
building that are powered, or at least partially powered by renewable energy, in order to
reduce carbon footprint and this building even has a rooftop garden. The building makes use
of rainwater recycling that is use for watering plant, water for flush tank, and other use. It
also feature integrated system which let individual users control their light and temperature in
their space. An integrated building allows systems like heating, ventilation and air
conditioning (HVAC), access control, life safety and lighting to share information and
strategies with an eye on reducing energy consumption, improving security, providing value-
added functionality and making the building easier to operate. Integrated building design
concerns the whole building systems approach. This approach is based on a design support
for the building life cycle, in which multiple disciplines and apparently unrelated aspects of
design are integrated in a way to allow synergistic benefits to be realized successfully.
Objectives of the study
This research aimed to design a library integrated building which can be used as basis
for the design of an alternative library design for a populace.
Specifically, the study aims to:

1. To design a three-storey library integrated building located at Ibabang Dupay, Lucena
City;
2. To develop the technical plans and drawing of the designed three-storey library
integrated building.
3. To prepare the technical specification, bill of material, cost estimate, program works
of the designed three-storey library integrated building;
4. To evaluate the designed three-storey library integrated building in terms of LEED
Rating System.
Significance of the study
In this research study offers a lot of significance to share ideas and concept for the
functionality to the community, the growth of science and technology, and the future
researchers in attention.
The residents and the community in the area of Ibabang Dupay Lucena City that this
study was conducted will benefit, too. Through the features design of the proposed structure,
the rainwater harvesting that can supply water regarding water interruption, the solar panel
that can provide renewable energy, and the green roof that can serve to lessen pollution
particularly in air will provide positive outcome in terms of their way of living. The propose
project structure that function as library will provide a space for the student in their study and
help them to research using modern technology.
In developing this study through method that in a long time where been used to make
advancement for the designing a structure so that it can deal with the environment. The
outcomes of this study will take a place in the Philippines it is simply to contribute in
reducing pollution. The civil engineering program will enhance in what more proper design
that can be applicable and determine safety, economical, and environment facet.
The researchers that was a civil engineering student who will practice this kind of
structure, this will be a great help to extent for their knowledge in designing library
integrated building, estimating and computation, reading of plans and writing specification in
the near future.
For this study the students who will undertake the similar feasibility study is a great
help for them to give idea and vision that it will profitable and advantageous for them to
develop. They can focus on the different aspect of the study where improvements could be
made specifically in construction of a structure.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This study shall be limited to the design of a three-storey library integrated building
which will be within the entire populace of Lucena City and which will be able to function as
library for the students who need a place for their study.
The study concentrates on the design of the construction of a three-storey library
integrated building based on design codes, technical specification requirements in the
structures components through all possible combination of loads, structural design
computations of the proposed structure using Ultimate Strength Design (USD) Method,
National building code of the Philippines, National Structural Code of the Philippines (Vol.
1, 6th edition 2010), American Concrete Institute (ACI), ASCE 7-05 ( Minimum Design
Loads for Buildings and other Structure) and the existing laws and regulations of the
Engineering Office at Lucena City.

The study is limited on plans and drawings of the proposed design of three-storey
integrated building. The researchers conduct soil analysis in determining liquid limit, plastic
limit, and shrinkage limit of the soil sample where the proposed project will be designated.
The present cost of material as indicated in price quotations from City Engineering Office
and various construction supplies are considered for the determining of cost estimate. For the
program of works, the researcher used Program Evaluation and Review Technique/ Critical
Path Method (PERT/CPM) in graphical illustration of the time table showing the sequence of
activities and the progress of work for the proposed project.
Conceptual Framework
The aim of this study are to design, develop and evaluate a three-storey library
integrated building located in Ibabang Dupay, Lucena City that can give a place where the
student start thinking for their future. It is justifiably on this study be made up of concepts
that are place within a coherent and consecutive design. Accomplishing the construction of
library integrated building that must be safe, economical, environmental friendly and must be
functional library for the populace student in Lucena City. Determining and outlining the
inputs should be considered in the first place. Primarily, the existing site condition in the area
was able to determine accurately for lay out plans and design the library integrated building
concerning the economical, social and environmental aspect to know if the structure must be
right for the populace and free from unnecessary external forces. The population of the
Lucena City was considered as well.
Technical specification requirement are needed for the design of proposed library.
National Structural Code of the Philippines (Vol. 1, 6th edition 2010) was covered the design
for different loadings considered in reinforce concrete design of slab, beam, column, and
footing. The researcher also considered the strength, minimum load and the specification for
concrete through Ultimate Strength design (USD) method that can help to make the structure
safe, ASCE 7-05 (Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and other Structure) for the
economical purposed, and American Concrete Institute (ACI) so that the possibilities to
assure if the structure will be able to withstand for any external forces and even the internal
forces must be consider.
Eventually, with the help of using computer-aided drafting software the design was
drawn that can support three dimensional representation of the structure.
On the data that was gathered, the researcher begins to process in designing and
constructing the proposed project structure that must be specified. Structural, electrical,
plumbing, and mechanical details were covered in order to highlight every part of the
proposal such as the loads that it can bear the pumping station for the distribution of rainfall
water as one of the feature of the proposed structure. This was aid through structural
computation which the theoretical basis and other factor of this study that is applied in the
design are all proven by the authorized technical men, with nationally and internationally
accepted structural specification. At last, the designed three-storey library integrated building
was assessed in terms of safety, economical and environmental.
The library integrated building must assume that the objectives and goals of the study
had been met after having all the process.

INPUTS
Existing Site Situation

PROCESS
- Social, Economical
and Environmental
aspect
Technical Specifications
- Analysis of soil
- Structural design of
project, Structural Data Gathering and Analysis
analysis of reinforced
concrete slab, beam, Design of Building
column and footing
- Design of Concrete Slab
- Cost of Material - Design of Concrete Beam
- Design of Concrete Column
Plans and Drawing - Design of Concrete Footing
- PERT/CPM - Design of Concrete Stair
- Comp. Assisted - Design of Concrete
Drafting Retaining Wall
Development of Plans
- Architectural
- Structural
OUTPUT - Plumbing
- Electrical
Preparation of Technical
Specification, Cost Estimates and
Program of Works
“A DESIGN OF A THREE-STOREY
LIBRARY INTEGRATED BUILDING “
Figure 1. Research Paradigm

Definition of Terms
Green Roof is a roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and
a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane.
Integrated Building is based on a design support for the building life cycle, in which multiple
disciplines and apparently unrelated aspects of design are consider without clashing of
solution in a way to allow synergistic benefits to be realized successfully.
Library is a place where books, magazines and other materials are available for people to use
or borrow.
Rainwater Harvesting is a process or technique of collecting, filtering, storing and using
rainwater for irrigation and for various other purposes.
Renewable Energy is energy from a source that is not depleted when used, such as wind or
solar power.
Solar Panel is a panel designed to absorb the sun's rays as a source of energy for generating
electricity or heating.
Acronyms
ACI American Concrete Institute
ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers
NSCP National Structural Code of the Philippines
USD Ultimate Strength Design

UNIT II
Review of Related Studies and Literature
The review of related studies and literature is presented in this chapter. It is important
to the researcher for having preliminary reading of some research work, journals, and
magazines to the proposed project study that will be investigate. It is provided the necessary
information about the design of structure and type of work to be done.
Integrated Design. Integrated design is distinguished from conventional design by its use
of a highly collaborative, multidisciplinary project team. It is not the sequential, relay-race
model by which most buildings are designed today. All designers understand their work, at
least to some extent, as an iterative process—an idea emerges, it is developed and tested, and
then refined or discarded in favor of another idea. This sort of iteration, however, is most
often done separately within each area of expertise: the architect works out the massing,
layout, and facades of the building, then a structural engineer figures out how to keep it
standing, a mechanical engineer develops strategies for making it comfortable, and so on.
The various designers on a project meet occasionally to ensure that their solutions don’t
clash, but for the most part their aim is to stay out of each other’s way. In an integrated
process, on the other hand, the team works as a collective to understand and develop all
aspects of the design. The design can then emerge organically, with the full benefit of each
expert’s input—a structural engineer can contribute to the elegance and efficiency of the
structure, a mechanical engineer can inform choices that enhance energy efficiency and
comfort, a landscape architect and civil engineer can optimize the siting and orientation, an
interior designer can improve the indoor spaces, a contractor can enhance the constructability
of the resulting design, and a cost estimator can manage the budget. Depending on the size
and complexity of the project, the owner, prospective occupants, facility managers, and a
wide range of specialty consultants may be involved as well. While each expert plays an
essential role, in effective integrated design exercises the best ideas often emerge when
participants cross the usual boundaries, because their views are not as limited by familiarity
with the way things are usually done. Architect and consultant Bill Reed lectures and
consults extensively on integrated design (although he prefers the term “integrative design”
as more evocative of an evolving process and less of a fixed practice). Reed describes an
integrated design team as the modern equivalent of the master builder in pre-industrial
societies—a designer-builder who embodied the knowledge of place, of indigenous
construction practices, and of the available resources for building construction and operation.
With the complexity of modern buildings and the tremendous breadth of knowledge needed
to design and build them, Reed argues that today we need a “composite master builder” in
the form of a highly collaborative and multidisciplinary team.
Origins of Modern-Day Integrated Design. Integrated design has become a
buzzword in the green building world. Everyone claims to do it, although not everyone
understands it in the same way, and not everyone is successful at it. Unlike their American
counterparts, European architects have a long tradition of designing in close collaboration
with engineers and openly sharing credit for the design with them. Yale University Professor
Don Watson, FAIA, traces his first encounters with integrated design to the 1960s. “Louis
Kahn would often refer to his ‘colleague commandant,’ the engineer, as an equal partner,” he
notes. Others point out that integrated design didn’t begin with sustainable design. Vivian
Manasc of Manasc Isaac Architects in Edmonton, Alberta notes that her firm was leading
design workshops with client groups to address social and cultural issues before they focused
on green building. “Our original approach was always workshop based. It was a natural fit
for us to move from that into a fully integrated design process,” she says. Manasc credits Nils
Larsson and the C-2000 program from Natural Resources Canada with turning her firm onto
integrated design as the way to create green buildings without adding cost. But for the origins
of their workshop based design approach, she (and many others) points to Caudill, Rowlett,
and Scott (CRS). CRS was a Texas architecture firm that revolutionized the work of many
architects in the 1950s and 1960s by promoting participatory design workshops with client
groups. CRS famously used “squatters’ sessions,” in which the architects camped out at their
clients’ facilities or at project sites for intensive charrettes that lasted as long as a week.
These workshops resulted in design solutions with implicit client approval, thereby avoiding
the need to spend time creating multiple design options and revisions in response to client
objections. That same efficiency explains how some leading green designers today are able to
invest in extensive charrettes without adding to their overall design budgets.
Design Features that Benefit from Integration. Whole-building design demands an
integrated approach if it is to be done well, as every aspect of a building affects—and is
affected by—other aspects. Certain features common to green buildings are especially strong
candidates for integrated design because of their inherently interdisciplinary nature. In
addition to the areas of expertise specific to each feature, nonstandard elements in any of
them benefit from suggestions on constructability from a building contractor, and input from
a cost estimator early in the process can help keep the systems affordable.
Daylighting. Effective day lighting depends on basic decisions, such as siting and
orientation, and architectural elements, including the size, location, spacing of
apertures, and, potentially, exterior shading systems. It also requires attention to

interior design characteristics, such as interior shading systems, the layout of indoor
spaces, the height of partitions, and the geometry, color, and texture of interior
surfaces. If day lighting is to reduce energy loads rather than increase them, it must be
accounted for in the zoning of the electric lights (so that areas with more daylight can
be controlled separately from those with less) and with light-sensitive controls on the
electric lighting, which are typically the domain of an electrical engineer and lighting
designer. Finally, the mechanical system will be sized properly only if the mechanical
engineer understands and accounts for the lighting controls.
Exposed thermal mass. Exposed concrete or other massive, conductive
materials in ceilings and walls can reduce peak cooling loads, especially if they are
coupled with night-flushing of the building to cool the mass. Implementing such a
strategy effectively requires collaboration among the architect, structural engineer,
mechanical engineer, and interior designer. In addition, an acoustic engineer may help
analyze acoustic issues caused by hard surfaces, and a lighting designer is likely to
help with unique lighting considerations.
Greenhouse Structure. A greenhouse is a structure with different types of covering
materials, like glass or plastic roof and frequently glass or plastic walls; it heats up because
incoming visible solar radiation from the sin is absorbed by plants, soil and other things
inside the building. Glass is transparent to this radiation the warmed structures and plants
inside the greenhouse re-radiate this energy in the infrared to which glass is partly opaque,
and that energy is trapped inside the glass house. Although there is some heat loss die to
conduction, there Is a net in energy (and therefore temperature) inside the greenhouse. Air
warmed by the heat from hot interior surfaces is retained in the building by the roof and wall.
These structures range in size from small sheds to very large buildings.
Greenhouse can be divided into glass greenhouse and plastic greenhouse. Plastics
mostly used arc PE film and multiwall sheet in PC or PMMA. Commercial glass greenhouses
are filled with equipment like screening installations, heating, cooling, and lighting and may
be automatically controlled by a computer. The glass used for a greenhouses works as barrier
to air flow, and its effect is to trap energy within the greenhouse which this air is prevented
from rising and flowing away. Those can be demonstrated by opening a small window near
the roof of a greenhouse: the temperature drops considerably. This principle is the basis of
autovert automatic cooling system. A miniature greenhouse is known as a cold flow.
Greenhouse protect crops from too much heat or cold, shield plants from dust, storms
and blizzards and help to keep out pests. Light and temperature control allows greenhouse to
turn in arable land into arable, hereby improving food production in marginal environment.
Because greenhouse allow curtain crops to be grown throughout the year,
greenhouses are increasingly important in the food supply of high latitude countries. Orc of
the largest greenhouse complexes in the world is in Almeria. Spain, where greenhouses cover
almost 50,000 arcs (200 square meters). Sometimes called the sea of plastics. Greenhouses
are often used for growing flowers, vegetables, fruits, and tobacco plants. Bumblebees are
the pollinators of choice for rust greenhouse pollination, although other types of bees have
been used, as well as artificial pollination. Hydroponics can be used in greenhouses as well
as to make the most use of the interior space. Besides tobacco, many vegetables and flowers
are grown in greenhouses in late winter and early spring, then transplanted outside as the
weather warms, started plants are usually available for gardeners in farmers markets at
transplanting time. Special greenhouse varieties of certain crops such as tomatoes are
generally used for commercial production.
The closed environment of a greenhouse has its own unique requirements, compared
unit outdoor production. Pests and diseases and extremes of heat and humidity have to be
controlled, and irrigation is necessary to provide water. Significant inputs of heat and light
may be required, particularly unit winter production of warm-water vegetables.
Because the temperature and humidity of greenhouses must be constantly monitored
to ensure optimal conditions, a wireless sensor network can be used to gather data rainfly.
The data is transmitted to a control location and used to control heating, cooling and
irrigation systems.
Greenhouse structure adopted in the 1960’s when unclear sheets of polyethylene film
became widely available. Hoop horses were made by several companies and were also
frequently made by the ground themselves. Constructed of aluminum extrusions special
galvanized steel tubing. This heat many more greenhouses on smaller firm and garden
cutters. Polyethylene film durability increased greatly when more effective inhibitors were
developed and added in the 1970’s. These UY inhibitors extended the usable life of the film
from one or two years up to 3 and eventually 4 or more years. Gutter connected greenhouses
became more prevalent in the 1900’s and 1990’s; these greenhouses have two or more bays
connected by common wall, or row of support posts. Heating impost was reduced as the ratio
of floor area to roof area was increased substantially. Gutter connected greenhouses are now
commonly used both in production in situations where covered with a duple layer
polyethylene film with air blown between to provide increased heating efficiencies, or
structured polycarbonate materials.

Since 200, technical innovations included the “closed greenhouse”. A comparability
closed system allowing the goner complete control over the growing process while using less
energy floating greenhouses are used in watery areas of the country.
The closed environment of a greenhouse has its own unique requirements, compared
with outdoors production. Pests and diseases, and extremes of heat and humidity, have to be
controlled, and irrigation is necessary to provide water. Significant inputs of heat and light
may be required, particularly with winter production of warm-water vegetables. Because the
temperature and humidity of greenhouses must be constantly monitored to ensure optimal
conditions, a wireless sensor network can be used to gather data remotely. The data is
transmitted to a control location and used to control heating, cooling and irrigation systems.
Greenhouse structures adopted in the 1960’s when wide sheets of polyethylene film
became widely available. Hoop houses were made by several companies and were also
frequently made by several companies and were also frequently made by the growers
themselves. Constructed of aluminum extrusions, special galvanized steel tubing, or even just
length of steel or PVC water pipe, construction costs were greatly reduced.
Rainwater Harvesting. Although close to three fourths of our planet is made of water,
not all of it is suitable for use. The water in the oceans and seas cannot be used as drinking
water and little of it can be utilized for other purposes. As a result, there is a constant
shortage of water that is either good for drinking or home and industrial use. Areas on the
planet that have long faced water shortage were able to combat this problem by harvesting
what little rain water they received. This slowly started spreading to areas where there was
plenty of rainfall. As a result, the modern day rainwater harvesting system was bought into
place.
The idea behind the process is simple. Rainwater is collected when it falls on the
earth, stored and utilized at a later point. It can be purified to make it into drinking water,
used for daily applications and even utilized in large scale industries. In short, Rainwater
harvesting is a process or technique of collecting, filtering, storing and using rainwater for
irrigation and for various other purposes.
To reduce the consumption of groundwater, many people around the world are using
rainwater harvesting systems. This practice has been around for thousands of years and has
been growing at a rapid pace. Till today, rainwater is used as a primarily source of drinking
water in several rural areas. The best thing about rainwater is that it is free from pollutants as
well as salts, minerals, and other natural and man-made contaminants. In areas where there is
excess rainfall, the surplus rainwater can be used recharge ground water through artificial
recharge techniques.
In an urban setting, harvesting is usually done with the help of some infrastructure or
the simplest method for a rainwater harvesting system is storage tanks. In this, a catchment
area for the water is directly linked to cisterns, tanks and reservoirs. Water can be stored here
until needed or used on a daily basis. The roofs our homes are the best catchment areas,
provided they are large enough to harvest daily water needs. Other than that, large bowls and
tarps can also fulfill the function.
Advantages of Rainwater Harvesting
Easy to Maintain. Utilizing the rainwater harvesting system provides certain
advantages to the community. First of all, harvesting rainwater allows us to
better utilize an energy resource. It is important to do so since drinking water

is not easily renewable and it helps in reducing wastage. Systems for the
collection of rainwater are based on simple technology.
The overall cost of their installation and operation is much lesser than
that of water purifying or pumping systems. Maintenance requires little time
and energy. The result is the collection of water that can be used in substantial
ways even without purification.
Reducing Water Bills. Water collected in the rainwater harvesting system can
be put to use for several non-drinking functions as well. For many families
and small businesses, this leads to a large reduction in their utilities bill. On an
industrial scale, harvesting rainwater can provide the needed amounts of water
for many operations to take place smoothly without having to deplete the
nearby water sources.
It also lessens the burden of soil erosion in a number of areas, allowing
the land to thrive once again. In fact, it can also be stored in cisterns for use
during times when water supplies are at an all-time low.
Suitable for Irrigation. As such, there is little requirement for building new
infrastructure for the rainwater harvesting system. Most rooftops act as a
workable catchment area, which can be linked to the harvesting system. This
also lessens the impact on the environment by reducing use of fuel based
machines.
Rainwater is free from many chemicals found in ground water, making
it suitable for irrigation and watering gardens. In fact, storing large reservoirs
of harvested water is a great idea for areas where forest fires and bush fires are
common during summer months.
Reduces Demand on Ground Water. With increase in population, the demand
for water is also continuously increasing. The end result is that many
residential colonies and industries are extracting ground water to fulfill their
daily demands. This has led to depletion of ground water which has gone to
significant low level in some areas where there is huge water scarcity.
Reduces Floods and Soil Erosion. During rainy season, rainwater is
collected in large storage tanks which also help in reducing floods in some
low lying areas. Apart from this, it also helps in reducing soil erosion and
contamination of surface water with pesticides and fertilizers from rainwater
run-off which results in cleaner lakes and ponds.
Can be used for Several Non-drinking Purposes. Rainwater when collected
can be used for several non-drinking functions including flushing toilets,
washing clothes, watering the garden, washing cars etc. It is unnecessary to
use pure drinking water if all we need to use it for some other purpose rather
than drinking.
Disadvantages of Rainwater Harvesting
Unpredictable Rainfall. Rainfall is hard to predict and sometimes little or no
rainfall can limit the supply of rainwater. It is not advisable to depend on
rainwater alone for all your water needs in areas where there is limited
rainfall. Rainwater harvesting is suitable in those areas that receive plenty of
rainfall.
Initial High Cost. Depending on the system’s size and technology level, a
rainwater harvesting system may cost anywhere between $200 to $2000 and
benefit from it cannot be derived until it is ready for use. Like solar panels, the
cost can be recovered in 10-15 years which again depends on the amount of
rainfall and sophistication of the system.
Regular Maintenance. Rainwater harvesting systems require regular
maintenance as they may get prone to rodents, mosquitoes, algae growth,
insects and lizards. They can become as breeding grounds for many animals if
they are not properly maintained.
Certain Roof Types may Seep Chemicals or Animal Droppings. Certain types
of roofs may seep chemicals, insects, dirt or animals droppings that can harm
plants if it is used for watering the plants.
Storage Limits. The collection and storage facilities may also impose some
kind of restrictions as to how much rainwater you can use. During the heavy
downpour, the collection systems may not be able to hold all rainwater which
ends in going to drains and rivers.
Rainwater harvesting is a system that is gaining speed over time. Areas
that experience high amounts of rainfall will benefit the most from the system
and will be able to distribute water to dry lands with ease. However, the
beneficial environmental impact of the system is what drives it further as of
now.
Waste and Toxic Reduction. To reduce the impact on wells or water treatment
plants. Several options exist. “Greywater”, wastewater from sources such as dishwashing or
washing machines, can be used for subsurface irrigation, or if treated, for non-portable
purposes, e.g to flush toilets and wash cars. Rainwater collectors are used for similar
purposes.
Centralized wastewater treatment systems can be costly and use a lot of energy. An
alternative to this process is converting waste and wastewater into fertilizer, which avoids
these costs and shows other benefits. By collecting human waste at the source and running it
to a semi-centralized biogas plant with other biological waste, liquid fertilizer can be
produced. This concept was demonstrated by a settlement in Lubeck, Germany in the 2000s.
Practices like these provide soil with organic nutrients and create carbon sinks that remove
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, offsetting greenhouse gas emission. Producing artificial
fertilizer is also more costly in energy than this process.
The most criticized issue about constructing environmental friendly buildings is the
price. Photo-voltaic, new appliances and modern technologies tend to cost more money.
Most green buildings cost premium of less than 2%, but yield 10 times as much over the
entire life of the building. The stigma is between the knowledge of up-front cost vs. life cycle
cost. The savings in money come from more efficient use of utilities which result in decrease
energy bills. Also, higher worker or student productivity can be factored into savings and
cost deductions. Studies have shown over a 20 year life period, some green buildings have
yielded $53 to $71 per square foot back on investment. It is projected that different sectors
could save $130 billion on every energy bill.

