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The vector ẋ(t) is tangent to the curve traced by x at the point x(t). If x(t) is the
position of a moving particle, then ẋ(t) is velocity of the particle.
d
δJ(x, g) = J(x + εg)ε=0
dε
Z bXn
∂L ∂L
= gk + ġk dt
a ∂xk ∂ ẋk
k=1
Z n
bX n b
∂L d ∂L X ∂L
= − gk dt + gk
a k=1 ∂xk dt ∂ ẋk ∂ ẋk a
k=1
Z n
bX
∂L d ∂L
= − gk dt. (6)
a k=1 ∂xk dt ∂ ẋk
∂L d ∂L
− = 0, k = 1, . . . , n. (7)
∂xk dt ∂ ẋk
5. The Hamiltonian is
n
X ∂L
H = −L(t, x, ẋ) + ẋ (t, x, ẋ). (8)
∂ ẋk
k=1
a. When L = L(x, ẋ), the Hamiltonian is a first integral of the system of Euler equa-
tions. This means that
n
X ∂L
H = −L(x, ẋ) + ẋ (x, ẋ) = constant,
∂ ẋk
k=1
if x satisfies (7).
b. If L = L(t, ẋ), then the n functions ∂L/∂ ẋk , k = 1, . . . , n are first intgrals of the
system (7).
c. If L = L(t, x), then (7) reduces to the system of algebraic equations
∂L
= 0, k = 1, . . . , n.
∂xk