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Instrumentation for flow
LABELS measurements
THURSDAY, MARCH 7, 2013
Flowrate measurements are
Automation (4) important in ...
Basics (36) “U”-tube liquid filled manometers
Control elements (2)
DCS (1) Like 0 Share
Nucleonic devices : Level
Flow (22) The phenomenon of reducing the
Flow Meters (19) intensit...
Level (19) These manometers are used for measurement of gauge pressures (up to
P and I Diagram (1) 0.1 MPa), vacuumetric pressures (down to 0.1 MPa below atmospheric
PLC (2) pressure) and for differential pressures of liquids and gases. The principle
is based on the static balance between the measured pressure and the Ultrasonic devices : Level
Pressure (12)
Process Control (5) head of the liquid column. Fig. 1 shows the schematic of this manometer. The operational principle of these
devi...
Process Control A glass tube 1, bended to the “U”-shape, is filled by one half of its volume
Systems (6) with liquid 2 (water, mercury). This tube is placed vertically, and a scale 3
SCADA (2) (usually in mm) is attached along its height. Pressures P1 and P2 are
Sensors (7) supplied to legs of the tube, and levels of liquid in the legs change their Conductance devices : Level
Temperature (17) position.When static balance between a measuring pressure and the These instruments are used when
Transducer (17) there i...
head of the liquid column is reached, this pressure can be evaluated
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according to the equation:
(1)
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(3)
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takes a P1 and P2 - pressures supplied to the legs of the manometer,
minute
www.blogger.com Pa;h1 and h2 - deviations of liquid levels from the zero point of the scale in two legs of themanometer, TRANSLATE

m;H= h1 + h2 - total length of the liquid column corresponded to the measuring differentialpressure, Select Language
m;ρ - density of liquid filled the “U”-tube, Powered by Translate
kg/m3;gloc - local gravitational acceleration, m/s2.

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POPULAR POSTS Figure 1. Liquid filled “U”-tube manometer.
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Types We need always make two readings of the liquid level, namely, in each leg of the tube, because in reality due to
of non-uniformity of the tube diameter along its length, values of h1 and h2 are not equal. As the result of such
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reading the error introduced during pressure measurement will be reduced. When this type of manometer is
used for pressure measurements three cases may take place: Instrumentation for Temperature Measurement
Transducers : Temperature is a physical quantity that is a measure of
Mechanical 1). P1 is above atmospheric pressure, P2 = Patm. In this case the manometer measures the difference between hotness and coldness on a numerical scale. It is a measure
Transducers: of the thermal ener...
absolute and atmospheric pressures: P1 = Pg = ρgloc(h1+h2)

Bubbler level
2). P is below atmospheric pressure, P1 = Patm. In this case manometer measures the difference between

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measurement system atmospheric and absolute pressures: P2 = Pvac = ρgloc(h1+h2).
:Indirect

3). In this case the equation (3) refers to measurements of differential pressures.

measurement of level Since the gravitational acceleration is used for the evaluation of pressure, then, when using “U”-tube
manometers, it is necessary to introduce correction which takes into account the difference between
gravitational acceleration in the place where this manometer was calibrated from that where it is used.Another
source of the error is the deviation of liquid temperature in the tube from that temperature when this manometer
was calibrated. Due to thermal expansion of the liquid in the tube the volume of liquid will change and this
inevitably introduces an error.But the most common mistake is made by not correct reading the scale in
Hydrostatic pressure respect to the meniscus of liquid in legs of the tube. Fig. 2 gives examples how operator should make readings
type : Indirect when using “U”-tube manometer with various liquids. We should always read a surface of the meniscus in its
measurement of level centre. In the case with water - in the bottom, and in the case with mercury - in the top of the meniscus. But in
everyday industrial measurements the first two corrections (gravitational and thermal) are not always used,
whereas the last one (the meniscus correction) must always be taken into account.

Instrumentation for level

measurements

Buoyancy : Indirect level

measurement

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Level Figure 2. Correct reading of the “U”-tube manometer.

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When one measures low pressures several modifications of “U”-tube manometer are used, namely, well or
reservoir manometer, inclined manometer, absolute pressure gauge.Let’s develop a differential equation for
Measurement : Direct this manometer.
Methods

Various
control (4) (5)
loops
for
stirred
tank reactor, furnaces
and distillation columns (6) (7)

Control
loop
(8)

Hagen-Poiseuille equation applies for a laminar flow of liquid in the tube according
configurations for
chemical process
variables

“U”-tube
liquid
(9) (10)
filled

manometers

Let ∆t->0, then: ,

(11)

Substitute (5)-(8) and (11) into (4):

(12) .

Divide all terms of (12) by(2ρgA) and get a second-order differential equation:

(13)
.
In this equation:
a - acceleration of liquid in the tube,
m/s2;A - cross-sectional area of the tube,
m2;D - internal diameter of the tube,
m;FP - displacement pressure force,

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N;Ff - frictional force for the laminar flow,
N;Fg - gravitational restoring force,
N;g - gravitational acceleration,
m/s2;h - variation of the height of the liquid column in one leg of the manometer,
m;L - total length of the liquid column in the tube,
m;m - mass of liquid in the tube,
kg;∆P - difference of pressures supplied to both legs of the manometer,
Pa;Pg - pressure developed by the gravitational force acting on the liquid columnin the tube, in other
words this is liquid pressure head,
Pa;P1, P2 - pressures supplied to both legs of the manometer,
Pa;∆Q - variation of the volumetric flowrate of the liquid in the tube duringdisplacement of liquid,
m3/s;∆V - variation of the liquid volume displaced,
m3;∆t - time during which ∆V occurred,
s;ρ - density of the liquid in the tube (density of gas above liquid is negligible),
kg/m3η - dynamic viscosity of the liquid in the tube Pa x s.

Let:

(14) (15) (16)

where,
τ - characteristic time of the system, s;
ζ - damping factor, dimensionless value;
Kp - steady state, or static, or simply gain of the system, m2 * s2 /kg.

Substitute (14)-(16) into (13) and use variables in deviation form:

(17)

Apply Laplace transform to (17):

(18)

(19)

(20)

(21)

1. At ζ = 1 we have a critically damped response.

(22)

(23)

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Use inverse Laplace transform: (24)

(25)
Let,∆P’ = 2000, Pa - value of step change in measuring pressure of the manometer;L=1,m - length of
mercury in the tube of the manometer;Ρ = 13533.61, kg/m3 - density of the liquid (mercury) in the manometer;g
= 9.80665, m/s2 - standard gravitational acceleration.

Then, τ = 0.2258, s, and Kp = 3.767*10-6, m2*s2/kgFinally, we’ve got an expression for a critically
damped response:

(26)

Figure 3. Critically damped response for a “U”-tube manometer.

2. At ζ < 1 we have an underdamped response.

(27)

radian frequency of oscillations: ,

(28) (29)

period of oscillation:

(30)

Figure 4. Underdamped response of a “U”-tube manometer

For ζ = 0 a second-order system is free of any damping, and it will oscillate continuously with a constant
amplitude and a natural frequency,natural frequency of oscillations:

(31)

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natural period of oscillations:

(32)

3. At ζ > 1 we have an overdamped response.

(33)

(34), and (35)

Figure 5. Overdamped response of a “U”-tube manometer.

Article Source:: Dr. Alexander Badalyan, University of South Australia

Posted by Sijo Joy

Labels: Basics, Pressure

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Labels
Automation (4) Basics (36) Flow (22) Flow Meters (19) Level (19)
Pressure (12) Process Control (5) Process Control Systems (6) Sensors (7)
Temperature (17) Transducer (17)

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