Solar Integrated Energy System for Green Building. Green building is a kind of
sustainable development and energy-saving building, has a very important significance for
alleviating strained resources, protecting the environment to reduce pollution. And the solar
energy is not only an energy, and a renewable energy, but which rich in resources. It not only
frees use of, but also not to be transported, and it produces no pollution to environment and
more widely using in the green building. Early, solar building just passed the light and heat
of the Sun in order to light up and heat the building. But now, the green building obtains
solar energy by adopting ‘active’. This ‘active’ green building is a kind of heating system
consists of solar energy collector, radiator, pump and fan, or air conditioning-building
combined with absorption chiller. One of the green building which is Shanghai Research
Institute of Building Science contain multiple green energy technologies, such as solar
thermal technology, solar photovoltaic, natural ventilation, natural lighting, and indoor
virescence. Here, there an example of solar integrated energy system including heating, air
conditioning, natural ventilation and hot water supplied which applied in the green building.
Green Roof. An aerial view of most urban areas shows swathes of asphalt, black tar and
gravel-ballasted rooftops. Heat radiates off of the dark roofs, and water rushes over the hard,
hopefully impermeable surfaces. Yet, there is a new trend that breaks up the monotony of
common roofs: green rooftops. Long popular in Europe, green rooftops have begun to appeal
to homeowners, businesses and even cities as an attractive way to promote environmentalism
while solving the problems of conventional roofs. Green roofs supplement traditional
vegetation without disrupting urban infrastructure -- they take a neglected space and make it
useful.
Green roofs last longer than conventional roofs, reduce energy costs with natural
insulation, create peaceful retreats for people and animals, and absorb storm water,
potentially lessening the need for complex and expensive drainage systems. On a wider scale,
green roofs improve air quality and help reduce the Urban Heat Island Effect, a condition in
which city and suburban developments absorb and trap heat. Anyone who has walked across
a scalding parking lot on a hot, summer day has felt one effect of an Urban Heat Island.
The layers of a green roof must, like any roof, accommodate drainage and protect the
building from the elements with a waterproof membrane. But they also must create a
growing area and potentially provide support, irrigation and root protection barriers while
staying as light as possible.
Two types of green roof exist:
Intensive green roofs are essentially elevated parks. They can sustain shrubs,
trees, walkways and benches with their complex structural support, irrigation,
drainage and root protection layers. The foot or more of growing medium
needed for an intensive green roof creates a load of 80-150 pounds (36-68
kilograms) per square foot.
Extensive green roofs are relatively light at 15-50 pounds (7-23 kilograms)
per square foot. They support hearty native ground cover that requires little
maintenance. Extensive green roofs usually exist solely for their
environmental benefits and don't function as accessible rooftop gardens.

USGBC and LEED system.
The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) is an industry organization whose
membership consists of all parts of the construction industry, including owners, designers
and contractors (Montoya, 2011). The USGBC has played a leading role in developing and
promoting green building principles in the US broad coalition including representation from
the construction industry, the financial sector, government, and public interest organizations.
Developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), LEED is intended to help building
owners and operators be environmentally responsible and use resources efficiently. Proposals
to modify the LEED standards are offered and publicly reviewed by USGBC's member
organizations, which number almost 20,000. Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design or LEED is a set of rating systems for the design, construction, operation, and
maintenance of green buildings, homes and neighborhoods. It is a nationally accepted
organization for design, operation and construction of high performance green buildings.
This ensures the buildings are environmentally compatible, provide a healthy work
environment and are profitable. The purpose of these rating systems is to provide objective
standards for certifying that a building is environmentally friendly or green. Although the
foundation for LEED certification is laid during the design process, the design intent must be
implemented through the construction process.
Once a category’s prerequisites are met, points toward LEED-NC certification can be
achieved by meeting the requirements of the various credits that are included as part of the
category. As can be seen from *appendix*, many credits are broken down so that additional
points can be awarded based on the level of achievement. Buildings should meet each
criteria, otherwise no points toward LEED_NC certification will be awarded for that certain
Credit. Each criterion has its own designation point-system which corresponds to percentage
rated by USBGC.
Throughout the design and construction, the project team documents how they are
meeting both category prerequisites and credits for points toward certification. Beyond
fulfilling category prerequisites, the owner is free to determine what categories and credits
within those categories that will be sought to obtain certification. Not every credit within the
LEED rating system needs to be addressed in the building design and construction. The
number of credits earned by the project will however determine the level of LEED
certification. Credits to earn the various levels of the LEED certification are as follows;
There are multiple submittals during the LEED application process, including some
preliminary design submittals. Whoever submitted the registration form (owner, contractor,
or architect) would also be responsible for submitting the application to the USGBC for
LEED certification. This would consist of the required program documentation including a
project narrative that includes at least three project highlights, and application fee. Following
receipt and review of the application, the USGBC issues its preliminary findings, along with
a request for any for any additional information that it need to perform its final review.
Within 30 days, the project team makes its final submittal to the USGBC, which is followed
by USGBC’s final submittal and award of LEED certification to the project.
As part of the registration process, the designer establishes goals for the projects in
the following:
Sustainable Site (SS)

 Water Efficiency (WE)
 Energy and Atmosphere (EA)
 Materials and Resources (MR)
 Indoor Environment Quality (IEQ)
 Innovation and Design Process (IDP)
LEED 2009 encompasses nine rating systems for the design, construction and operation
of buildings, homes and neighborhoods. One of the suites included in LEED 2009 is LEED
for Health Care.
According to Joe Howard, Facilities Director of Boulder Community Foothills Hospital
(2011), in practice, a LEED hospital doesn't function or appear different than other
construction in any remarkable way, nor should it. If it were a big maintenance headache few
would choose to get involved with the program. Boulder Community Foothills Hospital has
received 8design awards since its completion and has become noted as an international
model for healthcare facilities that seek to incorporate sustainability into their design.
Eligibility.
LEED-NC and LEED-CS may be earned by commercial, institutional or high-rise
residential building types.
LEED for Schools must be used for any academic building on K-12 school grounds.
Pre-K and postsecondary school buildings may qualify for LEED for Schools or LEED-NC.
For LEED-NC, LEED-CS and LEED for School, the project must be including new design
and construction on the major renovation of a building in its entirety. All prerequisites must
be met and at least 40 optional credits must be earned. The process or the certification,
including registration, documentation of credits and third-party verification, must be
followed.
For LEED_NC, LEED-CS, LEED for Schools, LEED-CI and LEED_EB, the
minimum program requirements for certification include the following.
 Comply with the environmental laws.
 Be a complete, permanent building or space.
 Use a reasonable site boundary.
 Comply with the minimum occupancy rates of one or more full-time-
equivalent occupant to be eligible for Indoor Environment Quality
optional credits.
 Commit to sharing whole-building energy and use data with the
USGBC and or the Green building Certification Institute for Five
years after occupancy, even if ownership or tenancy changes.
Additional information on Minimum Program Requirements can be found in
the USGBC document
“LEED 2009 MPR Supplemental Guidance.”
The process.
The USGBC develops the LEED Rating systems, but since 2009, the Green
Building Certification Institute (GBCI) has administered the registration and

certification of buildings. The GBCI describes the process, which is
administered using LEED Online v3 tool, as follow:
1. Registered the project with LEED Online at the GBCI website and pay
the registration feed. LEED Online includes an optional rating system selector
questionnaire to help determine which rating system is most appropriate.
2. For LEED-CS, an optional precertification application may be made.
The GBCI’s formal recognition of the developer’s goal for the project to
achieve the LEED-CS certification may be helpful in marketing to potential
tenants.
3. Build the online credit scorecard by selecting the optimal credits that
will be pursued. All project team members may be granted access; in addition,
LEED Online v3 allows the project administrator to assign responsibility for
credits to different team members by name.
4. Access credits form the project scorecard and document credit
compliance online.
5. Upon the completing project documentation, submit it for review and
certification.
6. Commit to providing whole-building energy and water usage data to
the USGBC and or the GBCI for at least the for five years after occupancy
begins. This commitment must be honored even if the owner or tenant changes.
Related Studies
Local studies
According to Arenal, Arvin et.al, on their study entitled “A Proposed Design of an
Environmental Friendly Three-Storey Reinforced Concrete Parking Building in Lucena City”
(2012), a proposed environment friendly building will lessen the pollution caused by the
vehicle by the cure of plants that absorbs air pollutants and convert the carbon dioxide. Also
lesser electricity that will used in the entire building because of the use solar panels on top of
the building that will generate the needed activity. The mentioned study was related to the
present study in implementing the construction of green buildings in helping out the
environment to lessen the pollution and problems brought about by construction industry.
This related study guided the researcher in innovating the design of three-storey library
integrate building using sustainable design and sources.
According to the study “Integration of Green Building Concept in Design of a Three-
Storey Building”, the vision of the development of the greenhouse building as an integrated
technological system that approaches zero average annual energy consumption has been the
consent of vertical and building construction design and with emphasis on being cost
effective and comfortable to the standards and regulation of different countries. Analysis
environmental costs-benefits, actions and means involved overall framework for the
sustainable integration of the green houses with buildings through completion of the ethnical
design of the building. (Manahan 2012)
According to the study “A Propose Three Storey Maritime School Located at Manuel
S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City”, to be able to accommodate the growing
demands of our radically over changing world and the present trend augmenting population,
buildings and various structure has evolved. (Landicho et. Al, 2006). This project study is of
the same purpose, the construction of a Three Storey Integrated Library of Ibabang Dupay
Lucena City.
According to the study “A Propose Five Storey Engineering School Building” the
world is highly appreciated the tremendous accomplishments of engineers of the decades.
They are acknowledged for building structure either vertical or horizontal, from simple to
very complicated one, from symmetrical to irregular shapes and from low rise to sky
scrapers. The vast technological advancement paved way from the achievement of the
modern builders. (Generoso et. Al, 2001).
Foreign studies
According to Silvio Burrattino Melhado & Luciana Alves de Oliveira (2011) entitled
“Conceptual Model for the Integrated Design of Building Facades”, the building design
process is composed of design processes for the building's various systems. The process for
each system design should be based on requirements defined early in the programme and
executed by a multidisciplinary team led by a design coordinator responsible for the
coordination and integration of all processes. In Brazil, building firms tend to develop
fragmented designs with little regard for the advantages of integrated design. This hinders the
use of new solutions, such as innovative facade technologies, that could enhance building
performance and increase the efficiency of construction and maintenance. The facade
influences building performance and construction and maintenance costs. It is a system that
requires a specific development method and extensive consideration during the design
process. In this context, a conceptual model of a commercial building was proposed to
develop integrated construction and renovation designs of building facades. This article
describes the model, which was prepared based on the literature and on case studies
involving construction projects in Brazil and France.
According to Wong, Johnny K. W.; Heng Li (January 2009) entitled “Development
of intelligence analytic models for integrated building management systems (IBMS) in
intelligent buildings”, with the availability of innumerable 'intelligent' building products and
the dearth of inclusive evaluation tools, design teams are confronted with the quandary of
choosing the opposite building control systems to suit the needs of a particular intelligent
building project. The paucity of measures that represent the degree of system intelligence and
indicate the desirable goal in intelligent building control systems design inhibits the
consumers from comparing numerous products from the viewpoint of intelligence. This
article is designed to develop a model for facilitating the system intelligence analysis for the
integrated building management system (IBMS) in the intelligent building. To achieve these
objectives, systematic research activities are conducted to first develop, test and refine the
general conceptual model using consecutive surveys; then, to convert the developed
conceptual framework to the practical model; and, finally, to evaluate the effectiveness of the
practical model by means of expert validation. The findings of this study suggest that IBMS
has a distinctive set of intelligence attributes and indicators. The research findings also
indicate that operational benefits of the intelligent building exert a considerable degree of
influence on the relative importance of intelligence indicators of the IBMS in the model. This
research suggests a benchmark to measure the degree of intelligence of one control system
candidate against another.
According to Siti Halimah Yusof & Md. Azree Othuman Mydin (2014) entitled
“Solar Integrated Energy System for Green Building” that a green building is a kind of
sustainable development and energy-saving building, has a very important significance for
alleviating strained resources, protecting the environment to reduce pollution. And the solar
energy is not only an energy, and a renewable energy, but which rich in resources. It not only
free use of, but also to be transported and it produces no pollution to environment and more
widely using in the green building. Early, solar building just passed the light and heat of the
sun in order to light up and heat the building. But now, the green building obtains solar
energy by adopting ‘active’. This ‘active’ green building is a kind of heating system consists
of solar energy collector, radiator, pump and fan, or air conditioning-building combined with
absorption chiller. One of the green building which is Shanghai Research Institute of
Building Science contain simple green energy technologies, such as solar thermal
technology, solar photovolcanic, natural ventilation, natural lighting, and indoor virescence.
Hence, there an example of solar integrated energy system including heating, air
conditioning, natural ventilation and hot water supplied which applied in green building.
According to ZinCo USA, Inc. A green roof system provider, green roof weights vary
depending on the build-up. A thin layered extensive green roof, when saturated with water,
will weigh between 18-30 lb/sq.ft. On the other hand, an intensive green roof requires a
higher load bearing capacity. Depending on the build-up height, weights for intensive roofs
can range from 60-80 lb/sq.ft. The determination of the loadings performed by ZinCo USA
Inc. Conformed to ASTM E2397-05 standard practice for determination of dead loads and
live loads associated with green roof systems.
According to the entitled “Is that Mass or just a garden on your roof?” One cubic foot
of dry, agricultural dirt or loam typically use for a “Green” roof weighs between 70 and 80
pounds. Saturated with water the weight can increase by as much as 35%, to around 90 to
100 pounds per cubic foot containing soil 6 inches deep can add over 5000 pounds of dead
load to the roof structure, roughly 50 p.s.f. or mre. (Moehring. 2009)

UNIT III
Methods and Procedures
This unit presents the research methodologies of the study including research design,
research environment, procedures, and design concepts in order to achieve the anticipated
result of the project study.
Research Design
A research design is the “blue print” of the project study in order to have
systematized research. For the project study “A proposed design of a three-storey library
integrated building located in Ibabang Dupay, Lucena City” the researchers used Research
and Development type of research. Research and Development (R&D) is one of the means
by which project can experience future growth through innovating and developing processes.
R&D conduct an investigative activities with the intention of making a discovery that can
either lead to the development of new procedures, or to enhance of existing procedures.
Through the help of R&D process the researchers assured that it can improve the existing
procedures and operations in designing of an integrated building.
The researchers can design, develop, and evaluate the proposed three-storey library
integrated building through Research and Development has been applied in accomplishing
research. R&D is a systematic approach that can be used for the construction of useful
solution to an existing problem through gathering scientific knowledge in order to develop
effective and efficient design of the study.

In order to design, the researchers gathered all the necessary data and information that
is needed for the library integrated building structure. It must consider the loads and technical
specification requirements of NSCP that will support in the computation process.
The researchers developed a useful integrated building idea for the library in Lucena
City through stimulating the importance of conventional design by its use of a highly
collaborative, multidisciplinary project team. The various designers on a project meet
occasionally to ensure that their solutions don’t clash, but for the most part their aim is to
stay out of each other’s way.
And the researchers also evaluate that the design of project structure will be safe,
economical, and environmental friendly base on the standard parameters. The proposed
design of a three-storey library integrated building will be attained by the said methodology.
Research Environment
Conducting viable study is always necessary to gather primary data and information
about the certain subject or proposed project study in order to have effective output in line
with the objectives of the study. The researchers also take some interview in the development
and presentation of building plans, layouts, technical specifications, program of works, bill of
materials, and cost estimates from the students of the College of Architecture and Fine Arts,
the faculty of Civil Engineering and Technical Department, and authorized technical men are
all involve in achievement of each objective of the study.
The proposed library is a three-storey structure, which features numerous facilities for
learning services. The integrated design concept is applied on library that collaborates for the
environmental aspect to benefit the populace of Lucena City. The proposed project structure
will be constructed along National Highway, Ibabang Dupay Lucena City. It is accessible to
every point in town and from different establishments because public vehicles are always
accessible. It is also near from the different schools where the student can access freely and
from the hospital for emergency purpose.
The proposed structure will have an area of 15,000 square meters and will be
constructed within 28,985 square meters lot. The building will be occupied by approximately
4,500 students that provide the necessary services. The study is expected be absolutely done
within eight months of difficult research, which will follow a certain timeline specified.
Procedures
To be able to meet the objectives of the proposed project study, the researcher
conceptualized a plan that would consider design requirements. All the data needed in the
study were gathered from various sources. Subsequently, the researcher followed a
systematic procedure in designing a library integrated building.
Data Gathering
Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on
variables of interest, in an established systematic way that enables one to answer
stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes. The data collection
component of research is common to all fields of study. While methods vary by
discipline the emphasis on ensuring accurate and honest collection remains the same.
(Roman. 2010)
The proposed study requires enough and sufficient information. Hence, it is
data – intensive. For the purpose, two types of data were gathered: primary and
secondary. Primary data were derived from answers gathered from structured
interviews. The researcher used open questions to the interviewee regarding the
study. All collected information has been analyzed thoroughly for the purpose of
getting sufficient background to the study. While secondary data includes all
published documents and literatures related in implementing the proposed library
integrated building. Reviewing related literature and studies satisfied the theoretical
and actual analysis of the library integrated design. It represented a large amount of
statistical and theoretical literatures that granted awareness of the wide range research
concerning the theory and methodology related to the study. Web based research was
also conducted to profound impact on the way ideas are formed. Thus, the researchers
are channeled academically by earnings of sorted documents and materials.
Site Investigation
Site investigation is to collect systematically and record all the necessary data
which will be headed or will help in the design and construction processes at the
proposed work. Anything on the site and on adjacent sites which may affect the
proposed work or conversely anything appertaining to the proposed works which may
affect on adjacent site should be recorded.
Soil Analysis
Atterberg’s Limit Determination is one of the Index Properties of soil that a
generally used. This is the reason that clay exhibits different behavior with the
different amounts of moisture content. The Atterberg’s Limit or consistency limits
namely liquid limit, plastic limit, and shrinkage limit are useful in determining
properties of soil.
1. Liquid Limit
The change which caused the sample of soil changes from viscous to
plastic stage the moisture content. Moist clay have a higher liquid limit
values while sand and silt have lower values. The liquid limit of soil is
therefore define as the water content expressed as a percentage weight of
the over dry soil, at the boundary between liquid and plastic state of soil.
It can be determine in the laboratory using liquid limit device, which
consist basically of brass cup and a hard rubber base. The brass cup can
dropped on the base by a can operate by a tank.
Top perform the liquid test, a soil paste is to be placed on the cup. A
groove is out at the center of the soil paste using the standard grooving
tool. Then, using the can operate by the crank, the cup is lifted to the
height of 10mm and dropped. The moisture content in percent, which is
required to close a distance of 12- 17mm along the bottom of the groove
after of blows, is defines as the liquid limit.
The liquid limit test done by first placing the soil sample on mixing
dish and then add about 15-20mm add distilled water then stir, knead and
chop with spatula place the sample on the liquid limit device to a depth of
10mm make a groove on the middle by means of grooving tool, allowing a
maximum of 6 strokes turn the crane at a rate of two revolutions until two
sides of the sample. Lastly, plot the flow curve and determine the liquid
limit by the formula given below. The liquid limit is expressed as the
moisture content in percentage of the oven-dry weight corresponding to 25
blows.
𝑊1 − 𝑊2
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 100%
𝑊2
Where:
W1 = Weight of wet soil sample
W2 = Weight of oven dried soil
2. Plastic Limit
The plastic limit shows the percentage of the water which soil changes
from plastic to semi-solid state. The plastic limit is define as the water
content expressed as a percentage of the weight of the oven dry soil at the
boundary between plastic and semi-solid states of consistency.
A condition when the water content where the soil can just be rolled
into a 1/8” or 3.2mm diameter thread before crumbling. The test is simple
and is performed by repeatedly rolling a ellipsoidal soil by the fingers on a
glass plate.
To test the plastic limit, first mix the air dried soil sample in a mixing
dish with distilled water and shaped about 8g of soil into a ball. Then
formed it into ellipsoidal shaped mass, roll it between fingers in a piece of

glass. The rate of the rolling must be 80-90 strokes per minute. When the
diameter of the thread becomes 3.2 breaks into 8 pieces and squeeze it
between thumbs and fingers continue the procedure of rolling again until it
crumbles. Determine the water content thru the formula given. Plastic
limit it expressed as the moisture content in percentage of the oven-dried
weight of the crumbled soil thread.
𝑊𝑎 − 𝑊𝑏
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 = × 100%
𝑊𝑏
Where:
Wa = weight of combined soil thread
Wb = weight of over dried-crumbled soil thread
3. Shrinkage Limit
When water evaporate from soil, it shrink in volume up to a certain
limit beyond which no decrease in volume takes place. Shrinkage limit it
is therefore define as the most moisture content beyond which any
reduction in the moisture content will not cause further decrease in
volume.
4. Plasticity Index
The numerical difference between the liquid limit and plastic limit.
5. Liquidity Limit
The ratio expressed as a percentage of a natural water content of soil
minus its plastic limit to its plasticity index.
6. Water Content
The determination of water content, unit weight and void ration is an
important requirement in laboratory test and is part of the test included in
more elaborate tests. Water content is an important measure in the
compaction of soil. In order that correct water content is obtain from a soil
sample several sample at different point must be taken. They are then
mixed and the water content is thin obtained from this soil sample. The
unit weight is determined from representative undisturbed sample.
Apparatus:
1. Container 5. Large knife wire saw spatula
2. Triple beam balance 6. Small metal can
3. Oven 7. Graduated cylinder
4. Desiccators 8. Paraffin
Procedure:
1. Weigh the empty container.
2. Weigh the container and soil sample.

3. Dry the container with the soil sample at a constant
temperature between 105oC to 110oC.
4. The drying time will depend upon the size and type of soil (1-
6hrs).
5. Remove the container and let it cool to room temperature.
6. If the sample is to be weighed within 1hr cool it at a room
temperature. If the sample is not to be weighed at once, it
should be place in a desiccators for cooling.
7. Grain Size Analysis
This is determined by sieve analysis for coarse-grained particles in the soil
and by sedimentation analysis consists of sieving and measured quality of the
soil through successively smaller sieves. The weight retained is expressed as a
percentage of the total weight of a sample. As larger grains settle down faster
in water. The soil sample is measured on 75-micrometer.
The grain size test is an exercise in identifying the size of soil grain
present. The sizes when plotted on a grain size curve will be a guided to the
interrelation of the different grain sizes and can be also be a source for
identification of the original soil. A characteristic of the soil that can be
identified from the grain size chart is whether the soil is well graded or not.
Apparatus:
1. Set of sieve
2. Triple beam balance

3. Timer
Procedure:
1. Weight of sieves to be used up to 0.1 gram.
2. Select test sample and break soil into its individual particles with the
fingers or the robber tipped pestle.
3. Weight a specimen of approximately 500grams.
4. Sieve the soil through a nest of sieve by hand for at least 10 minutes.
5. Weight to 0.1gram each sieve with the soil in it.
6. Subtract the weight obtained in step 1 from those of steps to give the
soil retained in #200 sieve.
Structural Design
The proposed project structure was built through structural design
computation and technical specification considering the Ultimate Strength Design
(USD) of the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP 2010), the American
Concrete Institute (ACI 318-11 Codes), for area lay - outing of the project proposal,
and existing laws and regulations of the Municipal Engineering of Lucena City. The
researchers keep an eye on the steps and procedures in the design of different
structural components, (1) seismic analysis by portal method will be used for analysis
of building frame due to the effects of wind loads and lateral loads, (2) frame analysis
will be used in the determination of the velocity pressure exposure coefficients and
lateral forces, (3) slab, beam, column, and foundation design will be computed using
direct design method. In connection of this, the researchers are confident that the
structure is safe and economical for the populace of Lucena City. Here are the
guidelines specified in the National Structural Code of the Philippines:
General design procedure
The steps in the plastic design of portals, according to SP: 6(6) – 1972, are
given below:
a) Determine possible loading conditions.
b) Compute the factored design load combination(s).
c) Estimate the plastic moment ratios of frame members.
d) Analyze the frame for each loading condition and calculate the maximum
requiredplastic moment capacity, Mp
e) Select the section, and
f) Check the design for other secondary modes of failure.
Design base shear. The total design base shear in a given direction shall be
determined from the following formula:
𝑍𝐼𝐶
V= W
𝑅𝑊
1.25 𝑆
C= 𝑇 2/3
T = CT (hn)3/4
Vertical distribution of force. The total force shall be distributed over the
height of the structure in conformance with the Formulas () in the absence of a more
rigorous procedure.
V = Ft + ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝐹𝑖
Ft = 0.07 TV
(𝑉− 𝐹𝑡 )𝑊𝑥 ℎ𝑥
Fx = ∑𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑊𝑖ℎ 𝑖
Steps in the design of one-way slabs (flexure).
I. Identify the uniform floor pressure (Pa) to be carried by the slab. This load
may consist of the of:
1. Live load Pressure
2. Dead load Pressure
3. Ceiling Load and Other attachments below the Slab
II. Determine the minimum slab thickness “h”. If necessary adjust this value
depending on your judgment.
III. Compute the weight of Slab (Pa)
Weight = 𝛾conc x h
IV. Calculate the factored moment (Mu) to be carried by the Slab.
Uniform Load, wu = Factored Pressure x 1m
V. Compute the effective depth , d:
d = h- covering (usually 20mm)- ½ (main bar diameter)
VI. Compute the required steel ratio 𝜌:

