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INTRODUCTION TO. — PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS Sam Kannappan, P-E, ngineor. Tanvessee ValoyAuthoriy Koval, Tenossee AA WILEVANTERSCIENCE PUBLICATION JOHN WILEY & SONS Now York + Chichester + Brisbane « Toronto « Singspore CONTENTS PIE STRESS ANALYSIS Forces and Moments ona Piping System 1 Static and Dynamic Loads 4 Piping Specification 7 ‘Explanation of Terms Related to Pipe Supports 11 ‘The Guided Cantlover Method 12 Comparison of Simpitied Analysis Methods 14 DESIGN OF PRESSURE COMPONENTS Cleviation of Minimum Wall Thickness ofa Pipe 22 Reinforcements for Welded Branch Connections 29 PIPE SPAN CALCULATION Span Limitations 34 Natural Frequency 36 Drainage 37 ‘Guide Spacing for Wind Loading 46 Design Rules for Pipe Supports 47 [ANSI PIPING CODES AND ASME CODES. lotornal Prassure and Longitudinal Stresses 50 Petroloum Refinary Piping Code Requirements {or Formal Analysts $2 Inglone and Outplane Bending Momants. 55 ‘Stross Intensification Factors 56 Miter Bons 63 PREFACE Unt 1967 ping design was performed primaiy using rule-of-thumb layout deigh procedures snd preanalyzed piping layout data in tabulst form. The publication of ANS! B31.1-1967 Power Pping Code aad the ‘vat of anaiis computet HogTane have waradiontcoe-eestive ing desi "The objective of tis book present a practi! approach to analytical Ping design. Its intended to be used by engineers i the indasry and ‘dents intrested in piping desig. Knowledge of applied snecanics 2nd stength of materials a mts for understanding this book, “The tear contains many istration, code equations, ables, and ex amples. Worked out example problems are include Yo ass the eases in Understanding the principles dacusred in cach chaper. Exercises and ‘eferences ate given at the end of each chapter Piping aalss tpi, su as support ste, oveapping, decoupling of branch linet wed lade. and other advanced lop, are covered In Srother book ented Adpanced Pipe Svess Analysis by the same autho? ‘ne paibes. bm indebted to many ofganzatios, incising the American Society of Mechanical Engineers andthe Expansion Joint Mancfactures Association, for granting permission to reproduce design abe, and graph, I thank ‘ay tres andthe members of ey own fami. my wife Meena, sons Ramesh, Narayanan, Rim, doughter Abirami and my brother. Naray- nan, fr thee supp fr ein wing this Book Saw Kanarean Kosi, Tennesse December 1988 Stresses in a Piping System 72 + co Sing, 78 t [EXPANSION L00PS AND EXPANSION JOINTS , ‘Expansion Loops 82 Stresses and Loads in Loops. 85 Expansion Joints 82 ‘Types of Expansion Joints 36 Pressure Thrust Force 96 FLANGED JOINTS Nomenelatare 102 ‘External Moments 102 CCompriaon of Alowable snd Actval Moments 102 aw PIPING CONNECTED TO NONROTATING EQUIPMENT Local stress Calultion Using WIRE 107 Bult 109, ‘otaonat Spring Rate for Cynical ercel 118 PIPING CONNECTED TO ROTATING EQUIPMENT Ping Connected tn Steam Tutings 123 Piping Connected to Centfugal Compressors. 128 Piping Connected to Centtugel Pumps 128 Piping Yi Metnod +20 SPECINL TOPICS Vales. 132 ‘Analisis for Reaction Forcas Due toVate Discharge "136 ‘Auricum Piping. 139 Copper Alloy Pipe 181 Underground Piping Wt rns Pressure Design 15 Vestea Under Exornal Pressure 158 Jockated Pressure Pning System, 69 ewe Units 185, Material Behavior at Gevated Ternporature 185 Relractory Lining 187 1m ‘esign Loads and Service Usits Flexibility and Stross Intensiicavion Factors 171 ‘Analy for Claes 2 Piping Stress Evasion 182 ‘Natural Frequoncy 189 Piping Systema to Ba Analyzed: 109 Useful Hine in Pping Design 185 Computer Modeling 186 Initial Anchor and Suppor Movements. 187 ‘Modeling of Piping Cements 180 NOIXES 201 Toul Thermal Expansion tor Meals. 202 ‘Modulus of Elascty for Metals 210 ‘Allowable Stresses (8 Tension for Materials 212 Properties and Weights of Pipe 25 ‘Sample Celeulations for Branch Reinforcement 238 INDEX BEEBE 2 CHAPTER ONE PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS Pipe ates ansiyss provides the necessary tecalque for engines to desig ping stn witout ovendtessing and Ovetoading the papng comnponers fe coanacta The Unwin tens foe aplndachancn ee bysefly discus (oot deine) here to Laniiarae the engine Mth the FORCES AND MOMENTS ON A PIPING SYSTEM. Fonce: The fore isa vectocquaniy with the diection and magnitude of ‘the path (compression. ull enson), or shear elec, Mower: Mementisa esto quantity with the direction and magritse ot ‘wisting and bending eles Forces and moments acting onthe piping system duet ifereat types of Aoadings, sucha therinal expansion and dead weight, wil De dcseed ater in dew ‘Stress i he force ger unit area, This change in length divided by the origina Tength sealed stain. ‘Stree Strain Curve for Ductile and Nonductile Materiat Fors ductile material such as ASTM AS3 Grade B, the stestrain curves {enn igure, Unt The proportional te each, vastaton tases nthe material wy eepect to ai follows a sralght ine. Hooke’ Tae ‘efine he loge a Young's mode of lst E, Uiimat ena sess the highest tox the matera ean withstand. Vil strength ithe Poin on Poe tags Anais en wna ca a ‘Common Piping Materials Lotta A list of common piping materials under severe yelic conditions i given The peat eteence rw {he eure a which ny further rain wl case permanest deformations to ‘ese clement. Allowable ses the ed stengh vie by nce ot sate sk ES stes-stain cave for 3 nantes on i ven in Figue 12. The svess-srain diagram forgiven ppg mereka ‘hows the imlions on testo avd permanet scam [MOUREL2 ‘ypc seein cn rma meu om Pipe for Severe Cyclic Conditions Cony the folowing pipe” shal be used under severe cy contons (3) Carbon Ste! Pipe [API SL, Seamless [API SL, SAW, Factor (E) 095 or greater [APL SLX #2, Seamless [API SLX 46, Seamless [API SLX 52, Seamless ASTM AS3, Seamless ASTM A106 ASTM A353, Semis ASTM A369 [ASTM A3B1, Factor (E) 0.90 or greater ASTM ASD ‘ASTM A67L, Factor (B) 0:90 or greter ‘ASTM A672, Factor (F) 0:90 or greater ‘ASTM A691, Factor (E) 0:90 or greater (8) Low and Inermedioe Ally Sel Pipe ASTM A333, Seamless ASTM ABS ASTM AS® ASTM A126, Factor (E) 0.90 or greater ASTM A671, Factor (E) 0.90 or eens ASTM A672, Factor (E) 09 or gente ‘ASTM AGO Factor (E) 090 9r greater (2) Staines Stel Ally Pipe ASTM A265, Seamless ‘ASTM A3I2, Seamles Pipe seer Ayo ASTM A358, Factor (5) 0.90 or greater . ASTM A376 ‘ASTM A830 ‘ASTM A45t, Factor (E) 0.90 or greater (8) Copper and Coper Alloy Pipe ASTM 82 ASTM BGG (2. Nickel and Nickel Alloy Pipe ASTM BIBI ASTM Bi6s ASTM BUGT ASTM B07 (0. Aluminum Aloy Pipe ASTM 1210, Tempers O snd 1412 ‘ASTM 21s, Tempers O and HI2 Foc mechanical properties and chemical of eah one of he steele ATM tn ee Special pling meter inclade sone hasty, conan, ad ssinum allay Seeton of pete meal depends pan The poe ‘Sper Be corto prpeich Sng he pi depos wok ‘tree wh minimum Row ton (etree eee STATIC AND DYNAMIC LOADS Loadings flectng the piping system ean be chsiied as primary and secondary. Primary londing cure om sintsned loads like ead weight Primary load re called non-sel limiing fonds. An example ofa seconde ‘oading (Gt Ung is thermal expansion lod. Because diferent ppg des define the piping qualification extern in aighly diferent way exch ‘ode wil he adaresed separately ler, ‘Sate lading ince Weigh eet Give loads snd dead tai. ‘Thermal expansion and contraction eles, fects of support, anchor, and ecminal moves Interna or external presse lading. ‘Soe aes Byam Lande 5 Live nds under weightfect include weight of content, so0™,andice eas. ‘Dead loads const of weigh of piping valves, fanges isustion, and other superimposed permanent toads ‘Dynamic loadings include 1. Impact fores. 