NOUNS

• a person, place, or thing. Can be the subject or object of a sentence. Ex: cat,
horse, mother, Denmark
SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS

TO MAKE A SINGULAR NOUN PLURAL PLURALS: OTHER SPELLINGS IRREGULAR PLURAS

ADD “S” ▪words ending in
consonant + y =>i+es
▪words ending in
ch, x, sh, ss, s => add es
ONE DOG TWO DOGS ONE BABY TWO BABIES A MAN TWO MEN
ONE APPLE TWO APPLES A MATCH TWO MATCHES A WOMAN TWO WOMEN
ONE BOY TWO BOYS A BOX TWO BOXES A CHILD TWO CHILDREN
• WE ADD ES TO A FEW WORDS A BRUSH TWO BRUSHES A PERSON TWO PEOPLE
ENDING IN O
A PATATO TWO PATATOES A GLASS TWO GLASSES A FOOT TWO FEET
A TOMATO TWO TOMATOES A BUS TWO BUSES A TOOTH TWO TEETH
US => I A => AE FE => VE
NUCLEUS NUCLEI VERTEBRA VERTEBRAE WIFE WIVES
STIMULUS STIMULI NEBULA NEBULAE KNIFE KNIVES
OUS => ICE IX => ICES F => V+ES
MOUSE MICE APPENDIX APPENDICES LOAF LOAVES
 ARTICLES
 a = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with consonants
She has a dog. / I work in a factory.
 an = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with vowels
(a,e,i,o,u)
Can I have an apple? / She is an English teacher. / I’ll be there in an hour.
 the = definite article (a specific object that both the person speaking and the listener know)
The car over there is fast. / The teacher is very good, isn't he?
 The first time you speak of something use "a or an", the next time you repeat that object use "the".
I live in a house. The house is quite old and has four bedrooms.
I ate in a Chinese restaurant. The restaurant was very good.
 DO NOT use an article with countries, states, counties or provinces, lakes and mountains except
when the country is a collection of states such as "The United States“.
He lives in Washington near Mount Rainier. / They live in northern British Columbia.
 DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about things in general.
I like Russian tea. / She likes reading books.
 DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about meals, places, and transport.
He has breakfast at home. / I go to university. / He comes to work by taxi.
 PRONOUNS
Subjective personal pronouns I YOU SHE/HE/IT WE THEY
• act as subjects within sentences
I am going to the bank while he is going to the market.
Objective personal pronouns ME YOU HER/HIM/IT US THEM
• act as the object of verbs within sentences
The ball was going to hit me in the face.
Possessive personal pronouns MINE YOURS HERS/HIS/ITS OURS THEIRS
• are used to indicate possession, and they are
placed after the object in question (as opposed Possessive adjective: This is my car.
to possessive adjectives like my and your, which Possessive pronoun: This car is mine.
are placed before the object).
Reflexive pronouns HERSELF
• are used when the object is the same as the MYSELF YOURSELF HIMSELF OURSELVES THEMSELVES
subject on the sentence ITSELF
I managed to cut myself in the kitchen.
Interrogative pronouns. WHAT WHICH WHO WHOM WHOSE
• are used to ask questions
What are the odds?
Demonstrative pronouns THIS THAT THESE THOSE
• are used to indicate a noun and distinguish it
from other entities. Notice that demonstrative
Demonstrative determiner: This house is ugly.
pronouns replace the noun (while demonstrative
Demonstrative pronoun: This is the right one.
determiners modify them).
Indefinite pronouns ANYONE EVERYONE EVERYWHERE SOMEONE NONE
• do not refer to a specific thing, place or person.
Everyone is going to the party.
POSITIVE, COMPARATIVE, AND SUPERLATIVE DEGREES
OF COMPARISON
In most cases, use -er/-est with
one- and two-syllable adjectives
or adverbs.

When an adjective or
adverb has three or
more syllables, use
more and most or less
and least to form the
comparative and Irregular Adjectives and Adverbs
superlative degrees.

All adverbs that

end in -ly form
their comparative
and superlative
degrees with more
and most.
AUXILIARY VERBS The verb be can be used as an auxiliary and a
full verb. As an auxiliary we use this verb for
compound tenses and the passive voice.
The verb have, too, can be used both as an
auxiliary and as a full verb. As an auxiliary we
use this verb to form compound tenses in
active and passive voice.
The verb do can be both an auxiliary and a full
verb. As an auxiliary we use do in negative
sentences and questions for most verbs
(except not for be, will, have got and modal
verbs) in Simple Present and Simple Past.
(Use the infinitive of the full verb.)
Cardinal Numbers Ordinal Numbers Date Expression
0 oh, zero, nil, nought * ---
21st July (the twenty-first of July)
1 one 1st first
2 two 2 nd second June 4th (the fourth of June)
3 three 3rd third December 29 (the twenty-ninth of December)
4 four 4th forth 23 April, 1989 (the twenty-third of April nineteen eighty-
5 five 5th fifth
nine)
6 six 6 th sixth
7 seven 7th seventh Fraction:
8 eight 8th eighth 1/2 - one half
9 nine 9 th ninth 3/4 - three quarters
10 ten 10th tenth
7/8 - seven eights
11 eleven 11th eleventh
12 twelve 12 th twelfth
Hour:
13 thirteen 13th thirteenth ten to one (unu fara zece)
14 fourteen 14 th fourteenth half past six (sase si jumatate)
15 fifteen 15th fifteenth twelve and a quarter (douasprezece si un sfert)
16 sixteen 16th sixteenth
a quarter to two (doua fara un sfert)
17 seventeen 17 th seventeenth
18 eighteen 18th eighteenth Days of the week Months of the year
19 nineteen 19th nineteenth Monday 1. January - Jan.
20 twenty 20 th twentieth
Tuesday 2. February - Feb.
21 twenty-one 21st twenty-first
Wednesday 3. March - Mar.
30 thirty 22nd twenty-second
40 forty 23 rd twenty-third
Thursday 4. April - Apr.
50 fifty 30th thirtieth Friday 5. May - May
60 sixty Examples Saturday 6. June - Jun.
70 seventy 105 one hundred and five Sunday 7. July - Jul.
80 eighty 1,124 one thousand one 8. August - Aug.
90 ninety hundred and twenty- 9. September - Sep.
four 10. October - Oct.
100 a/one hundred 1989 nineteen eighty-nine 11. November - Nov.
1,000 a/one thousand 12. December - Dec.
10,000 ten thousand 1200 twelve hundred
100,000 a/one hundred thousand 456,789 four hundred and Seasons of the year Four meals a day
1000,000 a/one million fifty-six thousand Spring Breakfast
seven hundred and Summer Lunch
eighty-nine Autumn Dinner
1000,000,000 a/one billion 9.172 nine point one seven
two Winter Supper