Solve for Rn from Mu = ∅ Rnbd2 where b= 1000mm
0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅𝑛

𝜌= (1 − √1 − 0.85𝑓𝑐′
𝑓𝑦
Solve 𝜌max and 𝜌min
If 𝜌is less than 𝜌max and greater than 𝜌min ,use𝜌
If 𝜌is greater than 𝜌max, increase the depth of slab to ensure ductile
failure
If 𝜌is less tha𝜌min, use 𝜌= 𝜌in
VII. Compute the required main bar spacing:
As = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 𝜌(1000) d ≥ 𝜌t b h
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟
Spacing, 𝑆𝑡 = 𝑥 1000
𝐴𝑠
Steps in designing two-way slabs.
I. Determine whether the slab geometry and loading allow the use of the direct
design method.
II. Select slab thickness to satisfy deflection and shear requirements. Such
calculations require a knowledge of the supporting beam or column
dimensions A reasonable value of such a dimension of columns or beams
would be 8 to 15% of the average of the long and short span dimensions,
namely (l1 +l2)/2. For shear check, the critical section is at a distance d/2 from
the face of the support.
III. Divide the structure into equivalent design frames bound by centerlines of
panels on each side of a line of columns.
IV. Compute the total statically factored moment
2 2
𝑀𝑜 = wul lu
8
V. Select the coefficient factors of the negative and positive moments of slab and
calculate the respective factored moments.
VI. Distribute the factored equivalent frame moments from step 4 to the column
and middle strips.
VII. Determine whether the trial slab thickness chosen is adequate for moment-
shear transfer in the case of flat plates at the interior column junction
computing that portion of the moment transferred by shear and the properties
of the critical shear section at distance d/2 from column face.
VIII. Design the flexural reinforcement to resist the factored moments in step 6.
IX. Select the size and spacing of the reinforcement to fulfill the requirements for
crack control, bar development lengths, and shrinkage and temperature
stresses.
Step in the design of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam for Flexure:
I. Determine the values of loads, DL, LL, and other loads
II. Approximate the weight of beam (DL) as follows:

Small Beams: 2 kN/m
Medium-sized beams: 3.5 kN/m
Large-sized Beams: 7kN/m
Or Weight of Beam in kN/m = 24 kN/m3 x Beam are in m2
III. Determine the maximum and minimum shear and moment of the continuous
beam through moment distribution method.
IV. Compute the factored load on different load combinations
Example: factored Load = 1.2DL + 1.6 LL
V. Compute the factored moment to be raised by the beam, Mu
VI. Try the value of steel ratio ƿ from 0.7 ƿmaxto 0.8 ƿmax, but must not be less
than ƿmin. This value of ƿwill provide enough allowance in the actual value of
ƿdue to rounding-off of the number of bars to be used so that it will not
exceed the maximum ƿ.
0.85fc ′ β600
Ƿb =
𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦)
β = 0.85 for fc’ ≤ 28 MPa
0.05
β = 0.85 - (fc’-28) for fc’ ≥28 MPa
7
𝜌𝑓𝑦
VII. Compute the value of 𝜔, 𝜔 = 𝑓𝑐′
VIII. Solve for the reduction factor ∅ ∶
Solve for C:
Note: For Singly reinforced rectangular beam, 𝜌 is directly
proportional to c.
3
C = (assumed factor) x cmax where: cmax = 7 𝑑
The assumed factor may range from 0.7 to 0.8 as suggested in
step V.
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐
If fs ≥1000MPa, tension-contrlled, ∅ = 0.90
𝑓𝑠−𝑓𝑦
If fs ≥1000MPa, transition, ∅ = 0.65 + 0.25 1000−𝑓𝑦
Solve for bd2 :
MU = ∅ 𝐹𝑐 ′ 𝜔 bd2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)
bd2 = ___________________________
IX. Try a ration d/b (fro d= 1.5 to d=2b), and solve for d. (round off this value to
to reasonable dimension). After solving for d, substitute its value to Step VII
and solve for b.Compute the weight of the beam and compare it to the
assumption made in step II.
X. Solve for the required steel area and number of bars:
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
Number of the bars (diameter = D)
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 4 x D2 x number of bars
Minimum steel ratio.
Sections 5.10.5.1 of NSCP provides that the minimum steel ratio be 1.4/𝑓𝑦 . It
also states that in T-beams where the web is in tension , the ratio 𝜌 shall be computed
for this purpose using width of web.
𝐴𝑠
In checking for maximum 𝜌 (𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 ), use 𝜌 = 𝑏 (𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 < 𝑡)
𝑓𝑑
𝐴𝑠
In checking for minimum 𝜌 (𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 ), use 𝜌 = 𝑏
𝑤𝑑
For Interior Beam:
𝑏𝑓 is the smallest of:
1. L/4
2. 16t + 𝑏𝑤
𝑆1 𝑆2
3. + + 𝑏𝑤
2 2
For End Beam
𝑏′𝑓 is the smallest of:
1. L/12 + 𝑏′𝑤
2. 6t + 𝑏′𝑤
𝑆3
3. + 𝑏′𝑤
2
For symmetrical interior beam (𝑆1 = 𝑆2 = 𝑆)

𝑏𝑓 is the smallest of:
1. L/4
2. 16t + 𝑏𝑤
3. Center-to-center spacing of beams
4. Isolated beams in which T-shape are used to provide a flange
for additional compression area shall have a flange thickness not less
than ½ the width of the web and an effective flange width not more
than four times the width of the web.
t≥ 𝑏𝑤 /2
b≤ 4𝑏𝑤
Steps in Finding 𝑴𝒏 of a Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam with Given
𝑨𝒔, 𝑨′ 𝒔, and other Beam Properties
There are three possible cases in doubly reinforced beams.
Case 1. Both tension and compression yields (𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦)
Case 2.Tension Steel yields and compression steel does not
(𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦, 𝑓 ′ 𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦)
Case 3. Tension Steel does not yield and compression steel yields.
(𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦, 𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦)

Note: For doubly reinforced beams with effective depth d = 250 mm or
more, it is not possible for both steel not to yield.
I. Assume compression steel yields (𝑓𝑠 ′ = 𝑓𝑦)
As2 = A’s
As1 = As - As2
II. Solve for a and c ( assuming tension steel yields):
C1 = T2 0.85 fc’ab = As1 fy
A =____________
A=𝛽1𝑐
C = ___________
𝑑−𝑐
Check :fs =600 𝑐
If fs>fy, tension steel yields , proceed to Step III
If fs<fy, tension steel not yields , proceed to Stepp VI
III. Solve for the stress in compression steel
𝑐−𝑑
𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐
If fs>fy, proceed to Step VI

If fs<fy, proceed to Step V
IV. Since 𝑓𝑠 ′ > 𝑓𝑦, compression steel yields
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛1 + 𝑀𝑛2
𝑎
𝑇1 (𝑑 − ) + 𝑇2 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
2
𝑎
𝐴𝑀𝑛 = 𝑎𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) = 𝑎𝑠2 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
2
V. If fs<fy , compression steel does not yield.
𝑐−𝑑
𝑓𝑦]𝑠 = 600 ( )
𝑐
From the stress diagram :
C1 + C2 = T
0.85 fc’ab + As’fs = Asfy
𝑐−𝑑′
0.85 fc 𝛽1𝑐𝑏 + 𝐴𝑠 600 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦
𝑐
Solve for c by quadratic formula.
Solve for fs’,
𝑐−𝑑
𝑓𝑠 ′ = 600 − = __________________
𝑐
Solve for a,
𝑎 = 𝛽1𝑐 = ________________________
Solve for Mn :
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛1 + 𝑀𝑛2
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑐1 (𝑑 − ) = 𝑐2 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
2
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑎𝑏 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴′ 𝑠𝑓𝑠(𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
2
VI. Fs<fy but Fs = fy
T = Cc + C2 As fs = 0.85 fc’ ab + A’s fy
𝑑−𝑐
As x 600 = 0.85 fc’ (𝛽1𝑐)𝑏 + 𝐴′ 𝑠𝑓𝑦
𝑐
C =_____________ ; a = 𝛽1𝑐 = ___________
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛1 = 𝑀𝑐2
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴′ 𝑠𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
2
Step in designing axially loaded columns.
I. Determine Pu.
Pu= 1.4DL + 1.6LL

Pu.=𝜙𝑂. 80[𝑜. 85𝑓𝑐 ′ (1 − 𝑃𝑔) + 𝑓𝑦𝑃𝑔]
Pu.=𝜙𝑂. 80[𝑜. 85𝑓𝑐 ′ (𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠) + 𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠]
II. Assume Pg= 0.003 and 𝜙 = 0.70
III. Solve for the Gross Area and Dimension of Footing:
𝑃𝑢
Ag =
𝜙𝑂.80 [𝑜.85𝑓𝑐 ′ (1−𝑃𝑔)+𝑓𝑦𝑃𝑔]}
As = AgPg
Ag= L2
L = _______________________________
IV. Check for actual Gross Area to allowable.
V. Find the required Steel Reinforcement.
As = AgPg
Assume for diameter of reinforcement bar to be used;
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 4 x D2 x number of bars
VI. Check for Steel Reinforcement to the Allowable.
VII. Check for Slenderness Ratio.
Slenderness Ratio = L / r
r = 0.3 h
L /r = 32 – (Mu1 / Mu2) < 22
VIII. Vertical Spacing of ties shall be the smallest of the following:
a. 16 db (Diameter of main bar)
b. 48 x Tie Bar Diameter
c. Least Dimension of Column
IX. Check for allowable Pufrom Actual Pu.
Spiral Column
The axial load capacity of the spiral column is given by
∅𝑃𝑛 = ∅0.85(0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ (𝑎𝑔 − 𝑎𝑠𝑡) + 𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡)
Where:
∅ = 0.75
Limits of reinforcement for tied Column Section 410.10
I. Ast shall not be less than 0.01Ag and Ast shall not be more than 0.08Ag
II. The minimum number of longitudinal bars is 6.
Sizes and Spacing of main Bars and Ties

I. Spirals shall consist of evenly spaced continous bar or wire of such size and
so assembled to permit handling and placing without distortion from designed
dimensions.
II. For cast-inplace construction, size of spirals shall not be less than 10mm
diameter.
III. Clear spacing between spiral shaft shall not exceed 75mm, not be less than
25mm.
IV. Anchorage of spiral reinforcement shall be provided by 1 ½ extra turns of
spiral bar or wire at each end of a spiral unit.
V. Spiral reinforcement shall be spliced, if needed, by any one of the
following mthods:
1. Lap splices not less than the larger of 300mm and the length
indicated in one of (1) through (5) below:
(1) Deformed uncoated bar or wire ------------------------------------48db
(2) Plain coated bar or wire---------------------------------------------72db
(3) Epoxy-coated deformed bar or wire ------------------------------72db
(4) Plain uncoated bar or wire with a stardardstrirrup or tie hook at
ends of lapped spiral reinforcement ---------------------------------------------------
---------------------48db
(5) epoxy-coated deformed bar or wire with a standard stirrup of the
hook at ends of lapped spiral reinforcement. The hooks shall be embedded
within the core confined by the spiral reinforcement -------------------------------
-----------------------------------------48db
VI. Spiral shall extend from the top of the footing or slab in any story to level
of the lowest horizontal reinforcement in members supported above.
VII. Where Beams or brackets do not frame into all side of a column, ties
shall extend above termination of spiral to bottom of shall, drop panel or shear
cap.
IX. In the column with capitals, spiral shall extend to a level at which the
diameter or width of capital is two times that of the column.
X. Spirals shall be held firmly in place and true to line.
XI. Splices of spiral reinforcement shall be lap splices 48db but not less than
300mm or welded.
XII. The percentage of spiral steel 𝜌𝑠 is computed from the following
equations:
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝

𝜌𝑠 =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑠
4𝑎𝑠(𝑑𝑐 − 𝑑𝑏)
𝜌𝑠 =
𝑠𝐷𝑐 2
Where As is the cross-sectional area of spiral bar, Dc is diameter of
the core out to ot of the spiral and db is the diameter of the spiral bar.
VI. The minimum spiral percentage (Section 410.10.3)
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑐′
𝜌𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.45 ( − 1)
𝐴𝑐 𝑓𝑦ℎ
Step in designing combined footing.
1. Assume weight of footing between 6% to 8%
Wt. = __ % (dead load + live load)
2. Total load
T.L. = assume wt. of footing + dead load + live load
3. Compute the required area of footing using the relation
𝑤𝑡.𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔+𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑+𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
Req’d Area = 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
4. Required area (dimension)
Req’d Area = BL
5. Compute the ultimate column load, 𝑃𝑢
Pu = 1.4 DL + 1.6 LL
6. Compute the net upward soil pressure, 𝑞𝑢

𝑃𝑢
qu =𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
7. Compute the allowable ltimate soil pressure, 𝑞𝑎
𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑋𝑃𝑢
qa = 𝐷𝐿+𝐿𝐿
8. Compute the depth of footing from bream shear in short direction
𝑢𝑣
𝑣𝑛 = 𝜑𝑏𝑑 ( actual )
Where: 𝑣𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 (𝐿)(𝑥)
1
𝑣𝑐 = 6 𝑓𝑐′( allowable)
9. Check wt. of footing
Wt. of footing = 𝜔𝑉
Wt. of footing < assume wt. of footing
10. Compute reinforcement:
LONG DIRECTION (use L = short)
a. Compute steel ratio, 𝜌
𝑥
From bending: 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 (𝐿)(𝑥)(2)
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑑 2𝜔 (1-0.59𝜔)
𝜔𝑓𝑐′
𝜌= 𝑓𝑦
b. Compare with 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑦
If 𝜌<𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 ; use 𝜌
c. Compute for steel area requirement
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌bd
d. Compute for the numbers of bars
𝐴𝑠
n=𝜋
𝑑2
4
e. Compute the required development length
0.02 𝐴𝑏𝑓𝑦
Req’d Ld =
√𝑓𝑐′
Min. Ld = 0.06 𝑑𝑏 𝑓𝑦
𝐿−𝑐
Available Ld = - cc > Req’d Ld > min. Ld
2
SHORT DIRECTION (use L = long )
a. Compute steel ratio, 𝜌

𝑥
From bending: 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 (𝐿)(𝑥)(2)
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜑𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑑 2𝜔 (1-0.59𝜔)
𝜔𝑓𝑐′
𝜌= 𝑓𝑦
b. Compare with 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑦
If 𝜌<𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 ; use 𝜌
c. Compute for steel area requirement
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌bd
d. Compute 𝐴𝑠1 ( centership )
𝐴𝑠1 2
=
𝐴𝑠 𝛽+1
𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
Where: 𝛽 = 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
e. Compute for the number of bars ( 𝐴𝑠1 )
𝐴𝑠1
n=𝜋
𝑑2
4
f. Compute 𝐴𝑠2 ( outership )

𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 2 𝐴𝑠2
g. Compute for the number of bars (𝐴𝑠2 )
𝐴𝑠2
n=𝜋
𝑑2
4
h. Check development length
0.02 𝐴𝑏𝑓𝑦
Req’d Ld =
√𝑓𝑐′
Min. Ld = 0.06 𝑑𝑏 𝑓𝑦
𝐿−𝑐
Available Ld = - cc > Req’d Ld > min. Ld
2
Working Plans and Layouts
The working drawings contain the necessary details and information to enable
the one to know the exact picture of all the elements, measurements, and how the
various structural parts are to be put together to form the whole structure. The
structural designs and drawings include the following; the perspective, site
development plan, ground floor plan, second floor plan, and third floor plan, roof
deck plan, front elevation, rear elevation, left side and right side elevation, cross-
section, longitudinal section, detail of stairs and footing, electrical lay-out, foundation
plan, detail of column footing, detail of room beam, detail of floor beam, detail of
sewerage vault, and detail of plumbing layout.

Layouts shall be constructed through Computer Aided Drafting (specifically
AutoCAD 2010), and structural modeling will be based on the layouts produced by
drafting.
Technical Specifications
A specification is an explicit set of requirements to be satisfied by a material,
product or service. Specifications would be written to assure the implementation of
the requirements needed to assure proper installation.
The set of specifications shall govern the methods of construction to be used
for the “Proposed design of a three-storey Library Integrated Building”. The
construction shall conform to all the requirements of the City Engineering of Lucena,
Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), and the local regulation of the
city.
Program of Works Method
The method used to determine the number of days that the project will be
completed is through the PERT/CPM, in which it indicates the number of hour each
laborer could perform in a day.
This shall be done by manual computation utilizing PERT/CPM method, and
checking it by Primavera Computer Software.
Cost Estimates and Bill of Materials
The estimates of materials used by the researchers are based on the following
method; (1) Volume Method will be used in estimating the slabs, (2) Area Method
will be used for estimating the footing, CHB and RSB, (3) Linear Method will be
used for estimating the footings, beams, and columns, (4) Direct Counting Method
will be used for estimating the footing, beams and columns.
After determining the quantity of materials needed for the construction
project, the data should be presented as ‘Bill of Materials’. It should include the
summary cost estimates for materials, labor, and other construction expenses.
Design Concepts
Design of the different structural components shall be concept accordingly to the
specification. Specification shall govern the methods of construction and the kind of
materials to be used for the proposed building in the plans and detail drawings. The technical
specification of the study was based on National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP
2010), Ultimate Strength Design (USD) Method, American Concrete Institute (ACI 318-11
Codes), and the existing laws and regulations of the City Engineering of Lucena City. Cost
estimate was based on the book of Max Fajardo in estimating the total amount of the
proposed structure. The Green Building Design was also included in the environmental
concept of the design of the study. The researchers used LEED green building system in
order to apply the green building concept, which is a certified certification in promoting and
building green building structures.

UNIT IV
Results and Discussion
The results of the data analysis are presented in this chapter. The data were collected
and then processed in response to the problems posed in chapter 1 of this dissertation. The
four fundamental goals of this study drove the collection of the data and the subsequent data
analysis. These objectives were accomplished. The findings presented in this chapter
demonstrate the potential for merging theory and practice.
A. Social acceptability.
Demographic Profile
Table 4.0: Distribution of Responses According to Gender
Gender Frequency Percentage
Male 48 48%
Female 52 52%
Total 100 100%
It is illustrated by table above the distribution of responses according to the
respondent gender, it shows that out of one hundred (100) respondents, forty-eight (48) or
48% states that they are male and fifty-two (52) or 52% says that they are female.
Table 4.1: Distribution of Responses According to Age
Age Frequency Percentage
16-25 80 80%
26-35 13 13%
36-45 7 7%
Total 100 100%
respondent age, it shows that out of one hundred (100) respondents, eighty (80) or 80% states
that they are in 16-25 years old, thirteen (13) or 13% says that they are in 26-35 years old,
and seven (7) or 7% says that they are in 36-45 years old.
Table 4.2: Distribution of Responses According to Socio-Economic Status
Gender Frequency Percentage
Faculty 10 10%
Parent 10 10%
Students 67 67%
Others 13 13%
Total 100 100%
respondent class, it shows that out of one hundred (100) respondents, ten (10) or 10% states
that they are faculty, ten (10) or 10% says that they are parent, and sixty-seven (67) or 67%
says that they are students, and thirteen (13) or 13% states that they are others.
Table 4.3: Results of the questionnaire - opinionnaire of the study.
5 4 3 2 1
Question % % % % %
1. Are you satisfied with the library services 29 49 13 8 1
being offered to you in your community?
2. Do you think, constructing a library will 50 45 5 0 0

help this community?
3. Are you in favor of constructing a new 56 40 4 0 0

library?
4. Are you in favor of constructing a library 49 43 8 0 0

INTEGRATED building?
5. Do you think it will meet the services 56 39 5 0 0

needed by the demands of the
community?
The final result of the survey shows that a fair quantity or percentage of the randomly
chosen population has fair and favorable interest in the construction of the hospital. The first
question indicates more than half of the randomly chosen population (49%) disagrees with
the fact that they have satisfactory library services being offered in the locale. 50% (50 out of
100 respondents) agrees that constructing a new library will help their community. Question
3 and 4 shows that more than half of the randomly chosen population (an average of 56%)
will be in favor of constructing a new library, specifically the INTEGRATED building. And
lastly, 56% of the randomly chosen population thinks that it will meet the demands of the
community.
B. Atterberg Limit Determination
Project : A Design of a Three-Storey Library Integrated Building
Location of the Project : Brgy. Ibabang Dupay Lucena City
Description of Soil : Macolod Clay Loam
Liquid Limit Determination
Table 4.4
Can Number 1 2 3
Weight of wet 16.69 17.04 19.03
soil+can
Weight of dry 13.8 13.25 14.6
soil+can
Weight of can 5.5 5.4 5.4
Weight of dry soil 8.3 7.85 9.2
Moisture loose 2.89 3.19 4.43
Water content, w% 43.75 40.62 38.15
Number of blows, N 37 24 12
Plastic Limit Determination
Table 4.5
Can Number 1 2
Weight of wet soil+can 11.30 11.26
Weight of dry soil+can 10.42 10.35
Weight of can 6.7 6.7
Weight of dry soil 3.72 3.65
Moisture loose 0.88 0.91
Water content, w% 23.66 24.93
Liquid Limit = 40.12
Plastic Limit = 24.30
Plastic Index = 15.82
Water Content Determination
Description of Soil : Macolod clay loam
Table 4.6
Boring Number 1 2 3
Container Number 1 2 3
Weight of cup+soil 30.19 31.66 28.52
Weight of cup+dry 22.6 22.73 22.7
soil
Weight of cup 6.7 6.7 6.7
Weight of water 9.59 8.93 5.82
Water Content, w% 60.31 55.71 36.38
(60.31+55.71+36.38)
Average Water Content = = 50.8%
3
Grain Size Analysis-Mechanical
Sieve Analysis and Grain Shape
Table 4.7
Sieve No. Diameter Weight %Retained Weight %Passing
(mm) Retained Passing
(mm)
4 0 0 657 657 100
8 2.38 14 2.13 643 97.87
10 1.68 29.3 4.46 613.7 93.41

40 0.42 44.3 6.8 569.4 86.61
60 0.25 67.12 10.22 502.28 76.39
100 0.15 59.8 9.1 442.38 67.29
200 0.075 82.38 12.54 360.1 54.75
Based from the result of the Atterberg’s Limit Determination Test, the soil’s
classified as inorganic clay of medium plasticity wait allowable soil pressure of 100-300kPa
C. SEISMIC ANALYSIS
Assumption of Loading
Slab = 170mm
Beam = (460 × 600) mm
Column = 750mm × 750mm
Cross beam = 300mm × 400mm
DEAD LOAD
Loading concrete = 23.54kN/𝑚3
25 mm concrete topping = .60kPa
Floor finish = 0.77kPa
150 mm CHB exterior wall = 2.40kPa both face plastered
100 mm CHB interior wall = 1.76kPa both way plastered
Partition = 2.1kN/ 𝑚3
Vegetation = 10.2kPa
Utility = 0.04kPa
Ceiling = 0.24kPa
LIVE LOAD
Category Description Uniform Load Concentrated Load

(KPa) (KN)
Libraries Reading room 2.9kpa 4.52 kN
Stock room 7.2kPa 4.52 kN
Corridor above ground 3.8kPa 4.5kN
floor
Roof deck Ground floor corridors 4.8kPa 4.5kN
Stairway 1.9kPa
DEAD LOADS / FLOORS
Roof deck
Slab = (.17)(23.54)(30)(30) = 3601.62kN
Beam = (.45)(.6)(23.54)[30(6) + 30(8)} = 2288.10kN
Cross beam = (.3)(.4)[30(4)](23.54) = 338.98kN
Parapet = (.15)(1.2)(23.54)(60) = 254.232kN
Finishing = (.77)(30)(30) = 693kN
Ceiling = (.24)(30)(30) = 216kN
Utility = (.04)(30)(30) = 36kN
Vegetation = (10.2)(30)(30) = 9180kN
Total = 16607.92kN
3rd Floor Loading
Slab = (.17)(23.54)(30)(30 ) = 3601.62kN
Beam = (.45)(.6)(23.54)[30(6) + 30(8)} = 2660.44kN
Column = (.750)(.750)(23.54)(5)(24) =1588.95kN
Finishing = (.77)(30)(30) = 693kN
Ceiling = (.24)(30)(30) = 216kN