2. Wind 3. Seismic loads earthquake / 4. Vibration 5S. Discharge loads Piping Matoris Properties ‘Thermal eet include thermal loads that rise when re thermal expansion lor contraction i prevented by supports o anchors, loads eto temperature radients in thick pipe wall, and loads dve to diference i dermal oeficems of materials sin jcketed piping. The coefient of linear ‘expansion ofa solids defined asthe ineemnem of length na uit ngth fra Change intemperate a oe degre. The walt miroinches pe inch pF. ‘The unit for the mean coefficient of thermal expansion between 70°F (astallaion temperate) and the given temperature is given as inches of ‘expansion per L00(tot pp length in Table Al of Appendt ales are from ASME 531-3 Piping Code). Ta convert for achlinchF to ioe 1001 the following relation maybe wed Expansion cofhiient in 1001) = (coecend) x 12% 100 (design temp. instalation emp) (11) Young's muduls o modulus of clas is wnt sess cvited by wait stesin or mont strsturtl materi the mods of elicit or compression isthe same st fr tenion. Valve of decreaes with an Incest in temperature. Table A2 of Append give valves for piping terials or ‘he normal temperate tage: The aio of wel teal contraction to unit dil elongation is called Pesos ra, Coder allow a value f 03 t0 be Ted atall temperatures forall tals, Scie Gravee: The pei gravity ofa slid o igi i the rato of ‘he mass of am equal volume Of water a some standard teuperatare (physics wae JF and enpioery ute OOF). The apecife yevity {iss usually expressed in terms of hydrogen an itis 8 number Density, “The demsy ithe mas per unit volume of he fui. The nit Tein. For example deriy of carbon sect 50283 Ii See Table Pl se An ‘TABLE LL Poko: Rais 0d Deny 6 Piping Materia Mae Type Desi in| Poiots Ratio atonal we oz pase Die enon ore ‘Asin sees (5) ase oan Intermediate tly steak 028, 332 Se CeMo Ce ‘Beas 66% Co 2) oats om ‘Aioun lye 100 oa Seeeinc WeioKr: The specie wegin isthe weight per unit volume, “The intetelaion of density and specie weight w= gp. where acceleraton due gray. “Table 1.1 gives values of Poisons ratio and density for common piping sata sample 1 Fin the near thermal expansion (n/100 1) beeen 70 and 392F toe carbon tel. Coetcient for 375°F = 248;n/100t (oslo from Ap: pendie Table Al) (Coetsent for 407F By near intrelaton, expansion fot S9F = 248 +(992-MISHO0088) =263ia)1008 Find the modulus of eastcity for austenite tel at) “200°, (4) 70, ana 258, Eat 2077 = 29.910 pei ead from Append Table A2) Est WP =283% Ups E for 625°F should te ‘oerpeaed between valies of 6O0"F and ror B at ore =25.4. 108 lor TOO = 2858% L" B (oe 625° is 254~25(0254—24.8) 100) 225.4 10 pi 0.15 2525% Note atthe E value decreases wih increase in temperature. Lower ‘valu of Young's module east thatthe fest shige Use| 7 ting frees and moments a he the higher vase (at TOE or at ntti femmperaate) should be wed io ses ealeultons PIPING SPECIFICATION Piping specication is ten for each service such as steam, ait oxy gen and caustic. The specication coniins Information about Ping {ural thickness, commended vaives,Hanges, branch connection, and Instrument connection. Figure 3 shows a Speiicaion for esas sevice Example ‘An Sin. pipe needs pipe with thickness of 80 schedule (which allows for {a coronon allowance and maxim latenl pressure of 200 psig up to ISO°F) with» bovel-adged A53 Grade B seule. The lobe valve ied is crane 351 (refertace 1 in Chapter 9, The Banger are of 150 pat presure fatng with raised tase and weld neck alipcn type, The material ofthe ange 'S-As105 (per standard ANSI_B165} The requirement for the branch connection (her weldolet or tee) is given on the branch Sonnection table. Foran Sin, header and a Sin. branch, the weldolet is required fr given ‘internat pressive. The pressure snd tempersare conditions in the piping ‘should alvays Be within inside the tated line) the presuretemperture farve given inthe speleation. renin, coacslon & movewses of ppt ad nl pos wil ot eae: 1 alle of piping oF support from oversrst or fatigue. 2. Leakage at joint, 3. Detrimental stesso atntion in piping oF in connected equipnest (pumps vse aves fo exemple) ing rom eceste thrusts oF moments in the piping oii dents he mene of he pene of a ping length i the proper deestion. The purpore of piping exit analysis 5 ‘rece a piping layout hat cases gather excesve steed mor excesive fd reactions. ‘To achieve this, Injout should pat be SI also not ‘esieable 10 make the stem unoeexsaiy exible Because this requlres eecess materials, has increasing nial eet, Move lege wah many Bens freaeapreste trop, which ineresea operating ct 0 Fine Suess Analysis Figure 14 shows exmpes of sf and feb piping. When piping is subjected to change in temperature and iC the pipe nt estained fom ‘caponsion, no stress are developed and the pipe jst expands or contacts ‘When the pipe is restrained, tess nd Torecs of coasierable magritede ire cieated For example, at rofiety neat Howson, Texas when to ax ‘estan were present ins staight sles line (ee Fig. 1-13} the bending of ‘tege support frame and te fate of a pipe atthe shoe pipe weld area ‘occured “The thermal force that developed when both ends of» bot piping ae restrained i enormous andi also independent ofthe length ot piping. “Thermal force = Been de to expansionimetl aes) (1.2), Beample (Caeaate the force devdoped ina 10 jn. sch 40 catbon steal pipe 3 Grade ‘subjected to 207 fom sa isla temperature of HF "The metal ares ofa 10s seh 40 pipe ie 119 sain. (Appendix Table Ad). “The expansion eoeicint at 200° 0.99 in 10Oft (Appeme Table A), B= 279% 10" pa (Nppeni Table A2) Paceanronsexge@sxi.9 [min 2(2)int=n] = 273.9081 ‘The layout of piping stem provides iohereat fexbiliy through changes in dvection The sf ppg stem show inFigae can be made ‘ent In diferent ways. gure 1S shows the incuson of expansion loop i space pes. An expansion jin (Fig. 1.6) maybe sBtea fee Eq, 5.4 foe Regret st ree Bera ay hs Oe" —-© Oo OURE LT tex pve by ning somes — 4 pressure thst cacubtion) or the equipment may be taned by t degrees nd thot provies the leg to abr the expansion, ae shwn ia Figure 1 "when a piping system lacks buit-in changes ip econ, the enpioeer should consider adding Bextiiy by one or more ofthe folowing meas: bends, loops or ffs, sve joins, corrugated pipe expansion oto the ‘ellons or slip jin type, or ther devices permlting angua, rotational or {xia movements. Exparlon joints and expansion loop willbe creed in Geta in Chapter 5 EXPLANATION OF TERMS RELATED TO PIPE SUPPORTS Translations 204 rolaloes, shout the thee reference nies A large ‘number in the order of 10" fia sera or tassins fies 0 the digital computer prorams to simulate theft. The deta of = ‘structural anchor may be obiained frm each company’s ppe sun? ‘andar, Teac: A device primary intended to seit dtpacement of the piping ‘ue tothe action of any forces other than hose due weal expansion ‘orto gravity. Note hat with his tain, «camping device scased 5 bind of brace CConeeranr-nrronr Surront: A support capable of applying a relatively ‘constant force at any diplacerent within is wife operating range (ee, counterseght or compensating sting deve, Daurisa Device: A deshpot or other Ietlogl devs tht increases the ‘damming of a sytem, offering hgh reainnce against rapid displace ‘ment caused by dyponie toads while permilng ese ce move ‘ment under very gradvally applied deplacement (eg, snbber. ‘iano: support by mich piping i suspended rom a uructre, 2nd s0 ‘On, and which fanetons by carrying the piping eed i eso. cA Pie es Ant Liner Stor A device that restricts Wanslatory movement to limite ‘amount in ove diesion along ny single aus, Pralting the various ‘Nope there muy aso be double-acting lit ops, wo-ax nit top, ted wo0 Resiuiex7 Sumroxs: A supprt thal inclades one or more largely elastle ‘member (ey srg Resting of Stibie Supront: A device proving suppor from beneath ‘he piping but feng no restance other than Sioa 0 Roraontal Retna: Any deve that prevents resis, of iit the fee movement ‘ot the ping Riote wou; SurtORT: A support providing stiffness in atleast one ‘irection, whch comparable to that of the pipe. Sor: A device tat permits rostion but prevents ransatory movement in steast one diretionalong ay died ais IM wansaion prevented in both erections along the saree ais, he tert double-ating stop Dreesatly pple, Stop i also hnown as “Bamper Surronr: A device wed specifclly to ssa a postion of weight ofthe Dining Stem pasty toperimpased versa oad. “Two.nkus Stor: A device which prevents Uanslatory movement in one “eection slong each of two axe, Once complete (eight thermal plus pretend thermal pus presse rts weight analysis of the piptng stem has been conducted, support ‘mediation ean te made very east "When a pipe line moves a 4 result of thermal expansion, its necessary that lenblehongersbe provided sha support the piping ssiem throughout its thermal eyele: Thos pes of hangers are generally employed 1 Rigi sport or rod hangers that supposedly prevent any movement song the an ofthe hanger. Red hangers are wed whem he fee “yetmal deections of small enough 3 that thet restai of move: ‘ment does net jradute exceuivefeactins inthe piping Siem ‘Variable support or srg bangers provide 2 sporting force equal torhot load reetence 6) le slowing delecon, ‘Constant support or constant elort hangers that provide am een “lly constant supporting free Uoughout the thesnal cle, Veal Constant support hangers. do nt restrain the tree moverment othe ‘tem and therefore donot increas the pins ste. ‘THE GUIDED CANTILEVER METHOD ‘One of the simplified methods used in piping design i known 2: he guided famiever method, Beene defections ave arumed 10 occur bn 8 gle cee een, lve system under te guided cantilever approximation, a shown in Figure TVS. The deflection capacity ols cantilever under ts asumpion can be sven by Eq. 13 (elerence 3 MaLts, 1 "SED. wo where A = permissible deflection, inches ‘Sa allowable sess range, pi (given by Ey. 4.1) “The system ht ony two tera pints and iti ceepses of legs of a pipe with anflorm soz and thickness and square corer All legs ae pall wo the coordinate axe. ‘Thermal expansion is absorbed only by legs in 2 perpendicular Sirection ‘The amount of thermal expansion that given eg can absorb is faversely proportions ots aifles,Besaute the eae oferta resection, heir sifies wil vary according tobe inverse value of the cube of thet lengths. 