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Vinod Kumar, Manisha Nanda, H.C. Joshi, Ajay Singh, Sonal Sharma, MonuVerma
PII: S0960-1481(17)30977-1
DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2017.10.016
Please cite this article as: Vinod Kumar, Manisha Nanda, H.C. Joshi, Ajay Singh, Sonal Sharma,
MonuVerma, Production of biodiesel and bioethanolusingalgal biomass harvested from fresh water
river, Renewable Energy (2017), doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2017.10.016
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Highlights
Fresh water macroalgal biomass can be utilized for production of liquid biofuels.
18.6% of lipid was obtained from macroalgal biomass.
Addition of diesel and butanol to algal biodiesel can improve engine performance
Emission characteristics of CO and NOx can be improved by adding butanol.
Theoretical yield of ethanol was estimated 61.0% from lipid extracted algal biomass
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1 Production of biodiesel and bioethanolusingalgal biomass harvested from fresh water river
2 Vinod Kumara*, Manisha Nandab, H.C. Joshia, Ajay Singha, Sonal Sharmaa and MonuVermaa
5 bDept. of Biotechnology, Dolphin (PG) Institute of Biomedical and Natural Sciences, Dehradun,
6 India
8 Corresponding Author:-
9 Dr Vinod Kumar ,
10 Dept. of Chemistry,
11 Uttaranchal University,
12 Dehradun, India
13 Email: vinodkdhatwalia@gmail.com
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22 Abstract
23 In this study, an integrated biomass conversion concept of producing liquid biofuels from fresh
24 water macroalgal biomass was investigated. The algal biomass was collected from the Song
25 river, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India and processed under laboratory. 0.650 g dry wt m−2of algal
26 biomass was harvested from the freshwater river. The collected algal biomass contained mainly
27 2 macoalgae species. Lipid extraction was done by soxhlet extraction method using chloroform:
28 methanol (2:1) as solvent. 18.6% of lipid was obtained from macroalgae biomass. Blends of
29 microalgae biodiesel with, butanol and diesel fuel (A5B25D70 and A10B30D60) were prepared
30 by Inline blending method on a volume basis. Oil extracted algal biomass was further hydrolyzed
31 for release of fermentable sugar. The theoretical yield of conversion of fermentable sugars to
34 1. Introduction
35 With a large area, abundant freshwater resources, complex topography and diverse climates,
36 India is one of the countries with the greatest diversity of algal resources. There are diverse and
38 organic components and inorganic minerals) applications as a source of food and biofuels [1].
39 The majority of research focuses on marine macroalgae (seaweed) and no significant production
42 Ulothrix,Vaucheria and Zygnema are biological resource for various valuable compounds such
43 as protein, carbohydrates and lipids [3]. Macroalgae can form dense floating mats on water
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44 surfaces. This allows for efficient and cost-efficient biomass harvesting as compared to
45 dewatering an equivalent biomass of suspended microalgae. Limited research has been done on
46 freshwater macroalgae as a biofuels feedstock [4]. So for the in this study we have used this
47 mixed macroalgal biomass for the production of liquid biofuels (biodiesel and bioethanol).
48 Cellulose and hemicellulose can be hydrolysed into simple sugars either enzymatically or by acid
49 hydrolysis for producing bioethanol.The success of the bioethanol production from algal biomass
50 mainly depends on the amount of its carbohydrate contents [5]. R. Trivedi et al., [6] reported
51 about 11% of cellulose in macroalgal biomass which can be further hydrolyzed to simple sugar. .