Utility = (.04)(30)(30) = 36kN
CHB exterior = (2.4)(5)(30+30) = 720kN
CHB interior = (1.76)(5)(300) = 2640kN
Cross beam = (.3)(.4)[30(4)](23.54) = 338.98kN
Total = 12504kN
2nd Floor Loading
Slab = (.17)(23.54)(30)(30 ) = 3601.62kN
Beam = (.45)(.6)(23.54)[30(6) + 30(8)} = 2660.44kN
Column = (.750)(.750)(23.54)(5)(24) = 1588.95kN
Finishing = (.77)(30)(30) = 693kN
Ceiling = (.24)(30)(30) = 216kN
Utility = (.04)(30)(30) = 36kN
CHB exterior = (2.4)(5)(30+30) = 720kN
CHB interior = (1.76)(5)(300) = 2640kN
Cross beam = (.3)(.4)[30(4)](23.54) = 338.98kN
Total = 12504 kN
Ground Floor Loading
Slab = (.17)(23.54)(30)(30 ) = 3601.62kN
Beam = (.45)(.6)(23.54)[30(6) + 30(8)} = 2669.44kN
Column = (.750)(.750)(23.54)(5)(24) = 1588.95kN
Finishing = (.77)(30)(30) = 693kN
Ceiling = (.24)(30)(30) = 216kN

Utility = (.04)(30)(30) = 36kN
CHB exterior = (2.4)(5)(30+30) = 720kN
CHB interior = (1.76)(5)(300) = 2640kN
Cross beam = (.3)(.4)[30(4)](23.54) = 338.98kN
Total = 12504 kN
Floor beam Dead Load(kN) Storey height

Roof deck 16607.92 5m.
3rd floor 12504 5m.
2nd floor 12504 5m.
Ground floor 12504 0
Total 54119.92 15m.
D. EARTHQUAKE LOADS (Section 208)
E- Force Resisting Structural Systems of Concrete Table 208-11
R - Numerical coefficient representative = 5.6
𝐹𝑡 = 0.07𝑇𝑉 = The concentrated force 𝐹𝑡, at the top which addition to 𝐹𝑛
(𝑉−𝐹𝑡)𝑊𝑥ℎ𝑥
𝐹𝑥= ∑𝑛
= at each bad designated as x the force 𝐹𝑥
𝑖=1 𝑊𝑖ℎ𝑖
𝑇 = elastic fundamental period of vibration of structure in the direction under
consideration
𝑇 = 𝐶𝑇 (ℎ𝑛) 3/4
𝐶𝑇 = 0.0731 for reinforced concrete moment resisting force and eccentrically braced
force.
Zone Factor 𝑍 = 0.40
Seismic Importance Factor 1= 1.00
𝑁𝑎 = Near source factor used in determination of 𝐶𝑎

= 1.00 (if ≥ 10km closest distance to known seismic source)
𝑁𝑣 = Near source factor used in determination of 𝐶𝑣
= 1.00 ( if ≥ 15𝑘𝑚 disest distance to known seismic source)
𝐶𝑎 = Seismic coefficient, (table 208-7) = 0.40𝑁𝑎
𝐶𝑣 = Seismic coefficient, (table 208-8) = 0.56𝑁𝑣
208.5.2 Static Procedure
𝑉 = Design Base Shear
0.8𝑁𝑣1𝑊 𝐶𝑣1𝑊 2.5𝐶𝑎1𝑊

𝑉= < <
𝑅 𝑅𝑇 𝑅
2.5𝐶𝑎1𝑊
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑅
0.8𝑁𝑣1𝑊
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑅
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝑉 < 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑇 = 𝐶𝑇 (ℎ𝑛) 3/4
ℎ𝑛 = 15𝑚 , 𝐶𝑇 = 0.0731
𝑇 = 0.0731(15)3/4
= 0.5571sec. < 0.70sec. ; THEFORE 𝐹𝑡 = 0

𝐶𝑣 = 0.56𝑁𝑣 = 0.56(1)
= 0.56
𝐼 = 1.00
𝑊 = 54119.92𝑘𝑁
𝑅 = 5.6
𝐶𝑣𝐼𝑊 0.56(1)(54119.92)
𝑉= =
𝑅𝑇 5.6(0.5571)
= 9714.58 KN
2.5𝐶𝑎𝐼𝑊 2.5(0.56)(1)(54119.92)
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = =
𝑅 5.6
= 13529.98 KN
0.8𝐶𝑎𝐼𝑊 0.8(1)(1)(54119.92)
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = =
𝑅 5.6
= 7731.42 KN
7731.42𝑘𝑁 < 9714.58𝑘𝑁 < 13529.98𝑘𝑁 (okay)
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝑉 < 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
USE 𝑉 = 9714.58𝐾𝑁
Floor Wx(kN) hx(m) Wxhx Fx

Roof Deck 16607.92 15 249118.80 5542.02
3rd Floor 12504 10 125040 2781.70
2ND Floor 12504 5 62520 1390.85
Ground Floor 12504 0 0 0
436678.8 9714.57
(𝑉 − 𝐹𝑡)𝑊𝑥ℎ𝑥
𝐹𝑥 =
⅀𝑊𝑥ℎ𝑥
(9714.58)(249118.8)
𝐹𝑥𝑅𝑓 =
436678.8
= 5542.02 KN
(9714.58)(125040)
𝐹𝑥3𝑟𝑑 =
436678.8
= 2781.70 KN
(9714.58)(62520)
𝐹𝑥2𝑛𝑑 =
43667.8
= 1390.85KN
E. Wind Load
Design of Wind Forces, F (KN)
Velocity Pressure:
qz = 47.3 x 10-3 kz
iw = Importance Factor (NSCP 2010, Table 207-3)
kz = Velocity Pressure Exposure (NSCP 2010, Table 207-4)
kzt = Wind Speed up on terrain (NSCP 2010, Sec. 207.5, 7)
Therefore,
v = 250 kph zone 1 (NSCP 2010, Fig. 207-1)
iw = 1.15 (for special occupancy category III from NSCP 2010, Table 207-3)
kzt = (1 + k1k2k3)2 (NSCP 2010, Sec. 207.5.7)
kzt = (1 + 0.26(0.02))2 = 1.01
kd = Wind directionality factor

2
kz = 2.01(z/zg)∝
zg = 365m (Table 207-5)
∝ = 7.0 (Table 207-5)
Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient, kz
@roof deck, z = 15m

2
15 7
kz = 2.01 (365) = 0.81
@3rd floor, z = 10m

2
10 7
kz = 2.01 (365) = 0.72
@2nd floor, z = 5m
2
5 7
kz = 2.01 (365) = 0.59
Velocity Pressure, qz
@roof deck
qz = 47.3 x 10-6 kzkztkdv2iw
= 47.3 x 10-6(0.81) (1.01) (0.85) (2502) (1.15)
= 2.36 kPa
@3rd floor
= 47.3 x 10-6 (0.72) (1.01) (0.85) (2502) (1.15)
= 2.10 kPa
@2nd floor
= 47.3 x 10-6 (0.59) (1.01) (0.85) (2502) (1.15)

= 1. 72 kPa
Design of Wind Pressure, P
F = qzGCfAf (NSCP 2010, Table 207.1)
where:
qz = at height z above the ground
G = given in NSCP 2010, Sc. 207-4
G = 0.84
Cf = for all type of structure
Af = projected area of normal wind
@roof deck
F = qzGCfAf
= 2.36(0.84) (15) (2)
= 59. 47 KN
@3rd floor
F = qzGCfAf
= 2.10(0.84) (15) (2)
= 52.92 KN
@2nd floor
F = qzGCfAf
= 1.72(0.84) (15) (2)
= 43.34 KN
F. FRAME ANALYSIS
A. EARTHQUAKE LOAD
FxRD = 5542.02 KN
Fx3rd = 2781.70 KN
Fx2nd = 1390.85 KN
B. WIND LOAD
FRD = 59.47 KN
F3rd = 52.92 KN
F2nd = 43.34 KN
LATERAL FORCE AT FRAME A AND B
For roof deck
FxRD + FRD = 5542.02 KN + 59.47 KN
= 5601.49 KN
For 3rd floor
Fx3rd + F3rd = 2781.70 KN + 52.92 KN
= 2834.62 KN
For 2nd floor
Fx2nd + F2nd = 1390.85 KN + 43.34 KN
= 1434.19 KN
FRAME A
@ Roof deck
Total horizontal shear = 5601.49 KN
Let x = shear carried by the exterior column
2x = shear carried by the interior column
x + (2x) (2) + x = 5601.49KN
6x = 5601.49KN
x = 9333.58 KN
2x = 1867.16 KN
@ Third floor
Total horizontal shear = 2834.62 + 5601.49 = 8436.11 KN
x + (2x) (2) + x = 8436.11 KN
6x = 8436.11 KN
x = 1406.02 KN
2x = 2812. 04 KN
@ Second floor
Total horizontal shear = 8436.11 + 1434.19
= 9878.3 KN
x + (2x) (2) + x = 9878.3 KN
6x = 9878.3 KN
x = 1645.05 KN
2x = 3290.1KN
FRAME B
@ Roof deck
Total horizontal shear = 5601.49 KN
x + 4(2x) + x = 5601.49 KN
10x = 5601.49 KN
x = 560.149 KN
2x = 1120.3KN
@ Third floor
Total horizontal shear = 2834.62 + 5601.49 = 8436.11 KN
x + 4(2x) + x = 8436.11 KN
10x = 8436.11 KN
x = 843.611 KN
2x = 1687.22 KN
@ Second floor
Total horizontal shear = 8436.11 + 1434.19
= 9878.3 KN
x + 4(2x) + x = 9878.3 KN
10x = 9878.3 KN
x = 987.83 KN
2x = 1975.66 KN
Figure 2. FRAME A-Traverse Section
Figure 3. FRAME B – Longitudinal Section
G. STRUCTURAL DESIGN COMPUTATIONS
Design of Reinforce Concrete Slab
Computation of Loads: Considering 1meter strip
DEADLOAD ADDITIONAL (DLA)
Weight of Partition = 2.1 KN/m2(1m)
= 2.1KN/m
Weight of Electrical and Plumbing = 0.04KN/m2(1m)
= 0.04KN/m
Weight of Floor Finish = 0.77KN/m2(1m)
= 0.77KN/m
Weight of Ceiling = 0.24KN/m2(1m)
= 0.24KN/m
TOTAL DLA = 3.15KN/m
perimeter of parcel
Min. thickness = 180
(12000+6000)(2)
Min. thickness =
180
Min. thickness = 200mm
Weight of slab (DLS) = (.200)(23.54KN/m3)(1m)
= 4.708KN/m
DLTOTAL = DLS + DLA
= 4.71KN/m + 3.15KN/m
= 7.86KN/m
Live Load
Reading rooms = 2.9kPa
Stock rooms = 7.2kPa
Corridors above ground floor = 3.8kPa
SLAB-1
LL = 2.9KN/m2(1m)
= 2.9KN/m
DL = 7.86KN/m
Min. thickness = .200m or 200mm
Wu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL
= 1.2(7.86) + 1.6(2.9)
= 9.432KN/m + 4.64KN/m
= 14.10KN/m
Ls
m=
Lb
6 1
m= =
12 2
m = 0.5
Negative Moments
From table (Negative moments at continuous edge) Case 2
-Cs = 0.086
-Cb = 0.006
Ls = 6m
Lb = 12m
Ms = CsWLs2
Ms = 0.086(14.1)(6)2
Ms = 43.65KN/m
Ms = CbWLb2
Mb = 0.006(14.1)(12)2
Mb = 12.18KN/m
POSITIVE MOMENT
DL LL
CsDL = 0.037 CsLL = 0.066
CsDL = 0.002 CsLL = 0.004
Along Short Direction
MsDL = 0.037(9.432)(6)2
= 12.56KN/m
MsLL = 0.006(4.64)(6)2
= 11.02 KN/m
MTS = MsDL + MsLL
= 12.56 + 11.02
= 23.58KN/m
Along Long Direction
MbDL = 0.002(9.432)(12)2
= 2.72KN/m
MbLL = 0.004(4.64)(12)2
= 2.67KN/m
MbT = MbDL + MbDL
= 2.72 + 2.67
= 5.39KN/m
Negative moment at discontinuous edges equal 1/3 positive moments

1
-Ms = 3 (23.58)
= 7.86KN/m
1
-Mb = 3 (5.38)
= 1.79KN/m
Along short direction
1. Midspan
Mu = ∅f ′ c bd2 ω (1 − 0.59ω)
23.58x106 = 0.9(21)(1000)(169)2 ω (1 − 0.59ω)
ω = 0.0449
ωfc′
ρ= = 3.41x10-3
fy
1.4 1.4
ρmin = = 276 MPa = 0.00507
fy
 ρmin > ρ
Use ρ = 0.00507
As = ρbd
= 0.00507(1000)(169)
= 856.83mm2
Ab
S=
As
Use 12mm ∅ RSB:
π
(12)2 (1000)
4
S=
856.03
= 131.99mm
Say 130mm of spacing
2. Continuous edge
Mu = ∅f ′ c bd2 ω (1 − 0.59ω)
43.65x106 = 0.9(21)(1000)(169)2 ω (1 − 0.59ω)
ω = 0.08513
ωfc′
ρ= = 6.48x10-3
fy
1.4 1.4
ρmin = = 276 MPa = 0.00507
fy
 ρmin < ρ
As = ρbd
= 6.48x10-3(1000)(169)
= 1095.12mm2
Ab (1000) 36000π
S= = = 103.27mm
As 1095.12
3. Discontinuous Edge
Mu = ∅f ′ c bd2 ω (1 − 0.59ω)
7.86x106 = 0.9(21)(1000)(169)2 ω (1 − 0.59ω)
ω = 0.0146
ωfc′
ρ= = 1.11x10−3
fy
 ρmin > ρ
Use ρ = 5.07x10-3
As = ρbd
= 5.07x10−3 (1000)(169)
= 857.25mm2
Ab (1000) 36000π
S= = = 131.93mm
As 857.25

Along long direction
1. Midspan
d = 169-5 = 164mm
Mu = ∅f ′ c bd2 ω (1 − 0.59ω)
5.38x106 = 0.9(21)(1000)(164)2 ω (1 − 0.59ω)
ω = 0.0107
ωfc′
ρ= = x10−4
fy
 ρmin > ρ
As = ρbd
= 5.07x10−3 (1000)(164)
= 831.48mm2
Ab (1000) 36000π
S= = = 136.01mm
As 831.48
2. Continuous Edge
Mu = ∅f ′ c bd2 ω (1 − 0.59ω)
12.18x106 = 0.9(21)(1000)(169)2 ω (1 − 0.59ω)
ω = 0.0229
ωfc′
Ρ= = 1.74x10−3
fy
 ρmin > ρ
Use ρ = 5.07x10-3

Mu = ∅f ′ c bd2 ω (1 − 0.59ω)
1.79x106 = 0.9(21)(1000)(169)2 ω (1 − 0.59ω)
ω = 0.00332
ωfc′
ρ= = 2.53x10−4
fy
 ρmin > ρ
Say 130mm of spacing or 3 times the spacing of midspan
S = 3(130) = 390mm < 500mm
Say 390mm (ACI Code)
Bent up two of every three bars from the bottom
SLAB – 2
LL = 3.8 KN/m2(1m)
= 3.8KN/m
DL = 7.86KN/m
Wu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL
= 1.2(7.86) + 1.6(3.8)
= 9.432KN/m + 9.432KN/m
= 15.51KN/m
Ls
m=
Lb
6 1
m= =
12 2
m = 0.5
Negative Moments
-Cs = 0.086
-Cb = 0.006
Ms = CsWLs2
Ms = 0.086(15.51)(6)2
Ms = 48.01KN/m
Ms = CbWLb2
Mb = 0.006(15.51)(12)2
Mb = 13.4KN/m
POSITIVE MOMENT
DL LL
CsDL = 0.037 CsLL = 0.066
CsDL = 0.002 CsLL = 0.004
MsDL = 0.037(9.432)(6)2
= 12.56KN/m
MsLL = 0.006(6.08)(6)2
= 14.45 KN/m
MTS = MsDL + MsLL
= 12.56 + 14.45
= 27.01KN/m
MbDL = 0.002(9.432)(12)2
= 2.72KN/m
MbLL = 0.004(6.08)(12)2
= 3.5KN/m
MbT = MbDL + MbDL
= 2.72 + 3.5
= 6.22KN/m
Negative moment at discontinuous edges equal 1/3 positive moments

1
-Ms = 3 (27.01)
= 9KN/m
1
-Mb = 3 (6.22)
= 2.07KN/m
1. Midspan
Mu = ∅f ′ c bd2 ω (1 − 0.59ω)
27.01x106 = 0.9(21)(1000)(169)2 ω (1 − 0.59ω)
ω = 0.0516
ωfc′
ρ= = 3.92x10-3
fy
1.4 1.4
ρmin = = 276 MPa = 0.00507
fy
As = ρbd = 856.83mm2
Ab (1000) 36000π
S= = = 131.99mm
As 856.83
2. Continuous Edge
Mu = ∅f ′ c bd2 ω (1 − 0.59ω)
48.01x106 = 0.9(21)(1000)(169)2 ω (1 − 0.59ω)
ω = 0.0941
ωfc′
ρ= = 0.00716
fy
As = ρbd = 1210.93mm2
Ab (1000) 36000π
S= = 1210.93 = 93.4mm
As
Say 90mm of spacing
Use 3 times the spacing of midspan (moment is only 1/3 of midspan)
S = 3(130) = 390mm <500mm ACI Code
Say 90mm of spacing
Note: Bent up two of every three bars from the bottom steel.
1. Midspan
Mu = ∅f ′ c bd2 ω (1 − 0.59ω)
6.27x106 = 0.9(21)(1000)(164)2 ω (1 − 0.59ω)
ω = 0.0133
ωfc′
ρ= = 1.03x10-3
fy
1.4 1.4
ρmin = = 276 MPa = 0.00507
fy
As = ρbd
= 5.07x10−3 (1000)(164)
= 831.48mm2
Ab (1000) 25000π
S= = = 94.46mm
As 831.48
Say 90mm of spacing
2. Continuous Edge
Mu = ∅f ′ c bd2 ω (1 − 0.59ω)
13.4x106 = 0.9(21)(1000)(169)2 ω (1 − 0.59ω)
ω = 0.0252
ωfc′
ρ= = 1.92x10-3
fy
As = ρbd = 856.83mm2
Ab (1000) 36000π
S= = = 131.99mm
As 856.83
S = 3(90) = 270mm <500mm ACI Code
SLAB – 3
LL = 7.2KN/m2(1m)
= 7.2KN/m
DL = 7.86KN/m
Wu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL
= 1.2(7.86) + 1.6(7.2)
= 9.432KN/m + 11.52KN/m
= 20.95KN/m
Ls
m=
Lb
6 1
m= =
12 2
m = 0.5
Negative Moments
-Cs = 0.086 Ls = 6m
-Cb = 0.006 Lb = 12m
Ms = CsWLs2
Ms = 0.086(20.95)(6)2
Ms = 64.86KN/m
Ms = CbWLb2
Mb = 0.006(20.95)(12)2
Mb = 18.01KN/m
POSITIVE MOMENT
DL LL
CsDL = 0.037 CsLL = 0.066
CsDL = 0.002 CsLL = 0.004
MsDL = 0.037(9.432)(6)2
= 12.56KN/m
MsLL = 0.066(11.52)(6)2
= 27.37KN/m
MTS = MsDL + MsLL
= 12.56 + 27.37
= 39.93KN/m
MbDL = 0.002(9.432)(12)2
= 2.72KN/m
MbLL = 0.004(11.52)(12)2
= 6.64KN/m
MbT = MbDL + MbDL
= 2.72 + 6.64
= 9.36KN/m
1. Midspan
Mu = ∅f ′ c bd2 ω (1 − 0.59ω)
39.93x106 = 0.9(21)(1000)(169)2 ω (1 − 0.59ω)
ω = 0.0775
ωfc′
ρ= = 0.00589
fy
As = ρbd = 996.76mm2
Ab (1000) 36000π
S= = = 113.46mm
As 996.76

2. Continuous Edge
Mu = ∅f ′ c bd2 ω (1 − 0.59ω)
64.86x106 = 0.9(21)(1000)(169)2 ω (1 − 0.59ω)
ω = 0.13014
ωfc′
ρ= = 0.00990
fy
As = ρbd = 1673.54mm2
Ab (1000) 36000π
S= = 1673.54 = 67.58mm
As
Say 60mm of spacing
S = 3(110) = 330mm <500mm ACI Code
1. Midspan
Mu = ∅f ′ c bd2 ω (1 − 0.59ω)
9.36x106 = 0.9(21)(1000)(164)2 ω (1 − 0.59ω)
ω = 0.0186
ωfc′
ρ= = 1.42x10-3
fy
1.4 1.4
ρmin = = 276 MPa = 0.00507
fy
As = ρbd
= 5.07x10−3 (1000)(164)
= 831.48mm2
Ab (1000) 25000π
S= = = 94.46mm
As 831.48
Say 90mm of spacing
2. Continuous Edge
Mu = ∅f ′ c bd2 ω (1 − 0.59ω)
18.01x106 = 0.9(21)(1000)(169)2 ω (1 − 0.59ω)
ω = 0.034
ωfc′
ρ= = 2.59x10-3
fy
As = ρbd = 856.83mm2
Ab (1000) 36000π
S= = = 131.99mm
As 856.83
S = 3(90) = 270mm <500mm ACI Code
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beam
Interior beam
Cross Beam (B-1)
Interior – 300mm x 400mm
Length of beam = 6m
Tributary area = 6(5) = 30m2
ADDITIONAL DEADLOAD
Weight of Partition = 2.1(5) = 10.5KN/m
Weight of Floor Finish = 0.77(5) = 3.85KN/m
Weight of Ceiling = 0.24(5) = 1.2KN/m
Weight of Electrical and Plumbing = 0.04(5) = 0.2KN/m
Weight of Slab = 0.2(23.54)(5) = 23.54KN/m
Weight of Interior Beam = 2.82KN/m
DLTOTAL = 15.75 + 23.54 + 2.82
= 42.11KN/m
LLTOTAL = 7.2(5)
= 36KN/m
Wu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL
= 1.2(42.11) + 1.6(36)
= 108.13KN/m
Wu L2 108.13(6)2
Mu = =
12 12
= 324.396KN/m
0.85β600fc ′
ρb = = 0.03765
(fy + 600)fy
ρmax = 0.02824
ρ = 0.9ρmax = 0.02542
ρfy
w= = 0.3341
fc′
M1 = ∅fc ′ bd2 w(1 − 0.59w)
= 0.9(21)(300)(360)2 w(1 − 0.59w)
= 197.26KN/m
Mu > M1 it needs reinforcement in the compression
M2 = Mu − M1
M2 = 324.4 − 197.26
= 127.14KN/m
ρ = 0.02542
As1 = ρbd
= 0.02542(300)(360)
= 2745.36mm2
M2 127.14x106
As2 = =
fy(d − d′ ) 276(360 − 40)
As2 = 1436.54mm2
As1 + As2 = As
As = 2745.36 + 1436.54
= 4184.898mm2
N36 = 2 – 36mm ∅RSB
N32 = 3 – 32mm ∅RSB
Check if compression steel yield

𝜎 𝜎
𝐸= ;𝑡 = 𝐸
𝑡
276
𝑡𝑦 = 200000 = 1.38𝑥10−3
𝜖𝑠 ′ 𝜖𝑐 =0.003
(𝑐−𝑑′ )
= 𝑐
C1 = T1
0.85fc’ab = As1fy
1As fy 2745.36(276)
a = 0.85fc ′ b = 0.85(21)(300)
a = 141.498mm say 142mm

a 141.498
c=β= 0.85
c = 166.47 say 166mm

𝜖𝑠 ′ 0.003
(166−40)
= 166
𝜖 s′ = 2.28x10-3 > 𝜖 y
 compression steel yields
fs′ = fy =fs
As′ = As2 = 1436.54mm2