5 «In accommodating theril expansion, the legs 2c as guided can- ‘levers, that, hey ate subjected to bending der eB dsplace- rents however, no end tation Is permit shorn in Figure 18 ‘As a further renement ofthis metho, a correction fctor that sows for ‘ecg the bending asnent, dst the rotation a he eg nace to the ‘one contiered, canbe sed (erence 3), Example ‘Calcateleg required forthe two anchor problem an force P given in igure 19. (Cold mada = 2795108 pat Deflection A= 1) +2010) = 2.340 Reartanging Ba. 1.3 (gldedeantlever method): RAITT RASEDS, 20038 415,00) Sedig sue = 5, = Em PL Mean ais r= 5248-202) 3 Z=setlon modulus ~ WP thickness) = m(2.13)(0237) =3:38in? COMPARISON OF SIMPLIFIED ANALYSIS METHODS Rea sl rom ie ped tod an be gal enguer “Sig cor on am et tapind teas rs ead pon ed ep need charts and graphs for theif solution. ie “Toned eres tc ach af te med, ei for tyes pon tate) gs damon ati pene be (ioteence Methods ‘Tube tums (eterence 5) ITT Grinnell eteence 6) M.W, Kellogg (cferece 3) Digital computer soltion including bend Mexibiiy factors (efer- nee 7) 5, Digital computer solution wing square corner approach (not inl ing the bond Hexbiiy) “Teble 1.2 includes the sange of diameters (6-2¢in), wal hickness, and ‘moment of inertia I ured in the cleltions. Table 23 shows the congue {on ofa U loop (expansion loop) ar L she, and a Zshape, The maximum bending sees also given foreach metho. Figute 1.10 shows the variation of bending seas wih area moment of inertia Ifthe kp. Here Twas selected instead of diameter becouse Faso Incles the effect of wall hiskness. As ean be Seen the Crinel| metho ives very highly conservative resus. Expansion loops are furterdscussed In Chapter 5. Figure 1-11 shows the vavation of bending tess for the L shape. The ‘elngg. method give higher stem values, Figure 1.12 demoastates the ‘aratlon of bending sree wid moment of Inertia (oF the Z shape. The “gil computer solution wing EZFLEX computer program gives 1owet ‘numbers which understandable becaute the othe methods ae meant 0 De ‘conservaive. The Kell method ir dneviced in deta i Chapter 5 (5.2 ed 53. TABLE 12 Pipe Sues Used ix Compuron of Spied Methods Momest ot Gt Feo. Teste wat aria Sect 2, GOP sen lmnter Thame in) im eas «ams ana rr ers Tym aT urs 20280 0a) 70a 1275 Show was ID aa 1400203370 stage 160 Sk 15250 as Se a0 moo 2) 7aT6 aD TST ano Sik 9a) aS ttm re nse FIGURE 11: Reng tn Ls ig | | | ps0 FIGURE L12 Seng es Zak eg EXERCISES, 1. (a) Find soil expansion fog intermediate alloy sel (SCr Mo through 9.Cr Mo) pipe a temperatures of (1) “55°, (2) 431%, 0) 1572. the temperate given i out ot range for the materia, sugges sable ‘mater for that tempertore, Conder lengih of 120" (by Fld for aceite tel the following 2 istaltion temperature: (Young's modatas (2). Poisons ato 8) Dems (6 “Cateaate tout elongation in 15211 of pipe made of cabon see subjected 0 6457 zw Find vals for low chrome sel t ~L1SYF, 70°, and SUE. Explain the effect of temperature on F vale. Find cold and hot stesses for ASTM AS3 Crade pipe at 70 and east. » 2% Calculate the thermal ose develop i he piping that is fed a both ‘ens a shen Pgure 113. I comes a an Bin ach 4, 37bOn Steet ‘ie with operating temperature TOF: Use Ba, 12 ‘9 coefiet of thermal expansion at 320°F = 12 in/tO0fE 0 Pie Stress Anayis GME LLG Une pi Lage, 4. Calculate theses ofthe layoutin Figure 1.14. Iteonsists ofa 10in. seh 40, carbon steel pps of AS3 Grade 8 material at SOUT. 10000 p51 Sy temperature of 200. The Cola leg needed in Figure 15. 6. ‘Two ogeipment noms have thermal movement and layout a shown in Figure 1.16. What willbe the length L? "The eavton seek pige hat # nominal diameter of Sin, and a 1 stinstoott, ieabe ses S.= Sy 20000 ps, Ca. 8.000ps) = 279 1 S ‘Two veil are connected by piping a shown in Figure 1.17. Wha isthe Tengih reeled forthe leg? What the force and moment? peter a FLOURE LIS A Zaha ing wit noe movemens | oO I woe TIGUME a Ping comecis ve Fora 6in sch 40 carbon steel pipe ASB Grade 1a in. Allowable ses range Su =28,000 pe elnear expansion % Avesel hasan average operating temperate of SOO. With fn rom the vestel noale going 0 an equipment shawn in Figre 1-18, what thom be the length E? Tie 12in, ech 40 pipe vith a temperature of 4075. The ge i of [883 Grade B materi. Sr = 20000 pi and 5, ~ 16350 p(n practical ees, Lis ited by tower eight REFERENCES ANSUASME 913-180 Che! ant ond Prelim eo ‘ASTM Amal Bot ASTM Sn, Die eso Dr Me MWR Dit f ig St. New Yt ‘haem, Fano ab 8. Roeappny “Canon frets om art snes ‘soho wt ail cooper can ‘Tobe Turm iis of Chmaton Cn “ng Knpeng, LH6 Eszaon nd IFT Gea nat Png. “Pig Ds mt ising = EZALEK Ping Heubity sina Poy ‘tan Compan. “Fon Ph” a et | gece d= insie oametee = D,~21 CHAPTER TWO | ES are ey ald srecers pe aki co HAPTER TWO SiS ln geen ES a sd Sess er atte amd a gary tea Sura neeseee DESIGN OF PRESSURE Smet OE COMPONENTS Br BBE 2) ‘CALCULATION OF MINIMUM WALL TABLE 21 Vater of ¥ Cacia o Be Used ia Bq 21" ‘THICKNESS OF A PIPE Femperie Piping codes cequre that the minimem thiskaest ta, including the al- ‘OE and iow 950 1000 1050 1159 1150 a sone Jomance for mechanical strength, shall eat be les than the thickness aad sing Eq. 21 rales rr a ‘nate see 04 08 08 oo 0s at Po. Cantor mo “ "aSE,+ PR" * Newtenousmente 2 Stone ANSUASME BBL TaieD001 hee ta = ini required wal thickness, inches ices es cs Pdnseral pressure, meus Sameer St pe, inches ‘allowable sess at design temperature (known a hot sts), st (Gee Appendix Table 3) ‘Acalowance, additonal thieknest to provide for material removed in tenting, corrosion, or erosion allowance manufacturing tolerance (MT) should ako be considered. anioaion os aan eee particle meted (2) oss te nse oa rope ad dp pete ee ce oss recone cac ay get Rae veer ws FR Captar be Mira sed beet ‘ : Ret ‘= a o (2.23) ap Me ea “Reference ANSWASME (31.3, Tate 32.3 3. | | | | 2 — naga et e-—004— TABLE 20 Siright and Spt Kanga Weld Sint Quay Hate E Type tot ‘Baninaioe = Fara ba els [Avvegured by pecifegion 060 hari reatnce weld |Asrequied hy specifeaton 083 Ec fon els teu by speciation 080 (ng bat nl) Tice on weld Spot radiograph 090 {ost bt se) lei son welt 100% rage 100 {segs our se lection wed Aseequied bypeifenion 085 (Goat bt wa). hc aon meld Spot iogah 090 (oabe bot wa Elec fin weld 100% eaciogaph 100 (dont bt a). By ASTM AZIL secdenion Ar eguedbyspecfeaton 075 Double sutmeraed ae Radar 095 ele pipe (er APT SL or SLX) Raat BI ANUASME IOS Beampe CCaleuiate the minimum permitsible wall thickoess for 2 Oia, nomi! ‘ameter pipe under 350 pi and SS0°F. Matera s ASTM. AIDS Grade & fentbon tech. corrosion allowance Is 0.088 Tas. Thickness ta = EO A * Hk PY) gn, Pm =350psig D=109Sian B= 1.0 for same pipe SS, shot aowable ses (erste) for A106 Grade B= 172900 psi (ee Appenix A) Y=04 (cate the temperature i es than 9AP) tam pre RMIT) sos 0.48 =" 207,000 1+ 350%0.8) pits Me a4 sas Nina hikes = 0.eatin ne T=Mij ~ =o ‘nd mill tolerance (MT) 1 Lenton ch Miairnaen Wo Thickowse oka —— — tf ‘Prom the manufactrer and pipe section properie information, (se ‘Acpeudit AM) 4 10in. pipe with sch 20 is selected with nomial al ‘Gicknesh of 025 in. For pipes under external presure see Eqs 9:10 heave? 