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The body cells needed constant supply of oxygen in order to perform energy-producing processes.
The respiratory system allows the body to take in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body.
Respiration – exchange of gases between the cells and its environment
Breathing – the act of taking air in (inhalation) and out (exhalation) of the lungs
The respiration system can be divided into two major parts: the upper respiratory tract and the lower
respiratory tract.
The upper respiratory tract is composed of the following:
- nose
- nasal cavities
- pharynx
- larynx
The lower respiratory tract is composed of the following:
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- lungs
Air enters and leaves the body because of changes in pressure in the lungs.
These changes are the results of two breathing movements: inhalation and exhalation.
Inhalation or inspiration – taking in air
This process involves the contraction of the rib muscles and the diaphragm.
During inhalation at the same time:
o Rib muscles contract causing the ribs to move upward and outward.
o Diaphragm contracts, moves downward and flattens.
o The contraction of the rib muscles and the diaphragm during inhalation enlarges the chest
cavity and lowers the air pressure within the lungs.
o This makes the air pressure outside greater than that of the air pressure within the lungs
causing the air to rush into the lungs and fill them.
Exhalation or expiration – breathing air out
This process involves the relaxation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm.
During exhalation at the same time:
o The rib muscles relaxes causing the ribs to move downward and toward the center of the body.
o Diaphragm relaxes and moves upward to its arched position.
o The relaxation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm during exhalation causes the chest cavity
to become smaller and increases the pressure within the lungs.
o The increase in pressure within the lungs squeezes the air out of the lungs.
Heart – muscular organ that pumps the blood to all parts of the body
Blood
The blood is the internal circulating medium of the body that gives life to the cells.
Plasma
Serves as the medium where the blood cells are suspended along with other nutrients
Blood Cells
Cellular components of the blood:
o Red blood cells
o White blood cells
o Platelets
Platelets
Also known as thrombocytes
Responsible for clotting–process that stops the flow of blood due to damage
Blood Vessels
The blood vessels deliver blood throughout the body.
There are 3 types of blood vessels:
o arteries
o veins
o capillaries
Arteries
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Blood that enters the artery is under great pressure, reflecting the rhythmic pumping of the heart
o Arterioles – fine and small branching arteries
Veins
Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart
Have valves that prevent backflow of blood
o Venules – fine and small branching veins
Capillaries
Smallest blood vessels
Connects arteries and veins
Have very thin walls to allow diffusion of gases and nutrients to take place
Circulation
The heart pumps the blood throughout the body in continuous circulatory system which is divided into
two: pulmonary and systemic circulations.
Pulmonary Circulation
Transports oxygen-depleted blood from the heart to the lungs
Systematic Circulation
Transports oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the organs and tissues
Blood Circulation
Right Pulmonary Pulmonary Left
Ventricle
Lungs Veins Atrium
Artery
Superior Body
Right and Inferior
Left
Atrium Organs and Aorta Ventricle
Vena Cava Tissues
Diseases, Prevention and Care of the Circulatory System (AS #14)
Exercise regularly
Get enough rest
Choose and eat the right kind of food
Avoid drinking alcohol
Do not smoke
Have a regular medical check up
CELL CYCLE
Refers to the changes in the cell as part of its growth and development.
CELL DIVISION
Meiosis
Occurs on gametes (sex cells)
Takes place in two sets of cell division call MEIOSIS I and MEIOSIS II
Meiosis I is called the REDUCTIONAL DIVISION
Meiosis II is called the EQUATIONAL DIVISION
The two cell divisions result in 4 daughter cells.
Each daughter cell has only half as many chromosomes as the parent cell.
MEIOSIS I
Division on meiosis I occurs in 4 phases:
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I and cytokinesis
PROPHASE I
Chromosomes begin to condense
SYNAPSIS- homologous
Chromosomes pair up and line up gene by gene
CROSSING OVER- nonsister chromatids exchange DNA segments.
CHIASMATA- region where crossing over occurs.
METAPHASE I
Tetrads line up at the metaphase plate
Microtubules attach to the kinetochore of the chromosome in each tetrad.
ANAPHASE I
Pairs of homologous chromosomes separate
Sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere move as one unit toward the pole.
MEIOSIS II
Division in Meiosis II also occurs in four phases:
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II and cytokinesis
PROPHASE II
A spindle apparatus forms
Chromosomes (each still composed of two chromatids, more toward the metaphase plate)
METAPHASE II
Sister chromatids are aligned to at the metaphase plate
Microtubules attaches to the kinetochores of sister chromatids
ANAPHASE II
The sister chromatids separate and move as two newly individual
Chromosomes toward opposite oikes
HUMAN CHROMOSOME
Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
AUTOSOMES- chromosomes that do not determine sex (22 pairs)
SEX CHROMOSOMES- chromosomes that determine sex (x or y)
Examples:
BB bb Bb
Homozygous Heterozygous
During the formation of gametes, an egg cell or sperm cell may only receive one of the alleles representing
a trait
Law of Segregation
Law of Dominance
Law of Independent Assortment
LAW OF SEGREGATION
States that two genes of pair separate during gametes formation, only one gene is received by each
gamete.
Example:
Genotypes:
Phenotype
1. Round seed-3
2. Wrinkled seed -1
Phenotypic ratio :3:1
Reminder:
States when two pure breeding pea plants with contrasting traits are crossed all the offspring will show
only one trait (dominance)
Example:
What will be the phenotype and genotype of F1 if a pure breeding pea plant with round seed is crossed
with a pure breeding pea plants with wrinkled seed?