N28 =2-32mmØ RSB
Check if compression steel yield using ACI Code
0.85fc ′ β600d′
ρ − ρ′ >
fyd(600 − fy)
As 4448.50
ρ= = = 0.04119
bd 300(360)
As2 1608.49
ρ′ = = = 0.01489
bd 300(360)
0.85(21)(0.85)(600)(40)
= 0.01131
276(360)(600 − 276)
ρ − ρ′ = 0.4119 − 0.01710 = 0.026296
0.026296>0.01131 (OKAY)
ρmax = 0.75ρb + ρ′
= 0.02824 + 0.01489
= 0.04313
ρmin < ρ < ρmax (OKAY)
Web Reinforced
Wu = 108.13KN/m
Wu L
Vu = − Wu L
2
Vu = 285.46KN/m
1
Vc = √fc ′ bd
6
1
= 6 √21(300)(360)
= 82.49KN
1
∅Vc < Vu
2
1
(0.85)(82.49) < Vu
2
35.06KN < 285.46KN
 Use stirrup or provide web reinforcement
Spacing of Stirrup
Vu
Vs = − Vc
∅
285.46
= − 35.06
0.85
= 253.35KN
122 π(2)
Av = = 226.19mm2
4
Av fyd 226.19(276)(360)
S= =
Vs 253.35
S = 88.7mm say 80mm
d
Smax =
2
360
= = 180mm
2
 Therefore use 12mm∅RSB stirrup @ 180mm O.C

Girder Beam (B-2)
Length of cross beam = 6m
DEADLOAD ADDITIONAL
= 2.1KN/m
= 0.04KN/m
= 0.77KN/m
= 0.24KN/m
TOTAL DLA = 3.15KN/m
Weight of Slab = 0.2(23.54)(1.33)
= 6.26KN/m
Weight of cross beam = 0.3(0.4)(23.54)
= 2.82KN/m
Weight of girder beam= 0.4(0.55)(23.54)
= 5.18KN/m
DLTOTAL = DLA + WS + WCB + WGB
= 3.15 + 6.26 + 2.82 + 5.18
= 17.41KN/m
LIVELOAD = 7.2kPa (1.33m) = 9.58KN/m
Wu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL
= 1.2(17.41) + 1.6(9.58)
= 36.22KN/m
Mu = 716.61KN/m
M1 = ∅fc ′ bd2 w(1 − 0.59w)
= 0.9(21)(400)(510)2 w(1 − 0.59w)
= 527.85KN/m
Mu > M1 it needs reinforcement in the compression side
M2 = Mu − M1
M2 = 716.61 − 527.82
= 188.76KN/m
ρ = 0.02542
As1 = ρbd
= 0.02542(400)(510)
= 5185.68mm2
M2 188.76x106
As2 = =
fy(d − d′ ) 276(510 − 40)
As2 = 1455.13mm2
As1 + As2 = As
As = 5185.68 + 1455.13
= 6640.81mm2
Use 32mm and 36mm ∅RSB
5-36mm ∅RSB
2-32mm ∅RSB
Check if the compression steel yield

𝜎 𝜎
𝐸= ;𝜖 = 𝐸
𝑡
276
𝜖𝑦 = 200000 = 1.38𝑥10−3
𝜖 s′ > 𝜖 y
C1 = T1
0.85fc’ab = As1fy
1 As fy 5185.68(276)
a = 0.85fc ′ b = 0.85(21)(400)
a = 200.45mm
a 200.45
c=β= 0.85
c = 235.83mm
𝜖𝑠 ′ 𝜖𝑐 = 0.003 (235.83 − 40)(0.003)

′
= ; 𝜖𝑠′ =
(𝑐 − 𝑑 ) 𝑐 (235.83
𝜖 s′ = 2.49x10-3
𝜖 s′ > 𝜖 y
1.38x10-3 > 2.49x10-3
 compression steel yield
fs′ = fy =fs
As′ = As2 = 1455.13mm2
N32 = 1.81
say 2-32mmØ RSB

Check if compression steel yields using ACI Code
0.85fc ′ β600d′
ρ − ρ′ >
fyd(600 − fy)
𝐴𝑠 6697.88
ρ = 𝑏𝑑 = 400(510) = 0.03283
1608.5
ρ′ = 400(510) = 7.88x10−3
0.85fc ′ β600d′ 0.85(0.85)(21)(40)(600)

=
fyd(600 − fy) 276(510)(600 − 276)
= 0.00798
ρ - ρ′ = 0.03283 – 7.88x10-3
= 0.02495
0.02495 > 7.88x10-3 (OKAY)
ρmax = 0.75ρb + ρ′
= 0.02824 + 7.88x10-3
= 0.03612
1.4
ρmin = 276 = 5.07x10−3

Web Reinforced
Wu = 59.72KN/m
Wu L
Vu = − Wu d
2
59.72(12)
= − 59.72(0.510)
2
Vu = 327.85KN
1
Vc = √fc ′ bd
6
1
= 6 √21(400)(510)
= 155.81KN/m
Vu > ∅Vc (0.5)
Vu > 0.85(155.81)(0.5)
Vu > 66.22KN
Spacing
Vu
Vs = − Vc
∅
327.85
= − 155.81
0.85
= 229.895KN
122 π(2)
Av = = 226.19mm2
4
Av fyd 226.19(276)(510)
S= =
Vs 229.895
S = 162.98mm say 160mm

 Provide 12mm∅RSB stirrup @ 160mm O.C
1
Vs < √fc′bd
3
1
229.895 < √21(400)(510)
3
229.895 < 311.62KN
d
Smax =
2
510
= = 225mm
2
 use 12mm∅RSB stirrup
Check for Av:

bS 400(160)
Av = 3fy = 3(276)
Av = 77.29mm2
2(12)2 (π)
Av < = 226.19mm2 (OKAY)
4
Exterior Beam (B-3)
Length of cross beam = 6m
DEADLOAD ADDITIONAL
= 2.1KN/m
= 0.04KN/m
= 0.77KN/m
= 0.24KN/m
DLA = 3.15KN/m
Weight of Slab = 0.2(23.54)(4)
= 18.83KN/m
Weight of cross beam = 0.3(0.4)(23.54)
= 2.82KN/m
DLTOTAL = DLA + WS + WCB
= 3.15 + 2.82 + 18.83
= 24.75KN/m
LIVELOAD = 7.2kPa(4m) = 28.8KN/m
Wu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL
= 1.2(24.75) + 1.6(28.8)
= 75.78KN/m
Wu L2
Mu =
12
75.78(6)2
=
12
= 227.34KN/m
0.85fc ′ β600
ρb = = 0.03765
fy(fy + 600)
ρmax = 0.75ρb = 0.02824
ρ = 0.9ρmax = 0.02542
As1 = ρbd
= 0.02542(300)(360)
= 2745.36mm2
M1 = ∅fc ′ bd2 ω(1 − 0.59ω)
ρfy
ω=
fc′
0.02542(276)
=
21
ω = 0.3341
0.3341
M1 = 0.9(21)(300)(360)2 (0.3341) (1 − )
1.7
M1 = 197.26KN/m
Mu > M 1 it needs reinforcement in the compression side
M2 = Mu – M1
= 227.34 – 197.26
= 30.08KN/m
M2 = As2fy(d-d′)
d′ = 40mm
M2
As2 =
fy(d − d′ )
30.08x106
= 276(360−40)
= 340.58mm2
As = As1 +As2
= 2745.36 + 340.58
= 3085.94mm2
Use 32-mmØ RSB

As 3085.94(4)
N32 = = (32)2 π
= 3.85
Ab
Say 4-32mmØ RSB in tension side
Check if compression steel yield

𝜎 𝜎
𝐸= ;𝜖 = 𝐸
𝜖
276
𝜖𝑦 = 200000 = 1.38𝑥10−3
C 1 = T1
0.85fc’ab = As1fy
1As fy 2745.36(276)
a = 0.85fc ′ b = 0.85(21)(300)
a = 141.498mm
a 141.498
c=β= 0.85
c = 166.47
𝜖𝑠 ′ 𝜖𝑐 𝜖𝑠 ′ 𝜖𝑐 (0.003)
= ; =
(𝑐−𝑑′ ) 𝑐 (166−40) 166.47
𝜖 s′ = 2.28x10-3
𝜖 s′ > 𝜖 y
 compression steel yield
fs′ = fy =fs
As′ = As2 = 340.58mm2
N20 = 1.08 say 2 - 20mmØ RSB
Check if compression steel yields using ACI Code
0.85fc ′ β600d′
′
ρ−ρ >
fyd(600 − fy)
4(322 π)
ρ = 4(300)(360) = 0.02979
202 π
ρ′ = 2(300)(360) = 5.82x10−3
0.85fc ′ β600d′ 0.85(0.85)(21)(40)(600)

=
fyd(600 − fy) 276(360)(600 − 276)
= 0.01131
ρ - ρ′ = 0.02979 – 0.00582
= 0.02397
0.02397 > 0.01131 (OKAY)
ρmax = 0.75ρb + ρ′
= 0.02824 + 5.28x10-3
= 0.03352
1.4
ρmin = 276 = 5.07x10−3
Web Reinforced
Wu = 75.78KN/m
Wu L
Vu = − Wu d
2
75.78(6)
= − 75.78(0.36)
2
Vu = 200.06KN
1
Vc = √fc ′ bd
6
1
= 6 √21(300)(360)
= 82.49KN/m
Vu > ∅Vc (1/2)
Vu > 0.85(82.49)(0.5)
Vu > 35.05KN
Spacing
Vu
Vs = − Vc
∅
200.06
= − 82.49
0.85
= 152.86KN
122 π(2)
Av = = 226.19mm2
4
Av fyd 226.19(276)(360)
S= =
Vs 152.86
S = 147.02mm say 140mm
1
Vs < √fc′bd
3
1
152.86 < √21(300)(360)
3
152.86 < 164.97KN
d
Smax =
2
360
= = 180mm
2
Check for Av:

bS 300(180)
Av = 3fy = 3(276)
Av = 65.21mm2
2(12)2 (π)
Av < = 226.19mm2
4
 Therefore use 12mm∅RSB stirrup @ 180mm O.C

Design of Reinforce Concrete Column
Interior Column (C-1)
Tributary Area = 9(6) = 54𝑚2
Dead Load
Roof Deck
Slab = 0.2(9)(6)(23.54) = 254.23KN
Ceiling = 0.24(54) = 12.96KN
Utility = 0.04(54) = 2.16KN
Finishing = 0.77(54) = 41.58KN
Vegetation = 4.8(54) = 259.20KN
Beam = [0.4(0.55)(9)+0.3(0.4)(6)]23.54 = 63.56KN
Total = 633.69KN
Third Floor
Slab = 0.2(9)(6)(23.54) = 254.23KN
Ceiling = 0.24(54) = 12.96KN
Utility = 0.04(54) = 2.16KN
Finishing = 0.77(54) = 41.58KN
Partition = 2.1(54) = 113.40KN
Beam = [0.4(0.55)(9)+0.3(0.4)(6)](23.54) = 63.56KN
Column = 0.7(0.7)(4.5)(23.54) = 51.91KN
Total = 539.80KN
1st Floor & 2nd Floor loading is equal
To the total load of 3rd Floor = 539.80KN
𝐷𝐿𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 633.69 + 539.80 + 539.80 + 539.80
= 2253.09KN
LL= 7.2(54) + 3.8(54) + 3.8(54) + 3.8(54)
= 1004.4KN
Pu = 12DL + 1.6LL
= 1.2(2253.09) + 1.6(1004.40)
Pu = 4310.40KN
Try Pg = 0.03
𝑃𝑢 4310.75
Ag =Ø(𝑜.80)[0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ (1−𝑃𝑔)+𝑓𝑦𝑃𝑔] = 0.70(0.80)[0.85(21)(1−0.03)+276(0.03)
4310.75
Ag = = 300758.673𝑚𝑚2
14.33292
ℎ2 = 𝐴𝑔 = 300758.67𝑚𝑚2
ℎ = 548.41𝑚𝑚
Say 700mm × 700mm
𝐴𝑔 = 700(700) = 490000𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑃𝑔𝐴𝑔 = 0.03(490000) = 14700𝑚𝑚2
Try 36mmØ & 32mmØ RSB

2162 𝜋
12 ( ) = 3888𝜋
4
3888𝜋
𝑁32 = 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴
𝑏(32𝑚𝑚Ø)
(14700−3888𝜋)4
𝑁32 = 322 𝜋
Say 12 – 36mmØ RSB
4 – 32mmØ RSB
𝐴𝑠 15431.50
𝑃𝑔 = 𝐴𝑔 = 490000
𝑃𝑔 = 0.031 > 0.01 < 0.08 (𝑜. 𝑘. )
Check for Slenderness ratio r

𝐿 𝑀
= 34 − 12 𝑀1
𝑟 2
𝑀1
=1
𝑀2
𝐿
= 34 − 12 = 32
𝑟
𝑟 = 0.3(ℎ) = 0.3(700)
𝑟 = 210𝑚𝑚
𝐿 = Unsupported length
𝐿 = 4500𝑚𝑚
𝐿 4500
= = 21.43 < 22 (𝑜. 𝑘. )
𝑟 210
Therefore; (slenderness ratio may be neglected)
Spacing of tie wires (12mmØ)
1. 16 bars dia. = 16(36) = 576mm

2. 48 tie dia. = 40(12) = 576mm
3. Least dimension = (700) = 700mm
Use spacing of 12mmØ @ 570mm on center

𝑃𝑢 = Ø(0.8)[0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ (𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ) + 𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡 ]
Ø = 0.7
𝑃𝑢 = 0.7(0.8)[0.85(21)(490000 − 15431.50) + 276(15431.50)]
𝑃𝑢 = 7128.88 > 4310.75𝐾𝑁 (𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒)
(Safe load it could carry)
Exterior Column (C-2)
Tributary Area = 6(6) = 36𝑚2
Dead Load
Roof Deck
Slab = 0.2(36)(23.54) = 169.49KN
Ceiling = 0.24(36) = 8.64KN
Utility = 0.04(36) = 1.44KN
Finishing = 0.77(36) = 27.72KN
Vegetation = 4.8(36) = 172.80KN
Beam = [0.4(0.55) + 0.3(0.4)(6)](23.54) = 48.02KN
Total = 428.11KN
Third Floor
Slab = 0.2(36)(23.54) = 169.49KN
Beam = [0.4(0.55) + 0.3(0.4)(6)](23.54) = 48.02KN
Column = 0.7(0.7)(23.54)(4.5) = 51.91KN
Ceiling = 0.24(36) = 8.64KN
Utility = 0.04(36) = 1.44KN

Partition = 2.1(36) = 75.6KN
Finishing = 0.77(36) = 27.72KN
Total = 382.82KN
1st Floor & 2nd Floor loading is equal to the total load of 3rd Floor
= 382.82KN
Total Dead Load
428.11 + 382.82 + 382.82 + 382.82
𝐷𝐿𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 1576.57KN
Total Live Load
7.2(36) + 3.8(36) + 3.8(36) + 3.8(36)
𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 669.60KN
𝑃𝑢 = 1.2𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝐿𝐿 = 1.2(1576.57) + 1.6(669.60)
𝑃𝑢 = 2963.24𝐾𝑁
Try Pg = 0.03 Pu = 2963.24

𝑃𝑢
𝐴𝑔 = 0.7(0.8)[0.85(21)(1−0.03)+ 276(0.03)]
𝐴𝑔 = 206743.92𝑚𝑚2
ℎ2 = 𝐴𝑔 = 206743.92𝑚𝑚2
ℎ = 450.69𝑚𝑚2
Try 700mm × 700mm
𝐴𝑔 = 700(700) = 490000𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑔𝑃𝑔 = 490000(0.03)
𝐴𝑠 = 14700𝑚𝑚2
Try 36mmØ & 32mmØ RSB
12(362𝜋)
4
𝑁32 = 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑏 (22𝑚𝑚Ø)
𝑁32 = 3.09
Say 4 − 32𝑚𝑚Ø 𝑅𝑆𝐵
12 − 32𝑚𝑚Ø 𝑅𝑆𝐵
12(362 𝜋) 4(322 𝜋)
𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = +
4 4
𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 15431.50𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 15431.50
𝑃𝑔 = =
𝐴𝑔 490000
𝑃𝑔 = 0.031 > 0.01 < 0.08 (𝑜. 𝑘. )
Check for slenderness ratio

𝐿 𝑀
= 34 − 12 𝑀1
𝑟 2
𝑀1
=1
𝑀2
𝐿
= 34 − 12(1) = 22
𝑟
𝑟 = 0.3ℎ = 0.3(700)
𝑟 = 210𝑚𝑚
𝐿 4500
= = 21.42 < 22
𝑟 210
Therefore; Slenderness ratio maybe neglected
Spacing of Tie wires (12mmØ)
1. 16 bar dia. = 16(36) = 576mm

2. 48 tie dia. = 48912) = 576mm
3. Least dimension = 700mm
Use spacing of 12mmØ @ 570mm on center
𝑃𝑢 = Ø(0.80)[0.85(𝑓𝑐 ′ )(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ) + 𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡
Ø = 0.7
𝑃𝑢 = 0.7(0.80)[0.85(21)(490000 − 15431.50) + 276(15431.50)]
𝑃𝑢 = 7128.88𝐾𝑁 > 2963.24𝐾𝑁 (𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒)
(Safe load it could carry)

Design of Footing
Interior Footing (F-1)
Dead Load = 2253.09kN
Live Load = 1004.4kN
Allowable soil pressure = 235kPa
fc’= 21MPa
fy= 276MPa
Cross section of column= 700mm x 700mm
Assume weight of footing 8%-10% of column load
Weight of footing = 0.08(DL+LL)
= 0.08(2253.09+1004.4)
= 260.60kN
Total Load = 2253.09+1004.4+260.6
= 3518.09kN
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 3518.09𝑘𝑁
A = 𝑆𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 235𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Area = 14.97𝑚2 = 𝐿2
L = 3.9m say 4m or 4000mm
Depth = 20%(4000mm)
= 800mm
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 1.2(𝐷𝐿)+1.6(𝐿𝐿)
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 = =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 42
4310.75
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 = = 269.42kPa
42
Allowable ultimate soil pressure (9𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 )

(𝑆𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒)𝑃𝑢 235(4310.75)
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = =
𝐷𝐿+𝐿𝐿 3257.49
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 310.98kPa
9𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 > 9𝑛𝑒𝑡 (safe)
Compute “d” base on punching shear

2 1 1
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = (1+𝛽𝑐) 6 (√𝑓𝑐′) > 3 (√𝑓𝑐′)
1
𝛽𝑐= 5 = 1
2 1
(1+1) 6 (√21) = 2.29
1
(√𝑓𝑐′) = 1.52
3
bd= ø𝑉𝑛 = ø𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉𝑢
= 1.52(0.85)(4)(700+d)(d)
𝑉𝑣 = 9𝑛𝑒𝑡 (𝐴𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 )
5.168d (700+d) = 269.42x10−3 [(−400)2 − (700 + 𝑑)2 ]
d= 583.16mm say 600mm
Check for Beam Shear
𝑉𝑢 = 9𝑛𝑒𝑡 (𝐴𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 ) = 269.42x10−3 (4000)(2000-d)

1 1
ø𝑉𝑐 = ø 6 √𝑓𝑐′bd = 0.856 √21(4000)d
𝑉𝑢 = φ𝑉𝑐 bd
269.42𝑥10−3 (4000)(2000−𝑑) 𝑉
𝑢
= = 𝑉𝑛 = ø𝑏𝑑 < 𝑉𝑐
0.85−4000𝑑
1 1
𝑉𝑛 = 0.739MPa 𝑉𝑐 = 6 √𝑓𝑐′ = 6 √21
𝑉𝑐 = 0.76𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑉𝑛 < 𝑉𝑐 (safe)
By Bending
𝑀𝑢 = øfc’b𝑑2 w(1-0.59w)
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝑀𝑢 = 9𝑛𝑒𝑡 (𝐴𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 )( )
2
1650
=269.42x10−3(4000)(1650)2 ( )
2
𝑀𝑢 =1466.99kN·m
𝑀𝑢 = 0.9(21)(4000)(600)2 w(1-0.59w)
𝑀𝑢 = øfc’b𝑑2 w(1-0.59w)
𝑀𝑢
= fc’w(1-0.59w)
ø𝑏𝑑2
𝑀𝑢 = 1.13MPa
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑀
𝑢
𝜌= [1 − √1 − 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ ]
𝑓𝑦
𝜌= 0.00423
𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝜔=
𝑓𝑐′
1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑦 = 276 = 5.07x10−3
∴ use 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 5.07x10−3
Steel Area Required
As= 𝜌bd = 5.07x10−3 (4000)(600)
As= 12168𝑚𝑚2
∴ use 20mm ∅ RSB
25 - 20mm ∅ RSB
Ld = Development length
0.02 ∆𝑏 𝑓𝑦
Ld =
√𝑓𝑐′
202 𝜋
0.02( )276
4
=
√21
Ld= 378.42mmsss
Min. Req’d Ld
Ld = 0.06 𝑑𝑏 fy or 300 mm
Ld = 0.06(20)(776)
Ld = 331.2mm
Ld furnished = 1650-75 = 1575mm
Check for Bearing Strength
𝐴2
B.S = ∅ 0.85fc’𝐴1 √ ⁄𝐴
1
∅ = 0.7
𝐴1 = (700)(700) = 490000𝑚𝑚2
𝐴2 = (4000)2 = 16000000𝑚𝑚2 √𝐴2⁄𝐴 = √5.71 > 2 use 2

1
B.S = 0.7(0.85)(21) 490000(2)
B.S = 12245kN > 𝑃𝑢 = 4310.75kN (safe)(no need)
Minimum area of dowel or extension b or required by the code:
Area = 0.005(700)2 = 2450𝑚𝑚2
At least 4 column bars (32mm ∅) must be extended into the footing.