9.13, Altrnate Equations to Calculate Wall Thickness ooking at Bq, 2.1 agin, we see hat aemt* en SE, + PY) where i the presse design thickness in inches. [Equations 23 and 2 (Lam® equation) may alo be wd to cleat: es) cr) Equations 21,23, and 2.4 ae va for 1 D6 tia pie). "The pipe ih 1 DIG (hick-waled pipe) or P/SEy> 0385 requires special Comideraton taking design and material factors into account such theory offre, aig, abt thermal sues erence 1) ‘Allowable Working Pressure “The allowable working pressure ol» pge can be determined by Eq, 25 es whore = specified wal thickness or actual wall thickness in inches. For bends the minimum wall tckness ate bending should not be es than the minima veuled for straight pipe Blanks “The presure denga Mhiekees of permanent Hanks is given by the Pe 1a ABE Awe ao ~ engn ot Prassre Comoonent where dy inne dlmeter of gasket lor sated face oF fat (pan) face anges geet pch Sameer font, jt and Cally tine gasketed anges in es. Tost Pressure ‘The hydrosaie test pressure at any point inthe sytem should be no ess than {times the devgn pressure. For temperatures above GSI, the tiimum tes pressure Py ie gven By Se Design pressure) en Sy allowable sen at 650°F (Sy at 50°F) (se Appendix Table A3) lable sues at design temperature (Sy at design temperature) Allowable Pressure in Miter Bonds Miter Bends ‘An angular offset of 3 deystes or ess (angle «ia Figure 22) does not fequire design considennon a8 a mater bead. Acceptable meio for ‘pressure design of mule and singe tee bends ae glen is) and () (0) Maliple Mier Bends: The maximum allowable iteraalpesute ha be the laser value calculate irom Eqn 2 a and b. Ths equations re not Sppiable when @ exceeds 22.5 degree Ser=9F, tne \ asm ny Presa niaa a p-SiO Rn) (ay) (0) Single wr Bends (oe Wily Spaced Mer Bens) (0) The maximum allowable feral presse fora sage miter bend ‘tn angle no greater thn 225 degrees sal be calculated by Eg, 23 'Q). The maximum alowehle internal presse for single miter bend with angle rete thin 225 depres shal be ealelatad BY ay 2. poo fBMP=9[____ Tae) lemon asian aa (te) FIGURE 24. Han comerion wens (ANSUASME ae See 9 (0) The following nomencatre i wed in Eas. 2.85/28, and 286 fr te prewure design ot miter tends = optoson owenee ‘ tatimum allowable interaa presse fr mite bends ean reiu fp using goranal wall T ecive rads of miter bend, defined a the shortest distance from ‘he pipe cemtdine othe ftersection of the planes of adjacent miter jolts Ey = gully factor Gee Eq, 220) "allowable sues at design empeature, psi T= pipe wall thiknes (ensured oF minitum pee purchase specication) (p= angle of miter ext degrees 12a of change in gneton at miter jolat = 20 e x or con given by Eg nce wth tk code, the value of shall tbe Less than Yat > RnB De es) where A, has the following expiial values (ot vali in St unis Value of Vaiue of (Toi 05 10 oe ry ea 29.117 See Chapter 4 foe farther discussion on miter bes Example Cates musi allowable internal prewar forthe multe iter bend, Piste thickaese fia. Comoton alowance Ase, Manufacturing a= Towanee 8:90 in Mitr OD b 36a — ——— Biitoreumants fr nnd Gemahs Cannas — or two-meld miter (ce Fig. 22) “The mean radi ofthe pipe = 35.5/2= 17.78, "The material consis of ASI2 TP 304 H sails tee, Temperature is nvr. “Allowable hor sieie is S. = SEy = 3060 psi_ (For Appenis Table A), Intepolate between Sy= 3700 pei tor OPE and S290 psi for 13S0°F Bend rags, R= Sta. Gee Table 4), ‘Using Gq. 28a allowable pressure en SBUE= Tae | eo laoroaa mn eTTTS 8908-00 (05-000 T1a3 Gas=0on soe wT TOTO) =p, ies Ba, 2.80, alowbe prose i 2 SE(T= 9 Ron 1 aioe) 084049) 34=1198 198 (SE=0SUT) ~0186e “The maimom sllomable pressure forthe miter i the snd of he values ‘alculated shove. Thus Px = Spi REINFORCEMENTS FOR WELDED BRANCH CONNECTIONS" When a hole i ct ina pipe subjected to internal preare, the dsc ofthe “mata shat would normally be eating lene stenes it the Hoop ‘Sceton is removed and am alternate path rot be provided. TO achieve {hiss sinpliied “area replecenent” of "compensation approuch i used “Tht method proves for aditond reiforeement materi hich wihin ‘pected ditance trom the edge of the hole egal tothe ea ek the Iateriol removed. Relnforeement at branch Intercoms are also ‘occasionally needed to dsbatesiesies aking from pipe loads. See kus ses latensifeation futon (SIF) in Chaper for the eda Tn SMEARS! B13, Seton 36193. Yin ofthe called valve of SIP when relafocement was provided. The Feinorcement requitement for Incr peeure i usally defined inthe Piping speciation ofthe project Additonal renforzement may be eed for piping lads. Figure 21 shows pipe cun-branch connection (reproduced trom B313 code) Requitements ofthe ether odes are sina. A aumber ot worked ‘out probleme ae given in Appendix H of BS13 code (Reproduced here as ‘Appendis Table AS). “The requiemens are not applicable wo branch connetons in which the smaller angle between branch and ran isles than 45 depres, oF in which the aio the beanch doesnot interec he ais of heen, (@) Nimelanre. The nomenclature below ls wed in the pressure esi of melded ranch connection. It iutated in Fig, 2.1 which oes not dea deta tor construction of welding Definitions ‘beset celerting to branch dy =eflective length removed rom pipe a branch ‘d= all wd” ofinforeement one Mayor Ty~e)+(Ti~ e+ a2, whichever is greater, bat i any ese ‘ot ore thin Dy nw sbeeit reteting to ron or header Lox helght of reinforcement zone outie of ean pipe ‘S(T, =€) 08 23(Ty —€)* Ty WRebeveE es ‘T= minum thickness of refrcing ng of sale made fom pipe (Use ‘ori thikest fm fom plats) ite i 9 enforcement pod OF ale ‘pressure disignthcknesr of pipe eceording tothe appropriate wall thickness. 2.1. fer weed pipe whem the ranch doesnot intersect ‘he longiudial weld of the som, the Basie allowable sess $ Tor the Pie ie Append A3) may be we in deermining forthe purpose of reinforcement calculation only When the branch des treet the longitsina weld ofthe fun the allowable tes Sey of the" pipe thal be wedi te clclation. The allowable ses SE, of he branch, hall be wed in calculating _p=smaler ange between axes of branch and un 0) Required Reinforcement Area. The reinforcement ae Ay requied for branch connections under iteaalpressre shal be Ac (ad 2—sin 8) 2.1) ad under external presire sal be atl en (©) Rehforcement Area. The seinforement 23 is the sum of areas Ast Ay + Ae defined below, and sll equa or exceed the required vio. forcement fea Ay {Uy Area Ay The area lying withia the reisforeement zone reauting hom ony ces thickness avaible in the ren wall A= 2d ANT 4-0) ey (2) Area Ay The area lying within the tenforcement zone resling roe any exces thickness availabe inthe abc pipe wal 2b sin 2 a ey 0 Aree Ax The arcs of ll ther meal within the seioreement zone vide by wcid metal and other einfocament metal properly stacked oa on beach Materials wie for reinforcement may dle fom these ofthe run pipe, ‘ovded they are compatitie wth the fm and branch pipes with respect to ‘rtiaiiy, heat teting requirement, galvaniecoroion, thermal expan- the allowable sues fo sgh ates ess han tha for Svan on thera pipe, the corresponding esevlted apa most be edsced inthe ratio ‘tthe allowable suess value before Deing counted toward the reinforce” tment area, No additonal creda bal be taken for matrls having higher ‘lw vues te Reinforcement Zone. The ‘enforcement zove is pacallogeam those Iength extends a distance of don each side ofthe entertne ofthe ane open © Renorceen of Mle Opin, When an oo ate et ope SS a paced hehe etre ees oe eet cpcig shal btenocedh wins combined rent Wess SEER eq ote spare opens ee REMETaNGL coe D043. O93 ale or ence ae ‘hen axed ott hnde frfarar ening) 0 poreon of he {tren sal conc a png amore fan ove oesing. oF SC more an ons ina Cone we. When feo oF ore espe Oe povidd wih ombed iceen he wi acne exswcea ces of ony two tse opens shout preery be STi wows hte veage dome aof he sea of refocement earan hem sal tr test eu 0 30% ol he Wot sealed ee ‘se oes hie fata Ine Sonard EST maybe comes {Grated ecotmennion on pacing bree eld oot) “0 fins an Sai, Aconl eercemen provided of ingore sal of ven cons! wh Psample 10 soi dann pin etn ol pt 0h en dee te tlett ceaathe eon ee a ect a irr ee Sea ti cee re eee as nS hrvek bastante oo ae eee oma ay [Allowable sree for ASTM AS3 Grade B at 64°F = 15.000ibin2 From Table 2.1 facior ¥ 0. elon 907) 400% 1075, ‘reo STIX AKO For banc eam TE AH 14 AHS) Tex: For header, = 0.18084, Minimo thickness of Lin, seh 20= 029i Eneess = 0.219 ~ 041418 NON hora, tip open snore 913, Sei 2003700, Minium tikes of in, sh 400.207 in, cose 207 -00503 008 “The minimum thicknesses sbove ae the nomial schedule dimensions les 124% mil lerance (MT) alowed by the standard Eflective length, dy =4.5~2(0,177) = 4.25460, y= dy 4.26865, ‘The Leis the minimum of 25(T.