52 The hydrolysis product being a six carbon sugar can be easily fermented to ethanol [7].
53 This study has two specific objectives, which are as listed as follows: The first is extraction of
54 lipids from mixed algal biomass. Second is to convert the lipid extracted algal biomass into
57 2.1 Materials
58 All solvents and reagents used in this study were HPLC grade. Standard for TLC (Triolein) was
59 acquired from Sigma Aldrich (St.99 Louis, MO, USA). All solvents and reagents used in this
60 study were HPLC grade. Cellulase enzyme was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO,
61 USA).
63 Microalgal biomass was collected from freshwater Song river, Dehradun, India in the month of
64 November-December 2016, when water level was 30-35 cm and flow rate was slow. During the
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65 harvesting of macro algal biomass water samples were also collected in clean glass bottles for
68 Macroalgal biomass was identified based on the morphological characteristics. Species were
69 examined under dissecting and compound light microscopes and their morphological
72 For lipid extraction soxhlet was used. In this extraction method 25g of algae biomass was
73 processed with 250 ml of chloroform: methanol (2:1) for 6 h in soxhlet system. The weight of
77 For triacylglycerols detection lipid sample (5 μl) was spotted on 0.25-mm-thick silica gel for
78 TLC plate and TAGs were visualized according to N. Arora et al., [8].
80 The total extracted lipids were transesterified into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by
81 methanolic sulphuric acid (6%) [9]. The FAMEs were analyzed using gas chromatography- mass
82 spectroscopy (GC-MS; Agilent technologies, USA), with electron ionization (70 eV), DB-5
83 capillary column (30 mm 0.25 mm 1μm) and helium (1ml/min) as carrier gas. 1 μl of of sample
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85 The physicochemical properties (iodine value, saponification value, specific gravity, acid value,
86 cetane number, high heating value, long chain saturation factor, specific gravity ) of the biodiesel
87 obtained from macro algal biomass were determined according to ASTM D-6571 specifications.
88 Fire and flash point were determined by Pensky-Martens closed cup tester.
90 A four stroke engine, cylinder was used in this study. The Specification of engine is given in
91 table 1. Before starting the experiments the test engine was cleaned by fresh diesel fuel. Pure
92 algal biodiesel cannot be used directly to the engine due to lower oxidation stability, low cetane
93 index and low calorific value. So before conducting the engine test, blending of algal biodiesel
94 was done. Two blends of algae biodiesel with diesel and n- butanol were prepared, namely
95 A5B25D70 (5% algae, 25% Butanol and 70% diesel) and A10B30D60 (10% algae, 30% Butanol
96 and 60% diesel). Engine performances were read with the help of dynamometer with control unit
97 having a torque range of 0–1700 Nm and speed range of 0–7500 rpm to measure engine torque.
Type Specification
Cylinder Four
Displacement 3907 cc
Bore 104 mm
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Stroke 115 mm
Weight 325 kg
99
101 The lipid extracted macroalgal biomass was dried in open field. When there was no solvent odor
102 from algae biomass, indicating acceptable evaporation of solvent, this dried lipid-extracted algal
105 Acid hydrolysis was done by single step hydrolysis method. 25g lipid-extracted algal biomass
106 was mixed with 250 ml of 1, 5 and 10 % of two acids HCl and H2SO4 at 3 different
107 concentration acids. Conical flasks were placed into autoclave for 2 h at 121 °C and 15 psi.
108 Hydrolysates were cooled at room temperature and then neutralized with 10M NaOH to pH 7.
109 The residual biomass was separated from the hydrolysates by centrifugation at 8000 rpm for 15
110 min. The supernatant was used for sugar and other analyses.
112 Enzymatic hydrolysis was performed by according K. Karthika et al., [10]. Fine slurry was
113 prepared by adding distilled water to 10g lipid-extracted algal biomass powder, then
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114 supplemented with cellulase enzyme (Trichoderma reesei ATCC 26921) of 66 FPU g−1 dry
115 matter. The residual biomass was separated from the hydrolysates by centrifugation at 8000 rpm
116 for 15 min. The supernatant was used for sugar and other analyses.