Exterior Footing
DEAD LOAD = 1576.57KN
LIVE LOAD = 669.6KN
Allowable soil pressure = 235kPa
fc’= 21MPa
fy = 276MPa
Cross sectional of column = 700mm × 700mm
Assume weight of footing 8% - 10% of column load
Weight of footing = 0.08(DL + LL)
= 0.08(1576.57 + 669.60) = 179.69KN
Total load = 1576.57 + 669.60 + 179.69 = 2425.86KN

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 2425.86𝐾𝑁
𝐴 = 𝑆𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 235𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
𝐴 = 10.32𝑚2 = 𝐿2
𝐿 = 3.2 𝑠𝑎𝑦 3.5𝑚
Depth of footing = 20%(3500) = 700mm

𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
2969.24𝐾𝑁
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 = = 242.38𝐾𝑁
3.52
Allowable ultimate soil pressure (𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 )

𝑆𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 235(2969.24)
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = =
𝐷𝐿+𝐿𝐿 2246.17
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 310.02 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 > 𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 (𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒)

Compute “d” base on punching shear

2 1 1
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = (1 + 𝛽) 6 √𝑓𝑐′ > √𝑓𝑐′
3
𝐿𝑐
𝛽𝑐 = 𝑆𝑐 = 1
2 1 1
(1 + 1) 6 √𝑓𝑐′ > 3 √𝑓𝑐′
2.29 = .1.53
1 𝑉𝑣
𝑉𝑛 = √𝑓𝑐′ = 1.53 = Ø = 0.85 ; 𝑏𝑜 = 4(200 + 𝑑)
3 Ø𝑏𝑜𝑑
𝑉𝑣 = 𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 = [35002 − (200 − 𝑑)2 ]
1.53(0.85)(4)(200 + 𝑑)𝑑 = 242.38 × 10−3 [35002 − (200 − 𝑑)2 ]
𝑑 = 445.09𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 450𝑚𝑚

20
Total depth = 450 + 25 + = 535𝑚𝑚
2
Check for beam shear
𝑉𝑣 = ∅𝑉𝑐
1
𝑉𝑣 = 6 √𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑑
𝑉𝑣 = 𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 (3500)(1750 − 𝑑)
242.38 × 10−3 (3500)(1750 − 450) = 0.85 𝑉𝑛 (3500)(450)
𝑉𝑛 = 0.82 𝑉𝑐 = 0.76
𝑉𝑛 > 𝑉𝑐 (𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒)
Base on beam shear “d”
𝑉𝑢 = 241.38 × 10−3 (1750 − 𝑑)(3500)

1
𝑉𝑐 = 6 √21 (3500)𝑑
1
242.38(1750 − 𝑑)(3500) = 0.85 (6) √21 (3500)𝑑
𝑑 = 475.74𝑚𝑚 say 500mm
Total depth of footing = 500 + 75 + 1.5(20) = 605mm
𝑉𝑛 < 𝑉𝑐 (𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒)
By Bending
𝑀𝑤 = ∅𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑑 2 (1-0.59w)
1400
𝑀𝑤 = 1400(3500)(242.38)(10) ( )
2
𝑀𝑤 = 831.36 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
831.36×102
𝑃𝑢 = 0.9(21)(3500)(500)2 = 0.0503
𝑓𝑐 ′ 0.05 2𝑃𝑢
𝜌= [1 − √1 − 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ ]
𝑓𝑦
𝜌 = 0.000182
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 5.07 × 10−3
𝑓𝑦
Therefore; use 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
Steel area required
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 5.07 × 10−3 (3500)(500)
𝐴𝑠 = 8872.5𝑚𝑚2
Use 25mmØ RSB
19 − 25𝑚𝑚Ø RSB
Ld = Development length
0.02𝐴𝑏𝑓𝑦
𝐿𝑑 =
√𝑓𝑐 ′
𝜋
0.02(252 )(276)
4
𝐿𝑑 =
√21
𝐿𝑑 = 591.28𝑚𝑚
Min. load
𝐿𝑑 = 0.06𝑑𝑏𝑓𝑦
𝐿𝑑 = 0.06(25)(276) = 414𝑚𝑚
Load furnished
1400 − 75 = 1325𝑚𝑚
Check for bending strength
𝐴 𝐴
𝐵. 𝑆. = Ø 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴1 √𝐴1 √𝐴1 = > 2
2 2
𝐴1 = 7002 = 490000𝑚𝑚2
𝐴2 = 35002 = 12250000𝑚𝑚2
Ø = 0.7
𝐵. 𝑆. = 0.7(0.05)(21)(49000)(2)
𝐵. 𝑆. = 12241.1𝐾𝑁 > 𝑃𝑢 = 2963.24𝐾𝑁
Minimum area load or extension bar required by the code
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 0.005(200)2 = 2450𝑚𝑚2
at trust 4 column bars (32mmØ) trust be extended into the footing

Design of Reinforced Concrete Stair
Thread (t) = 300mm = 0.3m
Rise (e) = 160mm = 0.16m
No. of Steps = 30
1
S = 25(t)(12)
1
= 25(300)(12)
S =144mm
𝑠√𝑟 2 +𝑡 2 (23.54)2
Wt. of slab = 𝑡
144√0.162 +0.32 (23.54)2

= 0.3
Wt. of slab = 3.39kN/𝑚2

𝑟
Wt. of steps = 2(23.54)
0.16
= (23.54)
2
= 1.88kN/𝑚2
Total DeadLoad = 3.39+1.88
= 5.27kN/𝑚2
Consider in Strip :
DeadLoad = 5.27 kN/𝑚2 (1m) = 5.27kN/m
LiveLoad = 3.9 kN/𝑚2 (1m) = 3.9 kN/m
Ultimate Load
Wu = 1.2DL+1.6LL
= 1.2(5.27)+1.6(3.9)
Wu = 6.32+6.24
Wu = 12.56kN/m
Ultimate Moment
𝑊𝑢𝐿2 (12.56)(4)2
Mu = =
8 8
Mu = 25.12kN.m
Use 10mm ø bars
d = s-25
= 200-25
d = 175mm
Mw = øfy’b𝑑 2 w(1-0.59w)
75.12x106 = 0.9(21)(1000)(175)2 w(1-0.59w)
w = 0.045
𝑤𝑓𝑐′ 0.045(21)
𝜌= =
𝑓𝑦 276
𝜌 = 3.42x10−3
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑦 = 5.07x10−3
∴ use 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00507
As = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 bd = 0.00507(1000)(175)
As = 887.68𝑚𝑚2
∴ use 12mm ∅ bars

887.68(4)
𝑁12 = 122 𝜋
𝑁12 = 4.84
Say 8-12mm ∅ BSB

1000(∆𝑏)
S= = 127.41mm
∆𝑠
Say 130mm
Mas S = St or 500mm
Min S = 100mm
Min S<S<Max S (ok)
Area or Temperature Bars
As = 0.002bt
As = 0.002(1000)(175)
As = 350𝑚𝑚2
Using 10mm ∅ RSB
1000 (102 𝜋)
S= = 224.39mm
350(4)
Say S = 230mm
Mas S = St or 500mm
Min S = 1000mm
Min S < S < Max S (ok)
Check for Shear

𝑊𝑢𝐿 (12.56)(4)
R= =
2 2
R = 25.12kN
𝑅 75.12𝑥103
V = 𝑏𝑑 = (1000)(175)
V = 0.14
1 1
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 6 √𝑓𝑐′ = 6 √21
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 0.76
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 > V (ok) (safe)
Design of Landing
Dimension = 2m x 4m
Use t = 200mm = 0.2m
Considering in Strip
Dead Load = 23.54(2)(1) = 47.08kN/m
Live Load = 3.9(1) = 3.9kN/m
Ultimate Load
Wu = DL(1.2) + LL(1.6)
= 1.2(43.08) + 1.6(3.9)
Wu = 62.74kN/m
Ultimate Moment :
𝑊𝑢𝐿2 119.2342
Mu = 8
= 8
Mu = 125.47kN.m
12
d = S – 26 – ( 2 )
= 200 – 26 – 6
d = 169mm
Mw = øfy’b𝑑 2 w(1-0.59w)
125.43x106 = 0.9(21)(1000)(169)2 w(1-0.59w)
W = 0.2778
𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑤
𝜌= = 0.0211
𝑓𝑦
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00507
As = 𝜌bd = 0.00507(1000)(175)
As = 887.25𝑚𝑚2
Use 12mm ∅ RSB
887.25(4)
𝑁12 = = 7.85
122 𝜋
Say 8-12mm ∅ RSB

Max S = 500mm
Min S = 100mm
Min S < S < Max S
Area of Temperature Bars
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.002(1000)(175)
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 350𝑚𝑚2
Use 10mm ∅ RSB
1000(𝐴𝑠𝑡 )
S= 𝐴𝑠𝑡
1000(102 𝜋)
= 350(4)
S = 224.39mm
Say 230mm
Min S < S < Max S (ok)
Check for Shear
𝑊𝑢𝐿 (12.74)(4)
R= =
2 2
R = 125.48kN
𝑅 125.48𝑥103
V = 𝑏𝑑 = 1000(169)
V = 8.74
1 1
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 6 √𝑓𝑐 ′ = 6 √21
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 0.76
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 > V (safe)

Design of an L - Shaped Retaining Wall (Reservoir)
δbackfill = 15.7KN/m2
Allowable Soil Pressure = 270 KPa
Angle or repose Ø = 30°
Cen Friction = 0.5
Fss = 1.75
Fsu = 2.0
fc’ = 20.7MPa
fy = 276MPa
Approximate Relation:
C = 0.1H
B = 0.6H
t = 180mm
Design of Stem:
Considering 1 meter strip wall
Try B = 0.6(2.5)
= 1.5m
t = 250
c = 0.1(2.5) = 0.25m
c = 250mm
𝑊ℎ2
P = 𝐶𝑠 2
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛∅
Cs = 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ (active pressure)
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛30
Cs = 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛30 = 0.333
15700(2.25)2 (1.7)
𝑃 = 0.333 2
P = 22497.17N
Note: Earth Pressure should be multiplied by 1.7
ℎ
Mu = 𝑃 3
(2.25)(1000)
Mu = 22497.17 3
Mu = 16.87x106 N-mm
1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 276
𝑓𝑦
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00507
𝑤𝑓𝑐 ′
𝜌= 𝑓𝑦
𝑤(20.7)
0.0057 = 276
w = 0.0676
Mu = ∅fc ′ bd2 w(1 − 0.59w)
16.87x106 = 0.9(20.7)(1000)d2(0.0676)(1-0.59(0.0676)
d = 118.12
say 119mm (required)
Actual d furnished: Assume 16′′ Ø vertical bars
d = 200 – 7 – 8
d = 122mm
By Shear:
Vu = 22497.17
𝑢 𝑉
V = ∅𝑏𝑑
22497.17
V = 0.85(1000)(122)
V = 0.217MPa
Allowable Shearing Stress:

1
𝑉𝑎 = 6 √𝑓𝑐′
1
𝑉𝑎 = 6 √20.7
Va = 0.76MPa (safe)
Steel Requirements:
As = pbd
As = 0.00507(1000)(122)
As = 618.54mm2
Using 16mm Ø
𝜋 1000
(16)2 = = 618.54𝑚𝑚2
4 𝑆
S = 325.06mm
Say 325mm O.C

Horizontal Bars on Stem:
As = 0.0025bt (ACI Specification)
As = 0.0025(92500)(250)
As = 1562.5mm2
For Front Face (Exposed Area)

2 2
Use 3 of As = 3 (1562.5) = 1041.67𝑚𝑚2
𝜋 2500
(16)2 = = 1041.67𝑚𝑚2
4 𝑠
S = 188.49mm
Say 180mm O.C
Vertical Temperature Bars:
As = 0.0025(1000)(200)
As = 300mm2
𝜋 1000
(10)2 = = 300
4 𝑠
S = 261.79mm
Say 200mm
𝑊ℎ2
P = 𝐶𝑠 2
(15700)(2.5)2
P = 0.333 = 16337.81𝑁
2
W1 = (2.25)(1.3)(1)(15700) = 55922.5
W2 = (0.25)(1.3)(1)(2400)(9.81) = 7651.8
W3 = (0.2)(2.5)(1)(2400)(9.81) = 11772
Ry = W1 + W2 + W3
Ry = 45922.5 + 7651.8 + 11772
Ry = 65346.3KN
RM = W1 + (0.95) + W2(0.95) + W3(0.15)
RM = 45922.5(0.95) + 7651.8(0.95) + 1177.2(0.15)
RM = 52661.385
ℎ 2.25
OM = P3 = 16337.81 = 12253.36
3
Ry(x) = RM – OM
65346.3(x) = 52661.385 – 12253.36
x = 0.62
e = 0.75 – 0.62
e = 0.13
𝑅𝑦 6𝑒
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (1 + )
𝐿 𝐿
65346.3 6(0.13)
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (1 + )
1.5 1.5
fmax = 66.22KN/m2 < allowable soil pressure

𝑅𝑦 6𝑒
𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (1 − )
𝐿 𝐿
65346.3 6(0.13)
𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (1 − )
1.5 1.5
fmin = 20.91KN/m2
𝑅𝑀 52661.385
F.S = 𝑂𝑀 = = 4.30 > 2.0 (𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒)
12253.3
Design of the Base (neglect soil pressure)
Multiply by 1.4 (Load Factor)
Mu = W1(0.65) + W2(0.05(1.4))
Mu = ((45922.5 + 7651.8)((0.65)(1.4))
Mu = 48752.61N-m
Mu = 48752613KN-m
d = 200 – 70 – 8
d = 122
Mu = ∅fc ′ bd2 w(1 − 0.59w)
48752613 = 0.90(20.7)(1000)(122)2w(1 – 0.59w)
0.17582 = w – 0.59w2
w = 0.2
1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = =
𝑓𝑦 276
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00507
𝑤𝑓𝑐 ′
𝜌= 𝑓𝑦
0.2(20.7)
𝜌= 276
𝜌 = 0.015 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
Steel Requirements:
As = pbd
As = 0.015(1000)(122)
As = 1830mm2
Using 16mm ∅
𝜋 1000
(16)2 = = 1830
4 𝑠
S = 109.87mm
Say 110mm O.C
By Shear:
Vu = (W1 + W2)(1.4)
Vu = (45922.5 + 7651.8)(1.4)
Vu = 75004.02N
𝑉𝑢 75004.02
𝑉= =
∅𝑏𝑑 0.85(1000)(122)
V = 0.72MPa
Allowable Shearing Stress:

1
𝑉𝑎 = 6 √𝑓𝑐 ′
1
𝑉𝑎 = 6 √20.7 = 0.76 > 0.72𝑀𝑃𝑎 (𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒)
Temperature Bars:
As = 0.0025(1000)(200)
As = 500mm2
Using 10mm ∅
𝜋 1000
(10)2 = = 500
4 𝑠
S = 89.76mm
Say 80mm O.C
H. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
ITEM 100: General Requirements
All parts of the construction shall be finished with first class workmanship to the
fullest panel and meaning of the plans and this specification, and to the inter satisfaction of
the Engineer and owner.
The construction shall conform to all the requirement of the Department of Public
Works and Highways (DPWH), and the local: rules and regulation of the City of Lucena.
1.1 Mobilization
Include the transportation to the site of Contractor’s plans, materials, equipment,

employees, furnishing, and temporary facilities.
1.2 Temporary Facilities
Temporary facilities shall include but not be limited to the following items:
a. Site/Field Office it shall be 4m x 5m filed office located by the Engineer.

The field office shall be wooden construction with plywood siding and
corrugated G.I. Sheet roofing. It shall be provided with necessary facilities
specified by the Engineer.
b. Workshops, warehouse, stockpile areas and storage areas for materials

equipment.
c. Construction camp for housing and accommodation of Contractor’s

employees.
d. Community facilities including potable water supply, electrical power

requirements, drainage, sewerage disposal, sanitations, first aid, refuse
collection, temporary fence and barricades, and fire protection facilities.
ITEM 200: Site of Working
2.1 Site Clearing and Grubbing
All superficial obstruction shall be demolished and removed from the site and spread
uniformly over the areas adjacent to the proposed building or otherwise disposed off to
disposal areas approved by the engineer.
The building site shall be leveled according to the plans and cleared of rubbish, roots
and other deleterious materials to a suitable sub-grade.
2.2 Excavation
All excavation shall be made to grade shown in the drawings. A backhoe shall be
used in the performance of the work, where the building site is covered with any kind of fill,
the excavations for footing shall be made deeper until the stratum of the safe bearing capacity
of the soil reached. Then it shall be refilled to the proper grade with thoroughly compacted
suitable materials approved by the Engineer.
Whenever water is encountered in the excavation process, it shall be removed by

building or pumping diverted to suitable disposal points.
2.3 Backfills and Fills
Whenever the concrete for foundations is hard enough to withstand the pressure
resulting from fills. The materials removed from excavation shall use for backfill around
them. The fill and backfill materials shall be free from roots, wood scraps and other
extraneous materials.
Backfills and fills shall be placed in layers not exceeding 150mm in thickness and
each layer shall be thoroughly compacted.
ITEM 300: Concrete
All concrete shall be mixed thoroughly by an appropriate concrete mixer until there is
a uniform distribution of the cement and aggregates. It should be deposited as nearly as
practicable in its final position, care being taken to avoid segregation of aggregates.
3.1 Materials
3.1.1 Cement
Cement shall be high quality brand Portland cement conforming to the

“Specification for Portland Cement” (PNS 07 1983). Fortune cement was the brand of
Portland cement used.
Alternative cement so selected must meet the requirements of Portland and

Pozzolan cements and approved by the Engineer in charge of construction.
3.1.2 Aggregates
Concrete aggregates shall conform to the “Specification for Concrete

Aggregates” (PNS 18). Aggregates should by adequate strength and durability.
3.2.3 Water
Water used in mixing concrete shall be clean and free from injurious amounts
of oils, acids, alkalis, salts, organic materials, or other substance that maybe
deleterious to the concrete or reinforcement.
3.1.4 Admixture
Admixture is subjected to prior approval of the Engineer. An admixture shall

be shown capable of maintaining essentially the same performance throughout the
work.
3.1.5 Metal Reinforcement
All steel reinforcing bars to be used in this construction shall consist of round
deformed bars with lugs or projections on their sides to provide a greater bond
between the concrete and steel. All steel reinforcing bars shall be accurately placed
and secured against displacement by trying them together at each bar intersection
with Gauge No. 16 galvanized iron wire.
The steel reinforcing bars indicated for footing s, columns, slabs, beams
girders and other concrete members shall all conform to the number, size, and spacing
as indicated in the drawing or schedule of steel reinforcements.
3.2 Storage Materials
Cement and aggregates shall be stored in such manners as to prevent

deterioration or intrusion of foreign matter. Any material that has deteriorated, or has
been contaminated shall not be used.
3.3 Proportioning of Concrete

The following proportions of concrete mixtures shall be used for the various
parts of building.
Foundation and Tie Beam – Class A (1:2:4)
Columns, Beams and Slabs – Class A (1:2:4)
Reinforced Concrete Stairs – Class A (1:2:4)
Concrete slab shall be mixture of 1 part cement, 2 parts of fine aggregates, and
5 parts of coarse aggregates by volume plus enough clean water to make the mixture
into a pliable paste.
The fine aggregate for concrete shall consist of natural sand or of inner
materials with similar characteristics having clean hard and durable grains free from
organic material or loam.
The coarse aggregate shall consist of crashed rock of durable and strong
utilities or clean and hard gravel. Nominal maximum size of the coarse aggregate
shall not be larger that:
a. 1/5 the narrowest dimension between sides of forms nor,

b. 1/3 the depth of slabs nor,
c. 3/4 the minimum clears spacing between individual reinforcing bars or
wires. This function shall not if in the judgment of the Engineer,
workability and methods of consolidation are such that concrete can be
placed without honeycomb or voids.
3.4 Forms of Concrete Works
All forms for concrete works shall be properly braced or tied together so as
maintain the correct position and shape of the concrete member. Forms shall be made
constructed sufficiently tight to prevent bulging and seepage of water. Forms shall be
made removed until the concrete has attained sufficient strength to support its own
weight and any load that may be placed on it.
3.5 Concrete Slab Floors on Fill
Concrete Slab on Fill shall be poured on the gravel not less than 100mm thick.
Each concrete slab coarse shall be poured alternately to the indicator floor finish.
Reinforcement for the slab floors shall be prior to the judgment of the Engineer
supervising the construction.
ITEM 400: Masonry
4.1 Materials
4.1.1 Concrete Hollow Blocks
Concrete hollow blocks shall be a standard product of recognized

manufacturer conforming to the “Specification of Concrete Hollow Blocks” (PNS 16)
All exterior concrete hollow blocks to be used for the first floor walls are at
least 1mm thick. For interior walls and partitions of the comfort room at least 10mm
thick shall be used. Concrete hollow blocks walls shall be laid and the cells filed with
cement mortar consisting 1 part Portland cement and 3 part sand by volume. They
shall be reinforced with 10mm diameter bars spaced not more than 8000mm on
centers both ways.
The mixture of cement plaster for concrete hollow blocks wall finishes
indicated in the drawing shall be 1 part cement, 1 part lime and 3 parts sand.
4.1.2 Cement, Reinforcing Steel and Water
Cement, reinforcing steel and water shall be specified in ITEM 300.
4.2 Delivery, Storage and Protection of Materials
Storage of materials shall be as specified on ITEM 300: Concrete and as specified

here in.
4.2.1 Concrete Masonry shall immediately upon delivery be stacked under a covered
area or otherwise be protected from exposure to the weather and contact with the soil.
ITEM 500: Metals
5.1 Materials
5.1.1 Stairway railings shall be Stainless and steel pipes of standard weight
conforming to the specification of ASTM A53-88.
5.2 Fabrication
5.2.1 Fabrication
The work shall be formed to the shape and sized shown and assembled as
detail. Structural members shall be fabricated and assembled properly in the shop to
the greatest extent as possible.
ITEM 600: Thermal and Moisture Protection
6.1 Waterproofing of Roof Deck Slab
Waterproofing materials shall be product of reputable manufacturer recommended by

the Engineer. Sahara should be used as the admixture water proofing the roof deck slab.
Other concrete waterproofing such as protoseal shall be used for coating the roof deck to
ensure that water will not penetrate on the concrete.
6.2 Roof Accessories
Roof accessories such as drain pipes and downspouts shall be adequately provided as
shown in the drawing plans.
All waterproofed surfaces roof sidings, gutters and downspouts system shall be tested
for water tightness by flushing of flooding with water as directed by the engineer. If any leak
occurs, the work shall be repaired or reconstructed. Test shall be repeated until satisfactory
result has been attained.
ITEM 700: Doors and Windows
7.1 Doors and Doorframes
Interior doors and doorframes shall confirm to the sizes, design and kind of materials
specified in the schedule of doors.
7.2 Glass Windows
Glass windows to be used in the project shall conform to the sizes and designs shown
in details of windows. Glass wall cladding, glass and installation method shall be as
suggested by the fabricator and approved by the Engineer.
ITEM 800: Finishes
8.1 Cement Finish on Masonry Walls
Plastering work shall be coordinated properly with the work of other trades. The work
of other trade shall be protected from damage during plastering operations. The mixing of
plaster shall be specified in ITEM 400: MASONRY Scaffolding to be used during the work
shall be strong and well braced, overloading of scaffolding shall not be permitted.
8.2 Cement Finish on Concrete Floor Slabs
Finishing for floors and slabs shall be as directed by the Engineer.
8.3 Other Cement Finish

All surface defects shall be repaired with cement mortar. Cement shall be of the same
composition as to that used for concrete.
8.4 Tile Works
Tile Works shall not be started until roughing-ins for plumbing and electrical work
has been completed and tested. The work of all other trades in the area where the work is to
be done shall be protected from damage in workmanship manner as directed by the Engineer.
The materials and method of installation shall conform to the drawings or as specified by the
Engineer.
8.5 Painting
All painting work for this project shall be done with the use of Boysen paint products.
The paint to be used for interior coating should be BS8701 KNOxOUT Air Cleaning Paint.
The Engineer or the officials of the city of Tayabas shall also direct the color. The storage
and application of the paint shall conform to the specification of the manufacturer.
The work of all trades in the area where the work is to be done shall be protected
from damage in workmanship manner as directed by the Engineer.
8.6 Other Surface Fluids
On all finishes not indicated in the drawings described herein the contractor shall
submit samples of the said finishes to the Engineer for approval and selection before
commencing the work.
ITEM 900: Electrical
9.1 Basic Electrical Materials and Method
The installation of all electrical system shall be as shown in the drawings or as

directed by the Engineer or an expert Electrician.
Materials to be used shall be indicated in the drawings or may be replaced by other

items or similar purpose and quality and subjected to the approval of the Engineer or expert
Electrician.
9.2 Lighting
All materials to be subjected to the approval of the Engineer.
9.3 Testing
All electrical system shall be repaired or replaced if found faculty. The system shall
be tested until satisfactory results are attained and approved by the Engineer.
ITEM 1000: Specialties
10.1 Telephone Specialties
The administration office inside the building shall be installed with a telephone
system. The telephone company to which the owner wants to apply shall do installation.
10.2 Toiler Accessories
Toilet accessories shall include only the necessary items needed in a public toilet.
Waterless urinals and dual flush water closet shall be used in the toilet. It shall be provided as
directed by the Engineer.
ITEM 1100: Mechanical
11.1 Fire Protection
Fire extinguishing units shall be supplied and installed in strategic location as

specified in the drawings or as directed by the Engineer.
11.2 Plumbing
Plumbing shall be installed as shown in the drawings or as directed by the Engineer

or an expert plumber.
11.3 Septic Tank
The septic tank shall be constructed as shown in the drawings. It shall chamber into
sedimentation tank and leaching chamber. The effluent from the leaching chamber shall be
discharged to the nearest catch basin or storm drainage system.
ITEM 1200: Conveying System
12.1 Transportation System
Transportation system to be used for delivery of supply shall include jeeps, trucks,
and delivery vans. There shall be provisions for a road around the building where these
vehicles could move conveniently.
ITEM 1300: Green Roof
13.1 Quality Assurance
13.1.1 The installation of all green roof system shall be as shown in the drawings or
as directed by the Engineer or by the System Provider.
13.1.2 Work of this section shall be installed by a recognized green roof or landscape
contractor. The contractor shall have adequate equipment, skilled workers with
extensive practical experience, skill and knowledge of plants horticulture techniques
and overall landscape design requirements.
13.1.3 The green roof manufacturer shall inspect the roofing system prior to
commencement of work during application and upon completion.
13.1.4 Prior to the installation of the green roof system test the water tightness of the
roofing system by flood testing for at least a 48 hour period or electronic leak
detection.
13.1.4.1 Any excess water that is not contained by the engineered soil medium
shall drain positively to the existing roof drain. Utilize composite drainage
mats to assist with drainage. The selection of the roof waterproofing system
must support the ease of leak detection and not allow water to travel under the
waterproofing.
13.2 Layers of Green Roof
The green roof system shall include: 1) a waterproofing membrane, 2) an