~¢) of 25(Ty~)-+ Ts thas, tis the ini of 2.50122 of 2.5>0,207 +025. (Assume fin reinforcement) ‘Cleat, the fst condition govere so tat L,= 0.5Sin, Regard are3= tye d) = 01818 ¥ 42606 "= 0.6087 in? CCompenstion area evalabe rom header, y= ences thickness) 442646 0.0472 = 02012 in? Compensation area vainnle from branch, “Aye tierce thickness) S1AKGHTT 0.1296? “Total compensation available without renkoeing ya =0.3306in? Cross-section area of pad eequted =(0.6047—0.3906Y2 =0:1370in? “This results in ting with L12in. oui distr, hi. wide, and Ln, tick. Our neglect of the ates ofthe weld filles mites no erence in Practice, It must be pointed out, however, that fora service of ths severity ‘eldoiet would be prelered Por more example poblems, see Appendit Table AS. EXERCISES. I. Catclae intel pressure desig thickness or Bin carbon steel A106 ‘Geade Bs pipe wader 420 uly a SOF. I mil tolerance (MT) = 12.5% ‘corrosion allowance H00Sin. elet commercial avalble tienes 2 Calculate asimum allowable presse which can be held in a 12in Slondard weight AS3 Grade B pipe a 725°. Astume wast MT and 8.1 in for coresion allowance, 3. Select the commercially avilable thieknes to bold $0 psig at 700°. Pipe is 12in. A106 Grade A move, NET is 12.5%, aod corrosion allowance is 0.06, REFERENCE 1. own, “Fem oS sn Sra” CHAPTER THREE PIPE SPAN CALCULATION “The maximum allowable spans for horizontal piping systems ate limited by vee man actors bending sue, vertical defection, and natural fequene By rclating natural frequeney and defection Imitation, the allowable span can be determined ae Ihe lower ofthe calculated support spacings based on ending sues ond detection, ‘SPAN LIMITATIONS “The formulation and equation obttined depend upon the end conditions sumed, By sacuming a staigh pipe beam, ply supported at both ens, Egg 31 apd 3.2 are obtained frlerence 1 This end condi gives higher ‘ite and sag and therefore rent im conservative spn, aE “The end conditions cam be ako atm asa mean benwcen 8 wniory ‘loaded team simply supported a both ends nd unformly loaded team ith ‘bvh ends feed, Wah tis assumption (elerence 2) Ear. 33} and 3 are obisine bce on tiitation of sess en sed on ion of defection (3.2) L. (2= bce on linitation of os: 6) based on ination of ection oa | Sa % here L~allowabl pip spa, ct 2 mods of eson of pp, i & lowe tense ses fr the pipe material at desig temperature ‘(known as allowable ho teas), we =fotal weight pe, metal weigh * ont Height inslation weight ‘3 llowable defection or sg inche ° 1=area momento ner of pipe in = moduli of lsc ofthe pipe atrial at design temperature pi Grown as hot modus of estegy nn eNSMPST ‘Te exceptions are 1 The piping isin a satis sate, excep for movement induced by lemperatue changes. lect of pulsation, siration, sway o arth ‘quake are ot taken ito aceount 2 Concentrated loads sila 10 wsives are through 3.4 ot considered ia Ege 3.1 NATURAL FREQUENCY ‘otmos refinery piping a natural fequency of about cis suet toavoid ‘sence in nonpulating pipelines. However, the auf fequny fi ‘9ses pr second is related to the maximum defection 8 in inches by ait ee 4 = acceleration dv 1 gravity, 286 in/sec? (92.12 (Used {Tiettore the natural frequency foe a simple beam corresponding to 21.00in.sgit3.12 ps. One the reasons lorkiniing the elec onic tomas the pipe ail enough wih high envugh aural fegueney to ovo Irae _ Rrplnnde under any smal dsurbing tore Although this may seem too Tom, 748 practise the natal frequency wil be higher because (1) end moment, ‘rvsci here wil ase the requncy by more than 15%; (2) theeiteaspan «= Kiseily ied by stress and is arty reached; and 0) the piping weight ‘Moumed is often later than the acu ond. fg Bd setting nual requency and detectontimitaion, the maximum span ths determined by the salle valves obtained by Eqs. 33 and 3, 44, 1Re calculated span ie then mulplid by the span eduction (ator Figure hows dierent piping arangement and epan redection (act (eterence 3). scan be sen, spn rection factor les than 0. Assuming that the pin is simpy supported at both ened the valve 2 “e as) Aocated at midspan incase Gol Fg. 31a b= LI erived smi ening ses = ne 69 Detection = SHE E36? on We mconcetitedwelgh sr tte valve in pounds wesc belay cen 3. and 9 maybe aed alate actu enema denceoe when the op & eihe know ot sumed. re Sowa perator pag viconcemacd weigher © vahesanyuerelogitsspaneate6cPe a, apantedotinfactonimay tt TEEPE eam tn fuco ods ihe spn raueson fron cated ‘Stine db tycomparing he menage spp ih nemo se to ny anforny seed weg 9 eve elias” a anon —— “TABLE 3.1 Span Roocin Factor {for Valve Location (sing 9.3.) = | 005 01 1s 02, 025 03 04 as 01 | 097 G5 om 0m) Om om om 0m 02 | 095 052 aa 087 046° 086 086088 os | 09 ow a7 075 07% 073 7 035 075 | O8ts 078 671 06H 0455 065s O68 0 051 OM 066 063 081 080 081 Os 12s | 0775 067 oss 058s 0555 056 0555 O58 150 | 07 06 ose ass os) 052 05 055 175 | ors ows 0555 0525 os0s 049s 049s 0525 200 | 069 058 05s 050, oat au? 047 05 250 | 06s 0st 049 94s 044 043 083 O86 ko | 056 04s 040 037 036 035 036 O38 so } sr os as om 033 om om om ota overt PF “Table 3.1 gives valves off for diferent valves of « and. DRAINAGE, Ris olen necessary to install pipe systems so they wil rain by srviy, teal inthe direction of oral ow. Toackieerainageeachspan mus ‘be ptched so thatthe ote wl! lower than te maximum sap af he pipe ‘Thepitchol pipe spanwirth-at between he dop elevation athe egth ‘of span his elle "average graont™ and is expressed in inches pr foot Graent Check for Drainage drop in elevation worage patient 6 = IER nslewatiOn 1, cor a , spt 24 Common Pig nmdton Maes Drainage ue. es Boe aon Te Belo ‘ann ee as Foun git a0 Payne 200 Fer gas ue osree 20 “The condton for g008 srnage = Mein ctesion) ow 1. calelating madive of seeton and area momeat inertia of piping. corravion allowance may be inluied, which wil eal inn sighily Nghe? “Table 32 gives the common piping mass-ype ination materials. TRE ‘other type known a rective ahd sense reactor bldings of cleat plants Geterence ‘To ilstate the wse of te preceding equations the folowing Example Problems we worked ou sample Problem 2 ‘Caeulate the allowable span tr L0H, pipe with standard wal operating ‘U0. ate the piping ie eabou tel 6 Grade B. The pipe s ‘ied with rae ol whose speci gravity is 1.21 has a2. thie each slcate islation of density 11 Te. Metal weight, coment weight, ad instation weighty alo be obtained rom aay standard tbl. Assim’ at the mation dfsetiog allowed 8. Se weight of pie = £(OD?=1D>Ydensiy of seetengt) $u02s-100r9024412 0.6.0 Conca wsight = FUDY Menger ea Fuvoxr aa Ss = 34.17 ion weight = (0D of insulation = OD/Menehysensiy) * w fase —sarsa(' ase ont wigl ep w= 104434174622 73 ‘Vang Ea, 33 based on Tia of ses: “Span tion mada = 29.90? |= allowable ses of pipe material for design teiperatwe 7,900 ptr eaibon sted AIDEGrbe Ban OOF pet BSNS ‘ode (Appendix Table 1) AERIS i ‘ing, 34 tse o imitation of onl eto of ins (EEE 000 ee Vise? Vixsi7 uns nds a 40" or catonstecwithenrboncoment ames =r.0xt0'ps rea momento neta pipe 22K on. iat By selecting the sar of $8.2 (Land 39.71 3 5p, the spn is 39.71 een Cleat oth maximum allowable amin te following se (sing bis {nformation fom Example 1) {GV It Lin sate defecton wae allowed {ty tlhe material the pipe as stainless steel ASI2 TP 318 (6) the piping material as ausinum seamless B241 Grade 6061 1S, (S) the piping material wa red ras, seamless B33 (Commercial brass G6Cu319 0. (6) oie piping was wed (Ni Cu, specication B165,P No.42, Grade 400, tot annealed. Cate (2): tin state defestion sallow: t 1. {eT T3580) on Case (8 If se material of the pipe was stainless sec A312 TP 304 G8CetN pipe 1 ES = ETAT, 3580.79) Requited span, 139.554 Cove ():_ the piping material was aluminum seamless 6241 Grade 6061 Tem srr: ec EN ge Rees = (fT 607 soa, Regie span, 6 = 24K coe o ‘cae (9: We piping material was red bees seamless BAS commercial ‘rom 66 Con343) =m ‘Bor ara Fey" as@om >" 720 Reged span, L= 2721 Cas (e)> Whe material was N-Cu, specication BUGS, P No. «2 Geade 0, bot annealed: 1 FPTBR oe 95 tev son 0 PEASE [BOOTH 59 T3073) Requied span, L= 37.18 “Table of span To provide the reader witha quick reference values of span, “able 3.30 and Table 3.30 are presented ‘The following sumptions were made: 1. Pipe material is carbon stest_ ASX Grads A. Toble 138 applies conservatively 19 al ater sel, “Temperature rages fom zero to 630°. AL SUF, Sy ~ 12,000 sh ‘Models of elasticity Ey = 25.2% 1 pi fom the piping cove 23. Specie gravity of Mui Is 1.0 (water. 4 Density of aslation is 11 Wye ‘Whickness of lsulation i Hin for pipe sizes 14 2a. for pipe ses 18. 2m fr pipe sas 16-2440. ‘The pipe was weated as »hrtaoatal Boum, sypprted at both ends, crying wnior tod eg Yate combined weightol etl Weis ater and inslanon, “The maximo state Jfection was In, and mtu feequensy was Mae “The masimom bonding tes was cquated 1 lowable weigh ares sql to half the allowable Bot tes S. yar a ny noma SCN Las 120 ss 1.000.080 fo actors (Cu Coad C ois ‘e000 8,000 100 12,000 14.00 16090 18,000, 2,090 0707 ‘TAMLE 3.30 Calelition ouoe ast? 106 » 0x05 0930 0967 1.000 0559 0456 ost ash 062s 0580 orm 08 0790 ovo? cael ai 000 ast yee pe om ci ns ES Sob emee Ton wits bl ease Matty te pL” anyother allowable ses 5, the maximum span Cyl, where 12,000)", Fordetetions other than in, the maximum pipe span is CL! where c(aity™ Fornataral frequency fotherthan3.12 ps, themanimum spanis CL’ where C= 312i ‘Tyce caleultion factors are gvenin Table 3.3 for some vavesof Sy anf ‘Ths caleulation factor should not be confused with span reduction Factors ‘res ealern Figure 31. Beample 1, Using Table 3.3, calculate the maximumspan allowed or 1. sch 40 Pipe. (Asse. 12,000 psi = Ting and f= 3.12cp3) ‘Span 1. considering the sess fom Table 3.38 = 43 Span L contig the detection Tate ‘Stlet the sate of the fo spans, namely 43 2 Caleulate the span if S, was 10,000 ps. ‘From Table 3.3, the calcullon factor s C,= 0.913, spans ootMasy=39.200 3. Calelate the span it ‘From Table 33h the calelation factor is C= 0841, span= oats) =37 6, 4 Calculate the span the pipet connected toa compressor with speed of Beps From Table 3.3 calculation