118 The total reducing sugars were determined by colorimetric and chromatographic method.
119 Colorimetric method was performed according to G. L. Miller [11]. For the optimization
120 experiments, sugar concentrations in the samples were quantified by high pressure liquid
123 For the fermentation with S. cerevisiae, 0.5 g of dry yeast was added as inoculum to 100 mL of
124 hydrolyzates. Fermentation was carried out at 32°C and pH 5 for 7 days with agitation at 150
125 rpm. Distillate obtained from rotary evaporator was used to determine bioethanol concentration
127 The maximum theoretical ethanol yield was calculated as follows [14]:
132 During the acid hydrolysis of algae biomass, various types of chemicals generated that act as
133 fermentation inhibitor. Fermentation inhibitory compounds were evaluated using HPLC
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136 The statistical analysis was carried out by analyzing the triplicate (n=3) results. The variation of
137 lipid and sugar contents was investigated by One-way ANOVA using Graph Pad Prism software
138 (version 6.0f) with p < 0.05 was carried out for data validation.
141 The results of river water parameters, such as pH, salinity, temperature, BOD etc, are given in
142 table 2. We have harvested 0.650 g dry wt m−2of algal biomass from Song river, Dehradun,
143 India, dry mass factor was 5%. We have indentified 2 macro algae Spirogyra and Oedogonium
145 Table 2: Characteristics of the Tons river water used in this study.
Parameters Value
Temperature 17.4±0.1
PH 7.7±0.3
BOD(mg/l) 4.9±0.2
DO 10±1.2
146
147 TDS= Total dissolved solid, DO= Dissolved oxygen, BOD= Biochemical oxygen demand. The data are mean ± S.D. for
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150 The presence of TAGs in the total extracted lipids was confirmed using TLC. 18.6 % of lipid
151 was obtained from the collected algal biomass. GC-MS analysis of FAMEs revealed that
152 saturated fatty acid were the major fatty acids obtained (C16:0). Mono saturated fatty acids
153 C16:1, C18:1 and C20:1 were also present (Table 3, fig. 1). This may be due to thermo-
154 degradation of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during soxhlet extraction [15]. R. Halim et
155 al., [16] reported that fatty acids mainly C16 hexadecanoic (or palmitic) acid, C18:1 (n-9) oleic
156 acid and C18:2 (n-6) octadecadienoic (or linoleic) acid are normally treated as the major
158
159
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161 Table 3: Fatty acid composition of wild algal biomass by using different solvents
162
163
Solvent Fatty acid composition (wt%) SFA MUFA
1 4 6 1 1 1
165 3.5 Prediction of
chloroform: 4 5 48 10 19 2 60 20
166 Biodiesel
methanol (2:1)
167 Properties
168 FAMEs obtained from macroalgal biomass has combustion properties similar to conventional
169 diesel fuel. Important parameters of biodiesel are cetane number, and Iodine value which
170 determine the combustion behaviour, quality of biodiesel, stability and performance are
172 Table 4: Comparison of physical properties of different FAMEs obtained from algal biomass
173 with plant oil methyl esters (JPE, PME ) and commercial biodiesel
esters
JME PME
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175 Value(mg
176 KOH)
(g I2/100g)
178
Specific - - 0.756 - - -
179
gravity (kg−1)
180 Acid Value - - 2.5 0.8 - 0.50
195 The maximum torque was obtained at about 1900 rpm for all blended test fuel. The average
196 torque values of blended biodiesel of A10B30D60 and A5B25D70 decreased approximately by
197 6% and 5% respectively. At 2200 rpm of maximum brake power was obtained for all tested
198 blended fuel. Generally brake power output values of both the algal based biodiesel with blends
199 of diesel were reduced in the addition of butanol as compared with diesel fuel. Fig 2 and 3 shows
200 the variations torque and brake power with respect to test fuels. Rahim et al., [17] reported that
201 brake torque for diesel fuel is higher than biodiesel fuel. At low speed, the brake torque is higher,
202 as engine speed increase further, torque decreases. The torque decreases because the engine is
203 unable to ingest a full charge of air at the higher speed [18]. Heat content of the fuel blend
204 decreases with the increasing amount of biodiesel compared to that of diesel fuel [19, 20]. The
205 brake torque level increased with increased the proportion of biodiesel due to high lubricity and
206 the higher oxygen content of biodiesel [21, 22] Brake torque and brake power is also decreases
207 when compared to the diesel fuel due to presence of oxygencontents of algal biodiesel and
209
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300
250
200
Torque (Nm)
150
100
Diesel
50 A5B25D70
A10B30D60
0
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Engine Spped (rpm)
210
211 Fig. 2. Torque output versus engine speed for the test blended fuel
60
50
Brake Power (KW)
40
30
20 Diesel
A5B25D70
A10B30D60
10
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000
Engine Speed (rpm)