engineered soil support system that includes insulation and elements for critical
moisture retention and drainage system and 4) an engineered growing medium and
selection plantings.
I. COST ESTIMATES AND BILL OF MATERIALS
Table 4.8a
COST
TOTAL
DESCRIPTION QUANTITY UNIT PER LABOR
COST
QUATITY
45% of
total
material
cost
I.MOBILIZATION AND TEMPORARY
Per day 50,000.00
FACILITIES
II. SITE CLEARING AND GRUBBING Per day 100,000.00
III. EXCAVATION 2700 Cu. m. 350 945000
IV. BACK FILLS AND FILLS 1350 Cu. m. 450 607500
Soil Treatment 1 Lot 32,000.00 32000
TOTAL 1734500 780525
V. CONCRETE WORKS
A. Footing
Portland Cement(FORTUNE CEMENT) 6330 bags 240 1519200
Sand 339 cu. m. 850 288150
Gravel 678 cu. m. 850 576300
B. Column
Portland Cement(FORTUNE CEMENT) 4154 Bags 240 996960
Sand 222 cu. m. 850 188700
Gravel 444 cu. m. 850 377400
C. Slab and Stair Case
Sand 907 cu. m. 850 770950
Gravel 1814 cu. m. 850 1541900
Sahara cement for roof deck 30,000 kl. 25 750000
Protoseal 360 Gal. 2000 720000
D. Beam and Girders
Sand 259 cu. m. 850 220150
Gravel 518 cu. m. 850 440300
TOTAL 13619370 6128716.5
Table 4.8b
E. METAL REINFORCEMENT
36mm dia. X 6m. RSB (G-40) 6804 pcs. 1480 10069920
32mm dia. X 6m. RSB (G-40) 3747 pcs. 1146 4294062
25mm dia. 6m. RSB (G-40) 2448 pcs. 813 1990224
20mm dia. 6m. RSB (G-40) 166 pcs. 480 79680
12mm dia. X 6m. RSB (G-40) 23347 pcs. 245 5720015
10mm dia. X 6m. RSB (G-40) 19063 pcs. 125 2382875
No.16 of G.I Tie Wire (40cm) 10800 kg. 60 648000
TOTAL 23194552 10437548.4
VI. FORM WORKS
Ordinary Plywood (1/2 X 4FT X 8FT) 3870 pcs. 460 1780200
Ordinary Plywood (3/4 X 4FT X 8FT) 1350 pcs. 1200 1620000
Cocolumber (2” X 2” X 12'' ) 4000 bd ft. 19 76000
Cocolumber (2” X 3'' X 12'') 6800 bd ft. 19 129200
CWN Assorted 50 kg. 60 3000
Scaffolding 500 set 3500 1750000
Shoring Jack 400 set 2000 800000
TOTAL 6158400 2771280
VII. TILE WORKS
Tile Grout 2910 bags 65 189150
Tile Trim (6') 620 pcs 45 27900
Granite Tiles (.6m x .6m ) 22500 pcs 185 4162500
Unglazed Floor Tiles (0.60m x 0.60m) 30856 pcs 125 3857000
TOTAL 15194950 6837727.5
VIII. MANSORY WORKS
No. 6” CHB 70200 pcs. 12 842400
No. 4” CHB 25346 pcs. 8 202768
Portland Cement(FORTUNE CEMENT) 6848 bags. 240 1643520
Sand 591 cu. m. 850 502350
No.16 of G.I Tie Wire (40cm) 360 kg. 60 21600
TOTAL 3212638 1445687.1
Table 4.8c
IX. STEEL WORKS
Stainless Pipe 2 1/2” SCH 40(6m) 400 pcs. 3100 1240000
1 ½” X 1 ½” X 3/16” Angle Bar 180 pcs. 400 72000
TOTAL 1312000 590400
X. ROOFING & CLADDING
Color Span Duel Loop (794mm x 12m) 334 1 m. 594 198396
Polycarbonate (3’× 8’ × ¼’) 52 pcs. 2350 122200
Aluminum wall cladding (4’×8’× ¼’) 285 pcs. 2400 684000
TOTAL 1004596 452068.2
XI. DOOR AND WINDOWS
80× 2.1 3”× 6”DoorJump Panel Door 45 set 6800 306000
Double swing Flush Door (1.0m × 2.1m) 3 set 8500 25500

Aluminum Steel Double Swing Door (0.9m ×
3 set 7000 21000
2.1m)
Aluminum Steel Double Swing Door (0.8m ×
3 set 6000 18000
2.1m)
PVC Door (0.8m ×2.1m) 18 set 1800 32400
Steel Door (1.0m ×2.1m) 4 set 23000 92000
Steel Door (0.8m ×2.1m) 5 set 22400 112000

Glass wall cladding with awning type window
16 set 18000 288000
(3.0m × 1.2m)
1 set 20000 20000
(1.8m × 2.8m)
2 set 4000 8000
(0.6m × 0.5m)
60 set 15000 900000
(1.5m × 1.2m)
4 set 17000 68000
(4.3m × 5m)
2 set 18000 36000
(6.0m × 5m)
Steel casement (0.5m × 0.5m) 16 set 1500 24000
Steel casement (1.5m × 1.2m) 4 set 3000 12000
TOTAL 1962900 883305

Table 4.8d
XII. PLUMBING
100mm Ø Closet bend 47 pcs. 85 3995
100mm Ø WYE 47 pcs. 140 6580
100mm×50mm Ø Reducer Sanitary Tee 47 pcs. 50 2350
Floor drain 50mm Ø trap 25 pcs. 95 2375
Vent stack 47 pcs. 85 3995
75mmØ ¼ bend 47 pcs. 42 1974
50mmØ trap 50 pcs. 40 2000
50mmØ sanitary tee 50 pcs. 58 2900
50mmØ waste pipe 50 pcs. 47 2350
50mmØ ¼ bend 93 pcs. 85 7905
100×50mm reducer sanitary tee 50 pcs. 50 2500
50mmØ vent pipe 50 pcs. 70 3500
75×50mmØ reducer tee 50 pcs. 58.95 2947.5
75mmØ vent pipe 34 pcs. 72.5 2465
100mmØ clean out with plug 34 pcs. 73.75 2507.5
100mmØ soil pipe 34 pcs. 100 3400
100×75mmØ reducer tee 68 pcs. 140 9520
Epoxy (Pioneer A&B) 5 liter 1760 8800
Solvent (Neltex brand) 25 cc. 175 4375
Teflon tape 50 pcs. 10 500
¾” Ø G.I. Check valve 1 pcs. 460 460
¾” Ø G.I. Gate valve 1 pcs. 410 410
¾” Ø Water Meter 1 pcs. 1700 1700
1hp Motor Pump 2 pcs. 8499.75 16999.5
TOTAL 96508.5 43428.825

Table 4.8e
XIII. PAINTING WORKS
Flat Latex (white) 600 tin 1764.85 1058910
Masonry Putty 200 gal. 573.65 114730
Quick Drying Enamel 95 gal. 406.53 38620.35
Paint Thinner 80 gal. 353.5 28280
B8701 Knockout Air Cleaning Paint 180 tin 3640 655200
Concrete neutralizer 188 Lt. 471.8 88698.4
Patching Compound 2250 kg. 26.35 59287.5
Sand Paper # 120 150 Yard 50 7500
Sand Paper # 80 100 Yard 60 6000
4” Nylon Brush 60 pcs. 349.75 20985
2” Nylon Brush 80 gal. 50 4000
Paint Roller 60 gal. 70 4200
TOTAL 2086411.25 938885.063
XIV. ELECTRIC WORK
Water pump outlet 2 pcs. 1200 2400
Automatic circuit breaker 59 set 5621 331639
Electric wire (lamp) (k/mm2) 50 roll 3835.25 191762.5
Electric wire (outlet) (12mm2) 50 roll 2615.75 130787.5
Electric wire tape 50 roll 22.5 1125
Gang switch (250V) 28 pcs. 50 1400
2 Gang switch (250V) 99 pcs. 65 6435
3 Gang switch (250V) 35 pcs. 85 2975
Compact Fluorescent lamp (250V) 35 pcs. 500 17500
Plate Assemble for Single-Gang switch 28 pcs. 65 1820
Plate Assemble for Two-Gang switch 99 pcs. 105 10395
Plate Assemble for Three-Gang switch 35 pcs. 145 5075
Fluorescent lamp (250V) 333 pcs. 500 166500
Duplex convenient outlets 268 pcs. 185 49580
Electric wire, For Service Entrance (8.0mm2) 10 meter 72.5 725

Table 4.8f
Telephone Outlet 45 set 260 11700
Telephone Cable 200 meter 10 2000
Solvent (Neltex) 30 cc 175 5250
Entrance Cap – 25mmØ (1”) 2 pcs. 698 1396
Octagon Box, Deep Type w/ Cover (painted) 250 set 200 50000
TOTAL 990465 445709.25
XV. TOILET WORKS AND FIXTURES
Water Closet dual Flush 54 set 21000 1134000
Urinal (MARIWASA PACKAGE) 9 pcs. 1399 12591
Waterless Urinal 9 pcs. 8709.12 78382.08
Lavatory with Fittings 54 set 1250 67500
Floor Drain (OSAKA 3”×3”) 14 pcs. 330 4620
Soap Holder 6 pcs. 370 2220
Paper Holder 14 pcs. 470 6580
Portland Cement (FORTUNE BRAND) 1115 bags 195 217425
Sand 66 cu. m. 580 38280
Tile Grout (STANDARD) 150 bags 60 9000
TILE Trim (6ft.) 116 pcs. 45 5220
Glazed Tiles (0.20m×0.20m) 4815 pcs. 23 110745
Glazed Tiles (0.40m×0.40m) 18353 pcs. 56 1027768
Unglazed tiles (0.20m×0.20m) 2850 pcs. 21 59850
TOTAL 2774181.08 1248381
XVI. SEPTIC TANK & WATER TANK
Portland Cement (FORTUNE BRAND) 103 bags 195 20085
Sand 5.6 cu. m. 850 4760
Gravel 11.2 cu. m. 850 9520
No. 16 G.I. Tie Wire (40cm) 6 kl. 60 360
# 4 CHB 456 pcs. 8 3648
12mmØ dia. RSB 86 pcs. 184 15824
TOTAL 54197 24388.65

Table 4.8g
XVII. GREEN ROOF
Waterproof membrane 1800 Sq.m. 300 540000
Floor Drain (OSAKA 4”×4”) 72 pcs. 380 27360

Protection board SONOSHIELD DBS 6200
POLYPROPYLENE DRAIN BOARD 11238 Sq.ft. 35 393330
SYSTEM
Drainage storage layer (oldroyd Xv20
1800 Sq.m. 550 990000
GreenXtra)
Filter Fabric 1800 Sq.m. 750 1350000
Roof Insulation Ga. #26 1800 Sq.m. 90 162000
Landscaping 1800 Sq.m. 170 306000
TOTAL 3768690 1695911
77164358.8 27886234
TOTAL MATERIAL and LABOR COST 105050593

MISCELLENEOUS
10% Material and labor cost 10505059.3
CONTINGENCIES
5% OF Material, Labor and
5777782.6
Miscellaneous cost
CONTRACTOR PROFIT
15% of Material Labor, Misc., Cont. cost 18200015.2
VAT
12% of Material , Labor, Misc., Cont.,
16744014
Contr. Cost
TOTAL COST OF THE PROJECT 156277464
57880.54 per sq.
UNIT COST
m.
J. PROGRAM OF WORKS
The method used to determine the number of days that the project will be completed
is through the PERT/CPM, in which it indicates the number of hour each laborer could
perform in a day.
Table 4.9: CPM/PERT Activity
NODE ACTIVITY DURATION

1-2 a. Mobilization and temporary facilities 14days
2-3 b. Site layout and staking 7days
2-4 c. Earthworks 7days
a) Site cleaning and grubbing

b) Excavation
c) Backfill and fills
4-6 d. Steel works 90days

3-5 e. Soil poisoning 7days
6-5 f. Gravel Bedding 10days
5-7 g. Carpentry and Wood work 100days
7-9 h. Plumbing and Sanitary work 60days
7-8 i. Electrical work 45days
9-10, 8-10 j. Concrete and Masonry/Fence work 90days
10-11 k. Mechanical work 70days
10-12 l. Stainless and Handrill works 42days
10-13 m. Doors and Windows Installation 42days
11-14 n. Solar Panel Installation 60days
13-15 o. Tile works 50days
15-18 p. Green roof installation 35days
15-16 q. Painting works 42days
15-17 r. Outside works 21days
16-19, 17-19, s. Clean-up 21days
18-19
19-20 t. Demobilization 7days
Figure 4: CPM/PERT Diagram

Critical Path = A-C-D-F-G-H-J-M-O-Q-S-T
Total number of working days for the completion of the proposed project study is 540
days.
Figure 2.1: Program Evaluation and Review Techniques (PERT)
Figure 2.2: Program Evaluation and Review Techniques (PERT) – Critical Path Method
Results of the LEED – NC 2014.
The following are the results of the possible certification for the LEED – NC, which
was based on the critical analysis and judgments of the researcher’s output of the structure’s
design;
Y ? N
1 Credit Integrative Process 1
9 0 0 Location and Transportation 16

LEED for Neighborhood
Credit 16
Development Location
1 Credit Sensitive Land Protection 1
1 Credit High Priority Site 2
Surrounding Density and
3 Credit 5
Diverse Uses
2 Credit Access to Quality Transit 5
1 Credit Bicycle Facilities 1
1 Credit Reduced Parking Footprint 1
Green
0 Credit 1
Vehicles
8 0 0 Sustainable Sites 10
Construction Activity
Y Prereq Required
Pollution Prevention
1 Credit Site Assessment 1
Site Development - Protect
1 Credit 2
or Restore Habitat
1 Credit Open Space 1
3 Credit Rainwater Management 3
1 Credit Heat Island Reduction 2
1 Credit Light Pollution Reduction 1
6 0 0 Water Efficiency 11
Outdoor Water Use
Y Prereq Required
Reduction
Indoor Water Use
Y Prereq Required
Reduction
Building-
Level
Y Prereq Required
Water
Metering
1 Credit Outdoor Water Use 2
Reduction
Indoor Water Use
4 Credit 6
Reduction
0 Credit Cooling Tower Water Use 2
Water
1 Credit 1
Metering
21 0 0 Energy and Atmosphere 33

Fundamental
Y Prereq Commissioning and Required
Verification
Minimum Energy
Y Prereq Required
Performance
Building-Level Energy
Y Prereq Required
Metering
Fundamental Refrigerant
Y Prereq Required
Management
1 Credit Enhanced Commissioning 6
Optimize Energy
12 Credit 18
Performance
Advanced Energy
1 Credit 1
Metering
2 Credit Demand Response 2
Renewable Energy
3 Credit 3
Production
Enhanced Refrigerant
1 Credit 1
Management
Green Power and Carbon
1 Credit 2
Offsets
5 0 0 Materials and Resources 13
Y Prereq Storage and Collection of Recyclables Required
Construction and Demolition Waste Management
Y Prereq Required
Planning
2 Credit Building Life-Cycle Impact Reduction 5
Building Product Disclosure and Optimization -
1 Credit Environmental Product 2
Declarations
0 Credit 2
Sourcing of Raw Materials
2 Credit 2
Material Ingredients
0 Credit Construction and Demolition Waste Management 2
12 0 0 Indoor Environmental Quality 16

Y Prereq Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance Required
Y Prereq Environmental Tobacco Smoke Control Required

1 Credit Enhanced Indoor Air Quality Strategies 2
2 Credit Low-Emitting Materials 3
Construction Indoor Air
1 Credit 1
Quality Management Plan
1 Credit Indoor Air Quality Assessment 2
1 Credit Thermal Comfort 1
1 Credit Interior Lighting 2
3 Credit Daylight 3
1 Credit Quality Views 1
1 Credit Acoustic Performance 1
4 0 0 Innovation 6
3 Credit Innovation 5
1 Credit LEED Accredited Professional 1
4 0 0 Regional Priority 4
Regional Priority:
1 Credit 1
Specific Credit
Regional Priority:
1 Credit 1
Specific Credit
Regional Priority:
1 Credit 1
Specific Credit
Regional Priority:
1 Credit 1
Specific Credit
70 0 0 TOTALS Possible Points: 110
Certified: 40 to 49 points
Silver: 50 to 59 points
Gold: 60 to 79 points
Platinum: 80 to 110
Result : 70 points, Gold
The results of the certification shows that the structure scored a total of 70 points, in
which it qualified for “Gold” LEED – NC certification.

Summary of Findings and Results
This set of data and findings will present a summary of the findings made in this unit
in order to have clear presentation of the results of this unit and be the basis of which the
objectives of this study has been attained or not.
Atterberg Limit Determination
Description of Soil : Macolod Clay Loam
Table 4.4
Can Number 1 2 3
Weight of wet 16.69 17.04 19.03
soil+can
Weight of dry 13.8 13.25 14.6
soil+can
Weight of can 5.5 5.4 5.4
Weight of dry soil 8.3 7.85 9.2
Moisture loose 2.89 3.19 4.43
Water content, w% 43.75 40.62 38.15
Number of blows, N 37 24 12
Table 4.5
Can Number 1 2
Weight of wet soil+can 11.30 11.26
Weight of dry soil+can 10.42 10.35
Weight of can 6.7 6.7

Weight of dry soil 3.72 3.65
Moisture loose 0.88 0.91
Water content, w% 23.66 24.93
Liquid Limit = 40.12
Plastic Limit = 24.30
Plastic Index = 15.82
Description of Soil : Macolod clay loam
Table 4.6
Boring Number 1 2 3
Container Number 1 2 3
Weight of cup+soil 30.19 31.66 28.52
Weight of cup+dry 22.6 22.73 22.7
soil
Weight of cup 6.7 6.7 6.7
Weight of water 9.59 8.93 5.82
Water Content, w% 60.31 55.71 36.38
(60.31+55.71+36.38)
Average Water Content = = 50.8%
3
Grain Size Analysis-Mechanical

Table 4.7
Sieve No. Diameter Weight %Retained Weight %Passing
(mm) Retained Passing
(mm)
4 0 0 657 657 100
8 2.38 14 2.13 643 97.87
10 1.68 29.3 4.46 613.7 93.41
40 0.42 44.3 6.8 569.4 86.61
60 0.25 67.12 10.22 502.28 76.39
100 0.15 59.8 9.1 442.38 67.29
200 0.075 82.38 12.54 360.1 54.75
Based from the result of the Atterberg’s Limit Determination Test, the soil’s
classified as inorganic clay of medium plasticity wait allowable soil pressure of 100-300kPa
LATERAL LOAD COMPUTATION
Floor Wx(kN) hx(m) Wxhx Fx

Roof Deck 16607.92 15 249118.80 5542.02
3rd Floor 12504 10 125040 2781.70
2ND Floor 12504 5 62520 1390.85
Ground Floor 12504 0 0 0
436678.8 9714.57
SLAB DETAILS (Use 12mm∅ bars, t = 200mm)
Mark ALONG SHORT ALONG LONG DISCONTINUOS

DIRECTION DIRECTION EDGE
@ midspan @ @ midspan @ @ short @ long
(mm) continuous (mm) continuous direction direction
edge (mm) edge (mm) (mm) (mm)
S1 130 100 130 130 130 130
S2 130 90 90 130 90 270
S3 110 60 90 130 330 270
BEAM DETAILS
Mark B(mm) D(mm) L (O.C.) REINFORCEMENTS STIRURUPS, 12mm∅
TOP BOT. BARS
BARS
B1 300 400 varies 2 -32mm∅ 2 – 36mm∅ 50mm center to center
3 – 32mm∅ from face of supported
and the rest
2 – 32mm∅ from face of support and
the rest
from face of support and
the rest
COLUMN DETAILS
Mark L(mm) W(mm) REINFORCEMENTS LATERAL TIES
C1 0.70 0.70 12 – 36mmØ RSB 12mm dia. bars spaced @ 576mm center
(ext) 4 – 32mmØ RSB to center from face of support and the rest
C2 0.70 0.70 12 – 36mmØ RSB 12mm dia. bars spaced @ 576mm center
(int) 4 – 32mmØ RSB to center from face of support and the rest
FOOTING DETAILS
Use B = 4m, L = 4m and d = .7m with 25 – 25mm∅ main bars each side on center. At
exterior and interior column use 12 – 36mm∅ and 4 – 32mm∅ main bars.
RC STAIRS DETAILS
Use thread = 300mm and rise = 180mm with 10mm∅ main bars.
Program of Works.
From the procedure used, the researchers utilized the PERT/CPM method to identify
the number of days of the actual constructions of the proposed design. The total numbers of
working days for the completion of the proposed project study is 523 days.
Technical Specification.
The written Technical Specification will conform to all the standard specification
used in the design of the study, with an identified and detailed materials and execution of the
construction of the project study.
Cost Estimates and Bill of Materials.
Using simple costing method in estimating quantity of materials and computing all
the necessary materials and equipment used based on the current price and the rate of labor
and considering the activities to be done, the researchers arrive to the probable cost of the
Library Integrated Building to be 156,277,464pesos.

UNIT V
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
This unit summarizes and discusses the results of the study based on the objectives
defined. Furthermore, this part will also make conclusions based on previous analysis that
were made and make necessary recommendations for further improvement.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the research and design and after thorough analysis and evaluation, the
researcher have concluded the following:
1. Based on the standard evaluation, the researchers concluded that the necessary
knowledge, concepts, theories and principles in building construction, site
investigation, structural analysis and design, as well as the application of LEED
Green Building systems was applied in the study “A Design of a Three-Storey
Library Integrated Building.” The design conforms to the technical specification and
was uniformly guided by the processes in the conceptual framework.
2. Structural details, plans, and drawings, were readied in response to the needs of the
structure. Details are result of computation, however, emphasized. And that all works
are based on the technical specification as specified in the National Structural Code of
the Philippines, National Building Code, and other codes for the implementation of
the project.
3. Using simple costing method in estimating the quantity of materials and computing
all the necessary materials used base on the current price and rate of labor and
considering the activities to be done in designed three-storey building.

RECOMMENDATIONS
In order to improve the project study, the researchers have presented the following
recommendations:
1. Since the library is designed with an integrated building concept, materials used in the
construction shall be environmentally-friendly composition. Furthermore, materials
of this composition are recommended to be used more in the construction as
compared to ordinary commercial materials.
2. The structure must maintain its Green characteristics by following the LEED-NC
specifications. Use of advanced and environmentally-friendly technology can help in
sustaining the quality of the green structures.
3. Installation of solar panels and rainwater harvester are included in the design of the
library integrated building and this will provide an alternative electrical energy and
water source. The advantages of solar panels and rainwater harvester are
environmentally sound for it produces virtually no pollution and will lessen water and
electricity fee.
4. Design of structural elements of the structures should always be checked to the
minimum requirements postulated by the codes to avoid unnecessary circumstances
to improve the quality of performance of each structure.
5. The researchers suggest this paper to the students who will undertake the same study
to serve as reference and to further improve or expand the scope of this project study.
References
Arenal, A. D. (2012). A Proposed Design of an Environment Friendly Three Storey
Reinforced Concrete Parking Building in Lucena City. Lucena City.
Besavilla, V. I. (2007). Fundamentals of Reinforced Concrete. Cebu City, Philippines: VIB
Publisher.
Besavilla, V.I. (2007), Structural Analysis, Cebu City, Philippines: VIB Publisher.
Generoso (2001). A Proposed Five Storey Engineering School Building.
Guillesania, D.I. Fundamentals of Reinforced Concrete Design, Second Edition, Ormoc City:
Diego Inucencio Tapang Guillesania
Landicho, M. A. (2006). A Proposed Three Storey Maritime School Located in Manuel S.
Enverga University Foundation, University Site, Lucena City. Lucena City: BSCE
Thesis University Foundation, Lucena City.
Manahan (2012). Integration of Green Building Concept in Design of a Three-Storey
Building.
Moehring. (2009). Is that Mass or just a garden on your roof?
Siti, H. Y. (2014). Solar Integrated Energy System for Green Building.
http://acta.fih.upt.ro/pdf/2014-3/ACTA-2014-3-18.pdf
Tagayun, V. (2002). Estimating Bill of Materials.
Wong, J. K. W. (January 2009). Development of intelligence analytic models for integrated
building management systems (IBMS) in intelligent buildings.