fctor C) 0.625, span = 0.62544 Calcuation ofthe alouable span under dynamic losing i complicated ‘he conservative formula fr ealeltng the restraint spacing (reference 5) tet on stress eriterion given by carne oan \theceK = ssamieeooiciont depending om the peak of Moor uxpansespectra (tiple of acceleration, Sp ee pees: ‘Byram defection citron (efeence 4) can 88 Wied to eee the allowable span under dynamic loading. Forasimply sepporte igi pan bese, the maximum deection by taking fone made & given as Maxium 3 = 22 62) where m= pipe massoot B= modus of elasticity, pst ‘T=momet of inert, ine Aye = Selmi aeceeration of pipe, (Use GUIDE SPACING FOR WIND LOADING “Table 3.4 gives maximum spacing of guides for versa piping. ‘Table 35 giver suggested pipe support spacing pan) as per ASWE Nucleat Code, Secon Il, Divison 1, Subsection NFIT3.L ‘TABLE 4 Maxam Spacing of Galles Nomina Pipe Sze in) uid Spacing (0) u a 2 a 5 p cuit nade ep shou ie Stent Sle ob 2 Ul ppegtetontt ines tenes 2 eptiherieett een nolwndinssenpsie a ot aL TABLES Sopa Pipe Sapper Spting ‘Siegel Masimam Sn Pepe ae ‘Stem, Ga oF wi wate Serice ir Soe 2 0 B > 2 15 + “ 0 6 ” a 2 > sa 6 z 3s 20 a0 » aw x a Shit i fend a Serpe mom png Serpe 50 2 Doerner pesos ame ow we Sed sensor hm ne he ed 2. These netonsmeximum combi beg edie es ket ecb ore ‘hats! bowen por eae, DESIGN RULES FOR PIPE SUPPORTS ing Supports Seppors for piping with longitudinal ax in approximately harzontat [eon shall be spacer a povent xcesive sear nesses resulting rom 9 ‘ed bending inthe piping with special coaideration ven when components ‘eb as pumps ant vance that impose concentrated loads. The suagsted maximum spans for spacing of weigh supports for standaed Weight and er pipe ae given in Table 35, EXERCISES AL Caleuiate the maximum soma span fora. 16a standsrd wiht pipe Fed wiht wbone poe pavity e095 The pipe inated wi ae igs See ey ‘hick colsum sate wih ensy 12.291. the mater of te ping is carbon steel ALOG Grade B andthe terperatave of the oi is GOOF. ‘Assume te mamum defection allowed 618. 1 Caeuat the pani valve weighing 10S01b was located at themispan of Exercise Calculate the span ta valve weighing 10SO1b was leated at one-hit Span distance from one support of Exercise 1. Caeulat the span ifthe pipe considered in Exercise 1 has a 90 dogree tlbow beteen the suppers. ‘Caeut the sai deflection ia a 10; eh 80 stains sec pipe filed sith water ad with 3in of ber gas ination. REFERENCES. ae, Wa Pg Sgr for dst Png Ses Pon I 1D. ot bega se s00 Tron Senin i Speen, AZM ate, Te Dhl eee Sedo, Ny. BK Soe Simic Ay Medd eS es” ASME TE-EVE-, Sew tay ee Ds Sat Dnt pa Tatg for Nee Poet ‘Panay Paper 43k at Wats Conese Ere Engen, Home, 1. [aN3 Sted ASH" Lads Dg an er Stes” ‘Mine Cnt nt tn” Wg | | CHAPTER FOUR ANSI PIPING CODES AND ASME CODES ‘Tee ANS! Piping Codes and ASME Pressure Vese codes give guidelines for ig dovgn In genera te latest evsion ofthe code should be wed. Inthe ‘Gsiga of Naciear Porer Plans Piping, the code of record, which not ‘cel the atest cevision, fora specife plant can be use. ‘Codes related to piping espn ince: 1. ANSE BBL, Poser Piping (eerence 1) ANSE B3L3, Chemical Plant ond Petcloum Refinery Piping (ference 2) ANSI B3L4, Liged Transportation Piping (reference 3) ANSI SLB, Gus Transportation Piping elerence 4 ‘ASME Section Il, Neclear Components Desig (lerace5)* Subscetion NA General Appendix, Material Propet ‘Section NB Clot 1 iping (high energy piping) Subyection NC Chss2 piping Subsection NO Clas 3 piping Subscction NF Support design ucleae components design i treated in Chapor 10 * Sater stage snd Cap (Opening nn ANGI Fina Cores an ASAE Ping Codes ‘NENAL PRESSURE AND ’ LONGITUDINAL STRESSES © Code allowable steses ate designed to prevent fre ofthe pping systems, "Two pes of fallce that the piping should be protected against are! 4 Direct overtes oil due to peesure weight, wind, earthquake, ‘and olhee primary loads, 2. Fatigue or dstortion due to dsplacementstaias (generally ther ets) which ae secondary lads. ‘The limits of eaeulate sess caused by ssn fads aod displacement 1. Internal Presive Soeser: Stress due to Ineral pressure is com ‘ered safe hen the pipe wall icknest a any eelaforcement ae equate, (See thcknes calculation n Chaplet 2) 2 Langindinal Sresses (5): “The sum of longitudinal stresses ressting ftom pressure, weigh, andothersustained loadings shall nt exced the tsi lowable sues for materi at maximum mal temperate Sy Pipe thickness sed inthe calculation of 5, must be reduced By allowances such as coreston, exon, manulctoring tolerance, and owe depth. 3. Allowable Sress Renge fer Diplacement Sosses: The allowable stress ange Sy is given by: Sa fl.288-+0258) a where Sc bse allowable sues forthe material at minimum (ok) metal temperature, pl Syshot are ‘T=sressredoction factor for eelie conditions forthe total umber ‘ffl tempecatre cycles over expected ie “Fable 4.1 gives values of ves tange reduction actor, f TABLE 4A Strut Ramge Ratton Facto. mbar of Glee = 71010 andes 10 710 © 1660 0 15.00 v9 22000 on 223806 45000 or ‘S000 0 on 06 Ore 10600 as Toe ehawia sae a 8 gla. a3 qi gio. aten Tack! Bless a3 1 3: Sfx de gs gj225 0 an: a2: s\f2 > Bo ag a|gi2 285 282 s|fia 828 a2 2 a|fia 222 a5 2 (825 2: a Sjaie fad fa 8 Bites Sak aba |g lai daa aaa [4 Bei oan, wale de ely i 3 anaé aaad |3 amowy —entons wson || f sitmun stev— sroaocanciey | § pais fouy é paseo ompiatneam —roosemes |! ‘wnen Sm year ian the clculate vale ot 5. he ference between ‘hem may be added othe tem 0.288, in Eq 4.1. io seas the allowable stress range becomes: Sam f1.4515.+5)~ 8.1 (ay Appendix Table A3 gives valet of old tes 5, and Hot sues S fo piping ‘mater rom B33 piping code, "Representative valuey of Sand Sf carbon steel, alloy steel A335 3 Crp ‘Mo, and for stinies steel A3T2 TP 308 ae given in Table 4.2 from B3E.T (cterence 1), B3L3 (elerence 2), and. Section It (Clos 2 material futsecton NC, reference 5) As can be seen, BSI} code gives higher ‘llowable sues whereas Section, Class 2 materials ae alloweshigher yield ‘ares. Appeni Table A3 gives B33 values forthe most eoramon materials, For othe codes, appropriate relerences sould be used inthe actual design ‘Caleulaton of allowable sess range Sy wsing Eq. 41 is frequently ‘encountered. Thee examples ae given hee Yo show the calculation of Si Example |. Apipetstariated of seamless carbon sts! to specification ASTM A106 Grade B. The design temperature i 700"F. What i the allowable ‘xpotion stress ange? Reler to ANSI B3I3 (atest edo) 1 led the Value of Sand Sy sess at minimum temperature 10 100° (Le 'S)= 20000 1h/n2 Stes at 700% (Le, ,) = 16,800Ib/n? (Appendix “Table A3) fa the absence of any reason for taking a lover value assume J LO; then $= 1.01.28 20,000 0.25 x 16,800) ~ 28,00 In ‘A pipe supplies steam toa jacketed process vesel that operated on 8 tach procewwitha 4 hour eel. Thrseom temperature e200°F andthe maori of the pipe fa seamless ow apd intermediate alloy see! pipe, [ASTM A335 5 Cr-l Mo. It the instalation is operated continoowly a the design Iie isto be 12 yeas, what the allowable stress range for ‘thermal stresses inthe pipe? Allowable tes (cold) = S,=20,00 tin Allowable sess (325°) Sy = 18,100 bin? Namier of eyes = 1¥365 12 = 26,280 107 (or 22900-45,00Reyces)_ (Woe Table 4.1) Sau M285, +0255,) Sas 21.28 20,000 40.28% 18,100) = 20.667 in? ‘in ae sytem attains temprature of -90"F when the eli (Appendix Table A3) - ie ey 5 oe Ftv ite The met isis steppe 312 TP 305 (C118 = pipet. What isthe sonable expansion ess range? Tw things to ote are: 1. Because slic valved do notoperate vei frequently, we will jsted Inesuming that the pipe wllexperence estan 7000 cycle of stress ‘Thereore f= 1.0. ‘The fat thatthe range from ambient to operating temperatures is egative makes no difeence. Iti the temperate ehange that Fox ASTM A312 TP 308 seamless pipe, the allowable sess is ini to 107) S.= 5,920,000 Sa=f(L.288, 40255) pst Sa 1.41.25 20,000 +0.25 204000} = 30,000 ps. PETROLEUM REFINERY PIPING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR FORMAL ANALYSIS* ‘No formal analysis of adequate Nexbility i required in systems which: ‘Are duplizaes of success operating installations oc veplacements ‘without signicant change of ystems wih satfacto'y service vecord 2 Can be readily adsed equate by compton with previous fnalyrd ye 2. ‘Arcot unlonm si, hs more than two pois of ain and 99 incest, sod sty Ea 43. Dy 305. iL- oF eo hee D = nominal pipe sis, inches 9 = resell of toa displacement strane tobe abuoxbed bythe piping ‘spstom laches U-~Anchor distance, straight ine datance between anchors, ee = developed length of piping betucen anchor eet ‘S.