212
213 Fig.3. Brake power output versus engine speed for the test blended fuels.
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215 Figure 4 shows the variation of brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of diesel and blended
216 biodiesel. When two different fuels are blend, the fuel consumption may not be reliable due to
217 heating and density differences of the two fuels [23]. For different blended fuels followed by the
218 decreases in BSFC with the increases in an engine speed and brake power which indicates the
219 minimum role of oxygen at maximum engine speed [24]. The highest BSFC was for
220 A10B30D60 while the lowest BSFC was obtained from diesel for all speeds of the engine. The
221 high BSFC is due to low heating values of the algal biodiesels than diesel fuel [20]. The BSFC
222 value increases about 5.3% and 8.7% for A5B25D70 and A10B30D60 respectively. The values
223 for the BSFC increase with the increasing amount of biodiesel in blended fuels [22]. This is due
224 to the produced lower brake power caused by the lower energy content of the biodiesel.
225 [20,27,28]. The calorific value of n-butanol is quite low and expected that the higher value of BSFC
226 (A10B30D60 and A5B25D70). Therefore, on the addition of butanol increases the fuel consumption
227 for biodiesel diesel blends (A10B30D60 and A5B25D70) Compared to diesel fuel. [28]. B.D.
228 Wahlen et al., [29] reported that biofuels showed higher BSFC across the rpm range of the
229 test compared to diesel which is consistent with their lower energy content.
230
231
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600
500
BSFC (g/KWH)
400
300
200
Diesel
100 A5B25D70
A10B30D60
235 It has been generally observed that biodiesel increases emissions for NOx relative to diesel [30].
236 Similar results were reported by other authors in the literature [31,32]. The variations of NOx
237 emission of different blends fuel are presented in fig 5. NOx values were decreased with the
238 addition of butanol to the blends as compared to diesel. Formation of NOx depends on the
239 availability of excess oxygen. Because of the emission of NOx there was increase in biodiesel
240 blends as compared to diesel (Fig.5). With addition of butanol to biodiesel NOx emissions
241 decrease [32,33]. Formation of NOx is affected by the higher combustions [34]. Biodiesel
242 contain higher oxygen content which react with the nitrogen component in the surrounding air,
243 resulting in a higher emission of NOx [33]. Wahlen et al., [29] reported that NOx emissions for
244 algae biodiesel were lower than for diesel. McCormick et al. found that NOx emissions depends
245 upon the types of fatty acid, it increased with increasing amount of unsaturated fatty acids.
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246 Additional studies have found that low polyunsaturated fatty acids and shorter chain length fatty
247 acids containing oils contribute to lower NOx emissions than soybean biodiesel [35].
248
249
1000
800
600
Nox (PPM)
400
Diesel
A5B25D70
200 A10B30D60
0
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000
Engine Speed (rpm)
250
251 Fig. 5: Comparison of NOx emissions for the blended test fuels.
253 CO emission is generally lower in biodiesel than the diesel fuel, because biodiesel contains more
254 oxygen and this oxygen enhances the complete combustion of fuel. Butanol blends to biodiesel
255 also decrease the CO emission. As can be seen in Figure 6, that on with increase the
256 concentration of biodiesel and n-butanol the CO emission decrease. A10B30D60 showed less
257 emission as compared to A5B25D70 and diesel. Other authors, also reported that decrease in
258 CO emissions occurs when substituting diesel fuel with biodiesel and alcohol [36-37]. One of
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259 the reasons for the less emission of CO with the blends of butanol may be due to lower C/H ratio.