APPENDIX A
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
March 2016

Dean, College of Engineering and Technical Department
Thru: ENGR. RAMELA B. RAMIREZ

Project Study Adviser
Dear Sir:
Presented here in an independent probe and should not be regarded as a basis of expansion
program of any Library Integrated Building. However, any interested party who would like
to give credit to this work for some insights about Library Integrated Building construction
an use the ideas and relevant information of this research whichever are considered
applicable.
The author presents this study “A Design of a Three-Storey Library Integrated Building
Located in Ibabang Dupay Lucena City” that focus on developing and nurturing the skills of
individual through training. This paper combines the researchers’ knowledge learned in the
school curriculum and skills acquired in present work place. A prioritized work presented
with pride and compliance with the Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering requirements.
Respectfully yours,
BRYAN G. CANADA
Researcher
REYNALD VINCENT P. CO
Researcher
IRENE R. PASTRANA
Researcher
MATTHEW SIMON D. SAN MIGUEL

Researcher
APPENDIX B
SOIL GEOLOGY AND SOIL CHARACTERISTICS
SITE GEOLOGY AND SOIL CHARACTERISTICS
SOIL PROFILE SHEAR WAVE SPT, UNDRAINED

VELOCITY, Vs N SHEAR
STRENGTH
TYPE NAME / GENERIC
DESCRIPTION
Sa hard rock > 1500 m/s
Sb Rock 760 – 1500 m/s
Sc very dense soil and 360 – 760 m/s > 50 > 100
soft rock
Sd stiff soil profile 180 – 360 m/s 15 – 50 – 100
50
Se soft soil profile < 180 m/s < 50 < 50
Sf soil requiring site specific evaluation (see section 208 4.3.1)
APPENDIX C
OCCUPANCY REQUIREMENTS
OCCUPANCY CATEGORY IMPORTANCE FACTOR 1

Earthquake Wind
I. Essential Facilities 1.5 1.15
II. Hazardous Facilities 1.25 1.15
III. Special Occupancy Structures 1.00 1.15
IV. Standard Occupancy Structures 1.00 1.00

APPENDIX D
NEAR SOURCE FACTOR (Nv and Na)
Near Source Factor, Na
CLOSEST DISTANCE TO
SIESMIC KNOWN SEISMIC
SOURCE SOURCE
TYPE ≤ 5 km ≥ 10 km
A 1.2 1.0
B 1.0 1.0
C 1.0 1.0
Near Source Factor, Nv
CLOSEST DISTANCE TO
SIESMIC KNOWN SEISMIC
SOURCE SOURCE
TYPE ≤ 5 km 10 km ≥ 15 km
A 1.6 1.2 1.0
B 1.2 1.0 1.0
C 1.0 1.0 1.0

APPENDIX E
LATERAL FORCE FACTOR K FOR BUILDING AND OTHER STRUCTURE
Type of Structure K
1. Buildings with full framing systems except as below 1.00
1.33
2. Buildings with a box system supported only by load bearing walls
3. Buildings with dual bracing systems consisting of a ductile moment - 0.80

resisting frame and shear
0.67
4. Buildings with a ductile moment - resisting frame capable of
resisting the entire lateral force
2.50
5. Elevated tanks, including contents, supported by four or more cross -
braced legs and not supported by a building 2.00
6.Other structure
APPENDIX F
Seismic Coefficient
Seismic Cofficient (Ca and Cv) Seismic Cofficient (Ca and Cv)
Seismic Zone Factor Z Seismic Zone Factor Z
Soil Profile Type Soil Profile Type
Z = 0.20 Z = 0.40 Z = 0.20 Z = 0.40
Sa 0.16 0.32 Na Sa 0.16 0.32 Nv
Sb 0.2 0.40 Na Sb 0.2 0.40 Nv
Sc 0.24 0.40 Na Sc 0.32 0.56 Nv
Sd 0.28 0.44 Na Sd 0.3 0.64 Nv
Se 0.34 0.36 Na Se 0.64 0.96 Nv
Site Specifc geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analysis shall be
Sf
performed to determined seismic coefficents
APPENDIX G
UNIFORM LIVE LOAD AND CONCENTRATED LOAD
Use of Occupancy Uniform Load, Pa Concentrated Load,

Category N
Description
1. Armories 7200 0
2. Assembly areas Fixed seating areas 2400 0
and auditorium and
balconies there with Movable seating and 4800 0
other areas
Stage areas and 6000 0

enclosed platforms
3. Cornices, 3000 0
marques and
residential balconies
4. Exit facilities 4800 0
5. Garages General storage and/ 4800 0
or repair
Private pleasure car 2400

storage
6. Hospitals Wards and rooms 2000 4500
7. Libraries Reading rooms 3000 4500
Stack rooms 6000 6700

8. Manufacturing Light 3600 8900
Heavy 6000 13400

9. Offices 2400 8900
10. Printing Plants Press rooms 7200 11200
Composing and
linotype rooms
11. Residential 2000 0
12. Restrooms
13. Reviewing 4800 0
stands, grandstands
and bleachers
14. Roof deck Same as areas
served or for the

type of occupancy
accommodated
15. Schools Classrooms 2000 4500
16. Sidewalks and Public Access 12000
driveways
17. Storage Light 6000
Heavy 12000
18. Stores Retail 3600 8900
Wholesale 4800 13400

19. Low cost 1500
housing unit
APPENDIX H
COEFFICIENTS FOR MOMENTS IN SLABS
Ratio Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case 8 Case 9
𝐴 B
M=
𝐵
A
Wa 0.50 0.50 0.17 0.50 0.83 0.71 0.29 0.33 0.67
1.00
Wb 0.50 0.50 0.83 0.50 0.17 0.29 0.71 0.67 0.3
Wa 0.55 0.55 0.20 0.55 0.86 0.86 0.33 0.38 0.71
0.95
Wb 0.45 0.45 0.80 0.45 0.14 0.14 0.67 0.62 0.29
Wa 0.60 0.60 0.23 0.60 0.88 0.79 0.38 0.43 0.75
0.90
Wb 0.40 0.40 0.77 0.40 0.12 0.21 0.62 0.57 0.25
Wa 0.66 0.66 0.28 0.66 0.90 0.83 0.43 0.49 0.79
0.85
Wb 0.34 0.34 0.72 0.34 0.10 0.17 0.57 0.51 0.21
Wa 0.71 0.71 0.33 0.71 0.92 0.86 0.49 0.55 0.83
0.80
Wb 0.29 0.29 0.67 0.29 0.008 0.14 0.51 0.45 0.17
Wa 0.76 0.76 0.39 0.76 0.94 0.88 0.56 0.61 0.84
0.75
Wb 0.24 0.24 0.61 0.24 0.06` 0.12 0.44 0.39 0.14
Wa 0.81 0.81 0.45 0.81 0.95 0.91 0.62 0.68 0.89
0.70
Wb 0.19 0.19 0.55 0.19 0.05 0.09 0.38 0.32 0.11
Wa 0.85 0.85 0.53 0.85 0.96 0.93 0.69 0.74 0.92

0.65
Wb 0.15 0.15 0.47 0.15 0.04 0.07 0.31 0.26 0.08
Wa 0.89 0.89 0.69 0.89 0.98 0.96 0.81 0.85 0.95
0.60
Wb 0.11 0.11 0.31 0.11 0.02 0.04 0.19 0.15 0.05
Wa 0.92 0.92 0.69 0.92 0.98 0.96 0.81 0.85 0.95
0.55
Wb 0.08 0.008 0.31 0.08 0.02 0.04 0.19 0.15 0.05
Wa 0.94 0.94 0.76 0.94 0.99 0.97 0.86 0.89 0.97
0.50
Wb 0.06 0.04 0.24 0.06 0.01 0.03 0.14 0.11 0.03
Coefficients for Live Load Positive Moment in Slabs
MA pos LL = CALL x w x A2
MB pos LL = CBLL x w x B2
Where w = total uniform live load
Ratio Case1 Case Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case 8 Case 9
m= A 2
LA/LB B
CALL 0.036 0.027 0.027 0.032 0.032 0.035 0.032 0.028 0.030
1.00
CBLL 0.036 0.027 0.032 0.032 0.027 0.032 0.035 0.030 0.028
CALL 0.40 0.030 0.031 0.035 0.034 0.038 0.036 0.031 0.032
0.95
CBLL 0.033 0.025 0.029 0.029 0.024 0.029 0.032 0.027 0.025
CALL 0.045 0.034 0.035 0.039 0.037 0.042 0.040 0.035 0.036
0.90
CBLL 0.029 0.022 0.027 0.026 0.021 0.025 0.029 0.024 0.022
CALL 0.050 0.037 0.040 0.043 0.041 0.046 0.045 0.040 0.039
0.85
CBLL 0.026 0.019 0.024 0.023 0.019 0.022 0.026 0.022 0.020
CALL 0.056 0.041 0.045 0.048 0.044 0.051 0.051 0.044 0.042
0.80
CBLL 0.023 0.017 0.022 0.020 0.016 0.019 0.023 0.019 0.0147
CALL 0.061 0.045 0.051 0.052 0.047 0.055 0.056 0.049 0.046
0.75
CBLL 0.019 0.014 0.019 0.016 0.013 0.016 0.020 0.016 0.013
CALL 0.068 0.049 0.057 0.057 0.051 0.060 0.063 0.054 0.050
0.70
CBLL 0.016 0.012 0.016 0.014 0.011 0.013 0.017 0.014 0.011
CALL 0.074 0.053 0.064 0.062 0.055 0.064 0.070 0.059 0.054
0.65
CBLL 0.013 0.010 0.014 0.011 0.009 0.010 0.014 0.011 0.007
CALL 0.081 0.058 0.071 0.067 0.059 0.068 0.077 0.065 0.059
0.60
CBLL 0.010 0.007 0.011 0.009 0.007 0.008 0.011 0.009 0.007
CALL 0.088 0.062 0.080 0.072 0.063 0.073 0.085 0.070 0.063
0.55
CBLL 0.008 0.006 0.009 0.007 0.005 0.006 0.009 0.007 0.006
CALL 0.095 0.066 0.088 0.077 0.067 0.078 0.092 0.076 0.067
0.50
CBLL 0.006 0.04 0.007 0.005 0.004 0.005 0.007 0.005 0.004
Coefficients for Dead Load Positive Moment in Slabs
MA pos DL = CADL x w x A2
MB pos DL = CBDL x w x B2
Where w = total uniform load
Ratio Case Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case 8 Case 9
m= 1
LA/LB A
B
CA neg 0.045 0.050 0.075 0.071 0.033 0.061
1.95
CB neg 0.045 0.076 0.050 0.071 0.061 0.033
CA neg 0.055 0.060 0.080 0.079 0.043 0.068
1.90
CB neg 0.037 0.070 0.040 0.062 0.052 0.025
CA neg 0.060 0.066 0.082 0.083 0.049 0.072
1.85
CB neg 0.031 0.065 0.034 0.057 0.046 0.021
CA neg 0.065 0.071 0.083 0.086 0.055 0.075
1.80
CB neg 0.027 0.061 0.029 0.051 0.041 0.017
CA neg 0.067 0.076 0.085 0.088 0.061 0.078
1.75
CB neg 0.022 0.056 0.024 0.044 0.036 0.014
CA neg 0.074 0.081 0.086 0.091 0.068 0.081
1.70
CB neg 0.017 0.050 0.019 0.038 0.029 0.011
CA neg 0.077 0.085 0.087 0.093 0.074 0.083

1.65
CB neg 0.014 0.043 0.015 0.031 0.024 0.008
CA neg 0.081 0.089 0.088 0.095 0.080 0.085
1.60
CB neg 0.010 0.035 0.011 0.024 0.018 0.006
CA neg 0.084 0.092 0.089 0.096 0.085 0.086
1.55
CB neg 0.007 0.028 0.008 0.019 0.014 0.005
CA neg 0.086 0.094 0.090 0.097 0.089 0.088
1.50
CB neg 0.006 0.022 0.006 0.014 0.010 0.003
APPENDIX I
WALL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT, Cp
Surface L/B Cp Use with
Windward wall All values 0.8 qz
0-1 -0.5
Leeward wall 2 -0.3 qh
≥4 -0.2
Side walls All values -0.7 qh
APPENDIX J
MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER FOR CAST-IN PLACE CONCRETE
Minimum Cover
Mm
(a) Concrete cast against and 75
permanently exposed to earth
(b) Concrete exposed to earth or
weather;
20mm through 36mm bars 50
16mm bar, W31 or D31 wire, 40
and smaller
(c) Concrete not exposed to
weather or in contact with
ground:
Slabs, walls, joists:
32mm bar and smaller 20
Beams, columns
Primary reinforcement , ties,
stirrups, spirals 40
Shells, folded place
members: 20
20mm bar and larger 12
16mm bar, W31 or D31 wire,
and smaller
APPENDIX K
PHILIPPINE STANDARD REINFORCING STEEL BAR
Table 407-2 Steel Reinforcement Information on Sizes, Areas and Weights of

Various Steel Reinforcements
ASTM STANDARD PHILIPPINE STANDARD (SI)
Nominal Nominal Nominal Bar Size Nominal Nominal

Diameter, mm Area, mm2 mass, kg/m Designation Area, mm2 mass, kg/m
9.5 71 0.560 10 79 0.618
12.7 129 0.994 12 113 0.890
15.9 199 1.552 16 201 1.580
19.1 284 2.235 20 314 2.465
22.2 387 3.042 n.a n.a n.a
25.4 510 3.973 25 491 3.851
28.7 645 5.060 28 616 4.831
32.3 819 6.404 32 804 6.310
35.8 1006 7.907 36 1019 7.986
43.0 1452 11.380 42 1385 10.870
57.3 2581 20.240 58 2642 20.729

APPENDIX L
Table 1-A LEED 2014 for New Construction Prerequisites and Credits
Y ? N
Credit Integrative Process 1
Location and Transportation 16

LEED for Neighborhood
Credit 16
Development Location
Credit Sensitive Land Protection 1
Credit High Priority Site 2
Surrounding Density and
Credit 5
Diverse Uses
Credit Access to Quality Transit 5
Credit Bicycle Facilities 1
Credit Reduced Parking Footprint 1
Green
Credit 1
Vehicles
Sustainable Sites 10
Construction Activity
Prereq Required
Pollution Prevention
Credit Site Assessment 1
Site Development - Protect
Credit 2
or Restore Habitat
Credit Open Space 1
Credit Rainwater Management 3
Credit Heat Island Reduction 2
Credit Light Pollution Reduction 1
Water Efficiency 11
Outdoor Water Use
Prereq Required
Reduction
Indoor Water Use
Prereq Required
Reduction
Building-
Level
Prereq Required
Water
Metering
Outdoor Water Use
Credit 2
Reduction
Indoor Water Use
Credit 6
Reduction
Credit Cooling Tower Water Use 2
Water
Credit 1
Metering
Energy and Atmosphere 33

Fundamental
Prereq Commissioning and Required
Verification
Minimum Energy
Prereq Required
Performance
Building-Level Energy
Prereq Required
Metering
Fundamental Refrigerant
Prereq Required
Management
Credit Enhanced Commissioning 6
Optimize Energy
Credit 18
Performance
Advanced Energy
Credit 1
Metering
Credit Demand Response 2
Renewable Energy
Credit 3
Production
Enhanced Refrigerant
Credit 1
Management
Green Power and Carbon
Credit 2
Offsets
Materials and Resources 13
Prereq Storage and Collection of Recyclables Required
Construction and Demolition Waste Management
Prereq Required
Planning
Credit Building Life-Cycle Impact Reduction 5
Credit Environmental Product 2
Declarations
Credit 2
Sourcing of Raw Materials
Credit 2
Material Ingredients
Credit Construction and Demolition Waste Management 2
Indoor Environmental Quality 16

Prereq Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance Required
Prereq Environmental Tobacco Smoke Control Required
Credit Enhanced Indoor Air Quality Strategies 2
Credit Low-Emitting Materials 3
Credit Construction Indoor Air 1
Quality Management Plan

Credit Indoor Air Quality Assessment 2
Credit Thermal Comfort 1
Credit Interior Lighting 2
Credit Daylight 3
Credit Quality Views 1
Credit Acoustic Performance 1
Innovation 6
Credit Innovation 5
Credit LEED Accredited Professional 1
Regional Priority 4
Regional Priority:
Credit 1
Specific Credit
Regional Priority:
Credit 1
Specific Credit
Regional Priority:
Credit 1
Specific Credit
Regional Priority:
Credit 1
Specific Credit
0 TOTALS Possible Points: 110
Certified: 40 to 49 points
Silver: 50 to 59 points
Gold: 60 to 79 points
Platinum: 80 to 110
PROJECT STUDY SURVEY
Customer (Please tick off (/). Faculty Parent
Students Others_________
Name(optional): ______________________________ Age:

_________
Gender: F M
Instructions: The following are questions about the relevance of our project study “A
Proposed Design of a Three-Storey Library Integrated Building in Ibabang Dupay Lucena
City”. Kindly evaluate the following items using the scale below:
5 – Strongly Agree 3 – Fairly Agree 1 – Strongly Disagree
4 - Agree 2 - Disagree
5 4 3 2 1
SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE SA A FA D SD
CONSIDERATIONS
1. Are you satisfied with the library services
being offered to you in your community?
2. Do you think, constructing a library will
help this community?
3. Are you in favor of constructing a new
library?
4. Are you in favor of constructing a library
INTEGRATED building?
5. Do you think it will meet the services
needed by the demands of the
community?
Kindly provide comments, suggestions etc.:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________
CURRICULUM VITAE
BRYAN G. CANADA
Naning st. Phase 8A Brgy. Ibabang Dupay
Lucena City
CP # 0918-674-5084
e-mail : babz_199204@yahoo.com
PERSONAL DATA:
Birthdate: August 4, 1992

Birthplace: Patnanungan, Quezon
Age: 23
Civil Status: Single
Name of Father: Rafael S. Canada
Name of Mother: Remedios B. Canada
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Sex: Male
Language Spoken: Filipino, English
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Tertiary: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Secondary:
Name of School: Patnanungan National High School
Date Graduated: 2007
Primary:
Name of School: Patnanungan Elementary School
ORGANIZATION:
Name of Organization: Philippine Institute Of Civil Engineers
Position: Member
Inclusive Dates: 2013- up to present
SKILLS:
Languages: English, Tagalog

Computer Literate and Proficient in Microsoft Office Applications
Basic knowledge in AutoCAD
TRAININGS/SEMINARS ATTENDED:
“Safe And Sound:An Engineering Checklist on Redefining Safety”

Held at NCAS Auditorium, UPLB
Los Banos, Philippines
February 7, 2015
“Bridging the Gap between Theoretical Studies and Applications in Civil

Engineering”
Held at Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation
Lucena City, Quezon Philippines
December 10, 2013
“National Civil Engineering Symposium”

Held at Villamor Hall, University of the Philippines - Diliman
Quezon City, Philippines
September 10, 2015
CHARACTER REFERENCES:
Engr. Ramela B. Ramirez

Professor – College of Engineering
Contact No. 09339276165
I hereby certify that the above information is true and correct to the best of my
knowledge and belief.
____________________________
Signature over printed name
CURRICULUM VITAE
REYNALD VINCENT P. CO
#8 Brgy. Uno, Barcelona St.
Lucena City
CP # 0946-863-8199
e-mail : reynald_co@yahoo.com
PERSONAL DATA:
Birthdate: June 27, 1992

Birthplace: Lucena City
Age: 23
Name of Father: Rommel B. Co
Name of Mother: Rosalea P. Co
Sex: Male

Secondary:
Name of School: SECOND PHILIPPINE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
P.O. Box 729, Riyadh 11372 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Awards Received : Loyalty Awardee, Deportment Awardee,Varsity Award
Primary:
Name of School: SECOND PHILIPPINE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
P.O. Box 729, Riyadh 11372 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
ORGANIZATION:
Position: Member
Inclusive Dates: 2013 – up to present
SKILLS:


February 7, 2015

Engineering”
December 10, 2013

September 10, 2015

Contact No. 09339276165
____________________________
CURRICULUM VITAE
IRENE R. PASTRANA
Gumamela St. Ph. V Intertown Homes Subv. Brgy. Bukal
Pagbilao, Quezon
CP # 0917-279-6827
e-mail: irenerecto15@gmail.com
PERSONAL DATA:
Birthdate: July 15, 1994

Age: 21
Name of Father: Ernesto T. Pastrana
Name of Mother: Leny R. Pastrana
Sex: Female

Secondary:
Name of School: Talipan National High School
Primary:
Name of School: Pagbilao Central Elementary School
ORGANIZATION:
Position: Member
Inclusive Dates: 2013-up to present
Name of Organization: Student Assistants and Foundation Grantees

Association
Position: Member
Inclusive Dates: 2012 up to present
SKILLS:
Computer Literate
Able to operate MS Office (Word, Excel, and PowerPoint)
Familiar with Auto Cad
Good communication and writing skills
Competent to work in long hours and to a flexible environment

February 7, 2015

Engineering”
December 10, 2013

September 10, 2015

Contact No. 09339276165
____________________________
CURRICULUM VITAE
MATTHEW SIMON D. SAN MIGUEL

Prk. Sampaguita, Brgy. Silangang Mayao
Lucena City
CP # 09289944307
e-mail : sanmiguel_matthew@yahoo.com
PERSONAL DATA:
Birthdate: August 2, 1994

Age: 21
Name of Father: Rodelio A. San Miguel
Name of Mother: Sarah D. San Miguel
Sex: Male

Secondary:
Name of School: Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation (BED)
Primary:
Name of School: Magill Memorial Sch
ORGANIZATION:
Position: President
Inclusive Dates: 2015-2016
SKILLS:

“Envergans Above and Beyond: Discovering the Different Faces of Leadership”

Held at Batis Aramin Resort And Hotel,
Lucban, Quezon Philippines
January 12, 2014

February 7, 2015

Engineering”
December 10, 2013

Held at Villamor Hall, University of the Philippines - Dilima
September 10, 2015

Contact No. 09339276165
____________________________

A Proposed Design of A Three Storey Library Integrated Building

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A Proposed Design of a Three-Storey Library Integrated Building

Located in Ibabang Dupay Lucena City

Presented to the Faculty of the

Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation

University Site, Lucena City

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

For the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Matthew Simon D. San Miguel

This project study here to entitled:

“A PROPOSED DESIGN OF A THREE-STOREY LIBRARY INTEGRATED

BUILDING LOCATED IN IBABANG DUPAY LUCENA CITY”

prepared and submitted by BRYAN G. CANADA, REYNALD VINCENT P. CO, IRENE R.

PASTRANA and MATTHEW SIMON D. SAN MIGUEL in partial fulfilment of the

ENGR. RAMELA BARLIZO – RAMIREZ

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of _____________%.

DR. GUILLERMO M. RAGO JR.

ENGR. CIELITO V. MALIGALIG ENGR. MA. LUISA B. CANELA

Accepted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of

Science in Civil Engineering.

DR. GUILLERMO M. RAGO JR.

adviser and mentor for this study.

their encouragement, insightful comments, and hard questions.

in modern architecture design.

I am dedicating this project study to:

Our Almighty God, who give us strength to go on;

To my Grand Father, JAIME CANADA

To my supportive sisters, KRISTINE and GRACE.

To Mr. and Mrs. Rodelo B. Gabriel and relatives.

Friends, classmates and especially to my groupmates – Reynald Vincent, Reinhodge and

GOD BLESS YOU ALL !

you! I’am so grateful of having her in my life. :-*

THANK TO GOD ALMIGHTY! 

I LOVE YOU ALL!!

ALWAYS BE HAPPY FOR OUR LIFE GOD GAVE THIS TO US!!

GOOD LUCK TO THE NEW CHALLENGES TO OUR LIFE COMES…….

My FAMILY, for their endless love, support and encouragement.

learned for its own sake.

done one step at a time.

To GERALDINE(babe), who always there cheering me up and stood by me through

the good times and bad.

and encouragement in my many moments. Your friendship makes my life a wonderful

And most especially to our Almighty God.

This is humbly dedicated to:

my loving parents – Rodelio A. San Miguel and Sarah D. San

my grandparents – Juan and Nieves, Efren and Teresita

to the graduating Civil Engineering Students batch 2016

who have been instrumental in completing this work

And most especially to our Almighty God.

Background of the Study 14

Objectives of the Study 15

Significance of the Study 16

Scope and Delimitation 17

UNIT II – REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE 22

UNIT III – METHODS AND PROCEDURES 46

Structural Design Analysis Computations 55

Working Plans and Drawings 75

Preparation of Technical Specification 76

Program of Works Method 76

Cost estimates of the Project 76

UNIT IV – RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 78

Social Acceptability of the Project 78

Design of Lateral Loads 83