~ allowable sess range, pi iaclga ste tangeredeton factor f Pon ASMEYANSI HDL wht Ronen oe Anis a9 se se a co were mre tha O00 ye ovement eat ig {ie of installation). mee = modula of he piping materi tect ondon, ™ . Becmse oo ger poo can be offered tha 4, 4.3 wil slay be consrave, con thud be ctreked napping to aera Sntgrtons neq eg U-ben to age Gameter th-wall ppe tess ‘menafeation factors of the order a ve or more oo conto ee ‘conse mvs oe tant dcesionconesting he anchor Poms Corte ge proporon ofthe expenson ty sermestbe awa hatcomplnce ih Ba. docs not eure tat te tein atone wiltesasactry A vale of0.09 may oeesumeator be righthane side in Eg, 43 &esaugh information wat not avaiable. (Ea. 43 ‘Ses not include weighteMect) Peample 4 Check if fom pags necesary inthe piping arrangement piven in Figure 4.1 wing Bq. 43. “The diameter 1 in, temperature 300, concent i 0.023 n/t cl ge for earbon steet A106 Grade B see Appendix Table AD) ‘The expanion in each direction and termina movement is z= 40(0023)= 09210, 8y=(30~ 10(0.023)+ (2-1) =1. 92 Ar 150023)= 0.3485 yeORF TSE FONIF=2 13, (D= nomial pipe sie = 1010, af pe [OUR orm! nt gine “htt Oa Bong meme 6 01d modulus fr eatbon ses! = 27.9% 10 pe (Appenix ‘Table A2) = developed engin 15+ 104154 50425=1158 {0 = anchor diane ~ 58.51 aaah ne datance between anchor) $4" 1.255, +0255) = 125(20,000) +02520.000) = a0 ps pation 4. ses that formal naa ot necessary it Dy 305 THe “ 92.3) 10019 Tao Tiss ies 05x _ 350.000) _ Sena a5 = 0.00668 = o0322 Because Dy/(L~ U)?<30Ss/Fs, 0 formal analysis is necesary from the ‘ermal exit pont of wis. INPLANE AND OUTPLANE BENDING MOMENTS ‘The B31. code defines nplane and outpane bending momen, which are shown inFigures42and43-AMler application of theinplane ending moment [GUME 42 tnplne so ovine mann bend tmoment. See Table 0.1 tor Nucl Code equations ‘STRESS INTENSIFICATION FACTORS. Piping aulories like bend (2. elbows, miter bends) and branch con: Welding te, faviaied tes) have Resbility character Meaty Tchr ana tes intensification factors (SIF). In this area mos nde ineloing Bai stands tren 6) abe 3 Geen om Apert O- ANSI BML, 18? rein ges euio fo clang var rb fae twine SP Nother Cac mt aw hue ogo val or ‘utpane SIF (.75/K°") compared with higher valve of 091% tor plane Sir 19 vo a amen N= usm ss psn ott ton Lay eam sgsye vo re fn bs oF A | | SRS ae rt | ‘ate erect) = - ome "se vont) GRR, ns om 20364 CL eR AIS AY LBV 2 ANS! Pipi Codes and ASME Piping Codes, cumple 5. Calculate UF and fexbily actor or 12 in standardchedule long caus tow (a) For weaing elbow, ‘end aus = Ry» 1S(gomiaa ameter 1. Fomine wall thickness =0.37Sia. (See Appendix Table Ad, propectes of pipe) and erume that elbow and pipe have same thik Ls tox ctaacnse= PS (eatin om Table 3) oars00) 9 Teuw75¢ 0178 as 14s est cor = 2 an ase 909 A mingane ste intention factor = P= Oy 286 07 A eouplane Sie = gis 24 “he lover alte 4 "0.7382 i lowed for 831.9 2nd 344. esta high ae (03/8 may be wer th and Char. Sean ant muy bead tend (and For Bast Powe Big acer Ping. Sec, Clases an 3 png eg se “ 1 i one end 6 Mange, te conection fatv= C= h"= i060, xt toe (8) 0508 inns 6 (28) =0540 2) saw —14 ote = ¢ (28) x0 sane y= 1365 Mina ends. —_ By modeling fang atthe chow, the lower SUF valcs can be te Bexiiy fator alo as been (MATER BENDS. Mier bends shall be used, when more econoial, fo changsincetion on fea wae piping, drain tines, and intel ppingin rere vss in which esl ee a eo bn ota ttn *ocentigal puns soul be aininum ose dime rom the ‘ction flange. ‘The eqns i calculate srs ineaifeation factors for ites ae given in Table 4.3 The miter end canbe eer clsey spaced or “ey pce Stemi ying te owing eno “The miter closely speed Whe miter space Ss S me . & a “ neal goon, 7atl 430) ste 2 a mt wi den Wandin eee io oge he pton fa he, x 2 2 me ‘aa ute sca fs pd thoes fr at * re Fn Des he nse pps te Fe s £ THF vate fr moe SE con Sper rte pp = zw saccular ot nh & 8 me Roane a8 n a vm 17. Cafelae SUF and factor foram Rin diameter stander sh pg with ‘Sin. branch i (2) intersection an unreinoreed fabrleated tex (©) it pad ches sed i equal to pie thicknes. (©) if pe thickness sedi 0.57. ‘The fede wal cast isF ~ 0.3229 The ean aie of pipe {2831 Fing odes ved ASME Pina Codes _ (2) The uneinforced fabricated ce: ren chaacterstie = see tent factor 1 1 oupneSIF= 05/8" <99)00716! = = iplane SIP =Bi +4 34.95) +4396 (0) The nore fbreted te: ‘7, pad thickness = 0.322in,, k= 1.0 pe(PHTY® fos +Hos20y oss Tn, (oxmapt isa) 0382.15) Loimegaie asa 2 hed thedasayti=214 (€ The pod thickoest=0:57in. See Noe $ of Table 436. When BST abe b= atte. 12/4.152= 0.0776 * 9s 0213 1.510375) =0.5625 Given pa thickness 7, =0.5 in, > 1.50379), 95,09 9 aig foe" ws" a507 Wangs b=kuaged L137 ‘Some piping cole (references 2 and 3) gle forms for corecting Geibiliy {ecto and ses intensieation factor (SIF) for elbona or bends. The efecto presore om sts forces, ead meen bY using corrected sess is fensifcation factors and eb factors i dacused net. ‘When pressure effects cosidetd, SIF valves are lowe, thus redcing the sctal ermal sites However, the anchor force increases because the ‘eniity athe bend has reduced. Presture can affect significantly the teagsiede ofthe Nei factor and SIF in are diameter thal looms ee ery “TADLE 4S Meaty and Sr Intmiation Fete lor Bend ‘Sree Inenaieatin Pastor ext Pei Fr” “Oupaa yin Chncrie omwirion OE ee coe sesdng con eS 2 core esleatations, Sree TS Fives equations for caleslatng Meibiity cdaracteristic Aexblty actor ouplane and inplanesresintensieaion actors (and 4) {or clbow and bend “The nib factork i he table apis to bending in any plane. The feb factor k and stress Intensiaion factor | shou nt be les th ty factors (or trioneqel uty. Both factors apply over the elect Aength Gown by heavy contr lines inthe sketch) for erred bends. "Asinpeintentifeaion factor equalt90.9K"* maybe sed for both and L desi, “The correction actor CFR for fexibiliy bend ie given a6 Eq #5: ore 1f2))" duc to presureonelbow or cnatesalQEy a where T= nominal wall thickness of the tings for elbows and miter DEMS, of ateing pipe inches R= bead ads of welding elbow or pipe bed, ches P= gauge pressure, pl £, = old modulus of elasticity, pst quation 4 Su snd for comection stor ae givenia Cherie! lan and (B313-1980) and Liguld Petroleum Trans 14-1979). PLCURE LA. Syne pain op ‘To Mute the effect of presse on Mexibily factor and ses n= ‘ensfeaton fetors an example prodien wing welding elbows (Node 50) = ‘ed se shown ia Figure 44 Example 8. The ouside dlameter of a pipe 8.6250, enh SRSA ss F032. R= | Stoominal mete) ~ 518) =12in P= 250g e219 x wp ‘he exit characteris iz natty g ose, esis ume Sp mst ol rere on tes Interaction and ebay Fcios 69 “he ouane SIF 07s HP ~ 247 ~ 209 “pe ipae SIF . 09 b= Bdpa2ae or om teil factor 165 _ 1.65 ee ama” 736 ‘The sven ctr CFK for he Beni at (4,450) =f EN") ~[elasira) Gina) ean | =r “The coreced eibiity factor 11837 sbesasteyeay GN] -\ sas iim) (ae) | assez Conected outplane SIP = 24 m3. 36 Corse ipa Si 2 4 [TABLE AS. Pec of Promare st Shows Node 30) ‘perc 35D po) "Baer ne ‘Epon eee Es saat Se useatistion ‘heer Te we wat ‘Ticks Presure ‘et rry Taint 22 som = gee 708 ie e286 E00 oa sown as = a 28 029 7078 ae 1 jo aS er 208 base ame 2a 286 7 as sa Tas ‘ote that he ei factor ad theses intensieation factor reduce when fessare flct on elbows considered. Four diferent diameters mete Wed Firing feos 6 10 12 nfo result eomparison, "Fae 6 gives the cnulteobtaieed. For exaple with an 8.625ie. OD SIP factors are 4=244 and 200 when so pressure fleet wat Tieted, reeling in expansion Suess of 4396 gu a bend 30. When pes eect vas consdered, forthe same Sin. nominal ates ge, (i236, 0 196, and expansion atest of 18,009 psi at bend 50 were Soained "The percen’ change fn els due othe pressure fle for the in. ine percent change (lowe) in expansion stress = 3818.00 25-103, TH 10% percent change (large) in axial force at anchor 100 Ferthesume expansion oop with .625 in. OD pipe the pressure ange was hanged, At Table 47 shows the pressure eflet Becomes more sgniizant ih nrease in pressure, THs psiie at icling peste effect on SIF and on fexblty fetor ‘mld ake the dterence between the expansion sess valves obtained with teaiwthout pressure effect This effect wil be sigaltean in the cane of age fianeter diewal elbows. TABLE 47 Elect of Pram a hows (Nodes) (00 = Si3in, theme = 82D ins epee ASF Stes Intention sat Factor Espanion Poet Prosar Sess Change at Change Gey oa)_ ower) Ancor h) Crp Nomewe 26 20 eR 20 36. aos a0 a at) 30 las 2 ak 3046 26 2 Assad betore only 1.3 ana B.A piping codes have allowed the we of sng Eq. -Sbt include the fleet ofpesute on SIF, Base work oa thisaren nd the (ormulation for the equatinn fe found in teterence 7 ahd thc ‘sformason was used 1 reduce the ses in piping in eal case analysix Two Targe ameter (65.24 in) long (65000) stem lines were bull wo supply seated seam at 00°F to heavy water plans at Ontaco Hydo's Bruce Nocleae Power Developaeat (felerence In preliminary analy, the ‘equation for Bexbiy and ses