260 [37]. Altun et al., [38] reported that fuel-borne oxygen is more effective for reducing CO
261 emissions than the external oxygen supplied with the air. In contrast to our results, some authors
262 reported that CO emission decreased with the increase in engine speed [39,40]. This is because
263 the air-fuel mixing process may become more intensive and increase the conversion of CO to
265
400
350
CO (ppm)
300
250
Diesel
A5B25D70
200
A10B30D60
269 From lipid-extracted algal biomass single-step acid hydrolysis should be capable of releasing
270 high yield of fermentable sugars (Table 5). In this sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid at 03
271 different concentrations were used. H2SO4 and HCl are widely used for treating lignocellulosic
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272 materials, because they are powerful agents for cellulose hydrolysis [42]. Acids like hydrochloric
273 acid and nitric acid have also been examined for pretreatment of various lignocellulosic materials
274 [43]. By using single-step method (1210C and 15 psi for 2 h) maximum yield of sugar 230.02±03
275 mg/g of lipid extracted biomass was reported by 10 % H2SO4and minimum was 10% HCl
276 212.24±03 (Table 5, Fig. 7). M. Idrees et al. [44] has reported high reducing sugar yield when
277 plant material was pretreated at 121 ºC. G. L. Miller et al., [11] reported one-step acid hydrolysis
278 method gave best results as compared to conventional two-step approach for different biomass.
% of HCL H2SO4
acid
used
1 10.02±02 11.15±02
5 70.03±02 89.01±01
10 212.24±03 230.02±03
280 The data are mean ± S.D. for triplicate (n=3) results (p < 0.05).
281
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300
250
mg/g algae
200
150
HCL
100 H2SO4
50
0
0 30 60 90 120 150
Time (minutes)
282
284
286 In this study S. cerevisiae was added to all the hydrolysates produced by different methods [45].
287 Only sulfuric acid hydrolysate showed the growth of S. cerevisiae cells. Hydrochloric acid
288 does not showed the growth of S. cerevisiae due to the presence offermentation inhibitors.
289 Fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the concentrated hydrolysates produced 31.6%
290 of bioethanol yield by single- step acid hydrolysis. The fermentation inhibitors were generated
291 during different carbohydrates hydrolysis processes. These inhibitory compounds are generally
292 furan derivatives, weak acids, and phenolic compounds [46]. In this study, the presence of
293 common inhibitors such as acetic acid, furans, levulinic acid, and formic acid were examined in
294 the hydrolysates obtained by acids (Table 6). Our study supported the finding of M. Mirsiaghi
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296 Table:6 Detected inhibitors and their corresponding yields in terms of mg inhibitor/g algae
1% HCl NR 2.1±02 NR
1% H2SO4 NR 1.10±03 NR
298 The data are mean ± S.D. for triplicate (n=3) results (p < 0.05).
300 The total yield of lipid was estimated 18.6 % of dry biomass. Conversion of biomass into
301 fermentable sugars was estimated to 23%. Total renewability of algal biomass in this study was
303 4. Conclusion
304 In this study, an integrated biomass conversion concept of producing liquid biofuels from fresh
305 water macroalgal biomass was investigated. The algal biomass was collected from the Song river
306 Dehradun, India and processed for liquid biofuels production in laboratory. 18.6% of lipid was
307 obtained from macroalgae biomass. FAMEs profile was analyzed according to ASTM D6751
308 specification and comparable to plant oil methyl esters. Characterization of performance and
309 emission characteristics of biodiesel was conducted on a four stroke and four-cylinder diesel
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310 engine by blending it with butanol and diesel fuel. The test results indicated that A10B30D60
311 (10% algae, 30% Butanol and 60% diesel) showed good performance efficiency and
312 environmentally friendly emissions.The emission characteristics of CO and NOx were improved
313 with the addition of butanol. On the addition of butanol to the algal biodiesel brake power and
314 torque output of engine was slightly reduced. From the above investigation we have concluded
315 that the diesel and butanol can be used as an auspicious accompaniment to algal based biodiesel
316 in conventional diesel engine. Oil extracted algal biomass was further hydrolyzed for release of
317 fermentable sugar. The theoretical yield of conversion of fermentable sugars to bioethanol was
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