ntensiication factors given in power code DBBL.1 were sed (eterence{) In sather analy Bgs. 4 5a nd b were wed Ad the ping was qualites, [STRESSES IN A PIPING SYSTEM ‘The equation for expansion sess Se is given by Eq. 48. The equation lot resulta bending test 5, glven by Eq 47. For branch connections, the rent Bending sesh equation requires ‘adits valve 2 vied for header od branch ‘18 and 4.9 show hs diference. The ealuted vale of expansion ss Sp reed oe lover than expansion ses range Sq ese defined WY Ea 4. “The ties In a piping system fe generaly low for smaller temperature ‘aradon, ale diameter, smaller expansion coefcent,lwet oul of ‘tasty, and he longer the length he ppeina ection perpedeust ‘Seecion of expesion. "The pip wll Wickness has no signet effect on being stress due 10 mera expansion Bat affect the end forces and moments in ec rae, So ‘verte ant be remedied by 2g thickness; onthe conta, ths eas {o aake mates wore: by increasing frees and moment Flite Stesses* 1. Beoding and worsona steses shall be computed using tho minted ‘modulus of clascty and then combined In wcordunee with Eq 4.610 ‘cterine the computed diplncement sre ange Sy wich shall noexceed the alowabe surat range Sx 50 SFIS 4s bore § + plant being steno $= 84/22 = toronal tress ps 1M = tskonal moment, Zscetion mol pip? Puan ANSUASME OB Sn IDA Smee io Pag Sytem ” The thermal expansion sires (Eq 46) aged onthe acim she theory. 2, Te resultant bending sresies 5, 10 be wed in Ba. for cloowe and ater bends sal be caleulted in secorctce with Bg 7, sh moments 5 ‘hownin Figure 4.2. ‘y= resultant bending sess, pi «n here = lnplane sire intensisetin factor from Table 43a {= outplne stress intensifetion actor fom Table #30 IM. inplane bending somes, ib 'M,=ovtplane bending moment n> Z = sectional modulus ot pipe, in? 3. The eesultant beading stesbes 5 t be used in Eq, 4.6 for branch connections shal be ealzusted in accordance with Es, 4.8 ad 4.9 with ‘moments as showa in Figute 43. For header (eps 1 aad Ao rE 5 Me oe, For branch (eg 3) 9 ‘whore, = resultant bending sas, pe 2, effective seetion modulus for branch uf te, n= a3 ‘= mean branch eve sctonal ra, aches i effective branch wal thicknes, inches Geser of & and (4) ‘thickness of pipe matching run of tee or bende? exclave of ‘cinforeing element inches |S thickness of pipe matching branch, inches Le outpane sts fntemication factor ingle ses intcraeation factor 4. Allowable ses range Sate perme edtive strsis shall be ‘computed in accordance with Ea, 4,1 998 Bq, 42. Ecamgte % Caleulte tonional sires, bending stem, and expansion sues at fe etsaction of in, ach 0 header amd i, ach 90 branch (Pig. 4.5 ate A ue IGURK 4 Sere toma aes, Moments acting the intersection inven below Mt M, M Fewer sgl 5802S Header eg? 425 Igz 890 Braoeh es 190-920 682 Soluion: Por header,» moments trson; x moment isinplane; and = ‘moment is outplane moment. For raseh,y moment lsoutpane; x moment sinpane;and = moment ' enna! moment ‘Asome enreinorced fabricated ee (sabi saantor for SE ‘F=0337 in, bce Appendix Table Ad for 4, sch 80) that gives the highest (65-0337) =2.082in, Za42tin? F 0331 9 gp F 0337 ge hey paws ~° 9. me" 4=07963.08)+025=252 For Header Leg 1: The cesltant bending tes «SOE z ™ 427 om 136. e138 og pl Mo BK 2222)" “afaany “POs ‘The computed placement sess range i: 52= STS = GORE TIE = 13,630 pt For Header Leg 2: » Ga EEO om, =10217 ps 1921612 “ram 2558 Se= SOT ERIS = 1,876 sh For Branch Leg 5: Proaisin z=1726 ? (Appendix Table 4) = effective section modus for branch tm 16.5 -0216)= 16250, kelesserot kor (eA) 470337 in. (and mean the same thing) 44) =3.03(0-216)= 006584, 1.=0337ia, 2 = m1 6033-28507 5 2SETORITBRROTT _sa902 2S - 7a = 1192p ay aM eae ce aaa Se VITRO 12.904 os __ ANSLFining Codannd ASME Pipina aes Note the same SIF is used for the tsar and branch. In benging stress ‘aleulaton (E911 ar Branch, the setion maduls vale if mosis, ‘COLD SPRING ‘piping tem may be coldsprang or presented reduce anchor force and tment ener yt expansion, old pig say be ct short for Bot ppingor cotlong or cold (ryogeni piping. The ests sacconplshedy ‘Rontnig the vera engi of ppe by dened amount bu at exceeding he ‘aletnedxpion Catlog dane by sertngslength mang ele ipiplong. The mount of asping (CS) expressed ewapercenige {ron of thera expansion rei for eas no alowed or aes calclaons, ferent codes st the save meating by ight iret wording. ‘Te folowing om Nici Coe, Ch piping NC-367.3 ASME Section It NC36733 Cold pinging, Nocreitorcoldspieg tones wth rege Sueur Insklang dara andmmnt tg on epee he ‘escoeot any on tne har nei ange shale we. Cre ole ‘Seeing lloned wesc tan momen pote me ‘eho of aang the desi cold ping ispecies. 4.6 shows the position of the pipe before and after cold spring (cut static Thekagtclppe tO ins Srcton ed pone sce te enponnee ol S008 The pocenage Cl sping Sed 650%. The ‘retain ot thar i ot sett preg al sndeclepenonsberetsb 7 in Fort restomaotchre etscaiecntcton lpg tenet Ros pte ek ing ean ie one yea aes oy ‘Coleertsch as tno hone pie gr hot comet nel lon snd pons toned ths oer se Sites. GUE 46, ying it ot ant SISTERS ow Foe pase oy SS ae ‘Te following ices have been faced with respect tocol pring 1. By mistake some caleulate the sep lo with cot spring, which is wong. First the system should pas fr stress caleslatons wot EXPANSION JOINTS _Asdeseived enter Chapter 1 rvo devices used to improve the esi of Piping ere expansion loop and cxpunsion jim. This chapter wil deal with ‘hese two fpies in ore deta EXPANSION LOOPS. Loops provide the necesar leg of piping ina perpendiular direction 10 shot the thermal expansion. They are safer when compared with expansion jolts but ake more ace, Expasion loops maybe syrumeccal (Fg 5.1) onsjmmetical (Fig. 52}. Symmeieal loops are adraniageout 10 ute Breese leg H (Fig .1) buted efceaty to absord an equal amount of ‘xpandon foe both dsctons "The bead length La even Wye 4 wae 6) Sometines sosymnetica oops are used wo tlie the eistng support, steel or wo locate the loop at fond crossings. Vertical direction supports ae fried to support the gravity welght tthe caluloted span es dbeuued In ‘Chapter 3. Horimatal loops (end length eter tor ortontal would need 2 few more supports when compared wth vertical oops i the be length ‘ote aeshown by supports 5 n Figure 53. The optimumcatio of height [er wiih can be estate tad used ‘Wheaseveral pipinglops ne lai by side ona pipe ac, the sag ot he oop incodig the rato height per wth nay be modted ty the tops one Inside the oter as chown in Figure 5.3. But the inal sae of each loop (bod engi) must be larger an the clulsted bend length ote und aegerinesare placed oat 2 outer tops because the ong ‘eight H ineeded. Smut ier with omer icrperstres ave place aide hops Bectae hilo srangement nay {C3 advisable to estate te laos ss smog (Fg 512) tea the projet, smmowi 31) ately sages eps ec Ec ISctn tee Sa lan ee a sro epee setae poeenet nse fe ate acces same temeaton Sie Fn range recent os at rape rg inti ee pwe st Tomine ee get en Serer ee eee er ene SRiee SF tle ep eq a go nesting te renal expanse ‘oe ops ot operating sd sr WPF: Inn eee ety ee re 55. Figure 56a stows thal without gue theloopxpsion ‘Ame acted propel. igue 00 shows tne pe excpis sen oe ‘wake space needed for fture piping layout This gure demonstrate ce ee Piping lout. Ths gute demonsrntes the = ra Tt [RGURE-SA Crp matienct wi Yoh nes “Three dimensiona loops (Fig 5.7) ate widely wed because this arrange ‘ment doesnot block the routing alow temperature ies unde he loop, The ‘sal aver height about 311. The loop bend length Za alsa aken Ree as Iga W 02H without ging credit Tor the ta raiser, ‘Vertical loops ate placed at road crossings and sometimes are nonsy= etrialyleated due to the location ofthe road. Verisal guider may De ecstacy 10 Keep the ine Vertical an shown in Figure 8.8. S Stresses and onda a Looe CCacuaion of stress and loads ia 1996 by the M. W. Kellogg method {Gelerene 3 in Chapec 1 follows. ‘Sample Cateutstion Given a oog of 20in. OD xia. thick ASTM A135, Grade A pipe KyLs 204 Guldes.are nested 10fton che side ofthe lop, so that = 401 The ‘ditance between sashors A’ and Bl ODI 59), Theline erperatrels 4257 and is used $0 piping Fd noun st ote itn ct arin teen Pe a (9) The eeqired height of Kil and rant cue Bs () Thetorcesactngat points A’ and Band themomentsscting at plats and 8 PRGUNE 49 Se Sd i InoURE 7 Teedmens hse ow a tee 2) The anit tinea thermal expansion for carbon: sieeh at 25°F = (0030 n ft; = 100% 0.03 = 3 in. Sx ~ 19,890 pi (ignoring cote permission to excl longttint joint efficiency) LS. sass ape 00s nly) Enter in gure 5.10 with 0.0531 ead over to he cove representing Ki ~05 and down othe valve of Ks, whichis 032. Kul ls herstore #0032 = 1280 we Far=—108 (2 on (©) The moment of neta for 20in, OD X4in. thick pipe = L457 in* oer in Figere S11 with K-05 and K,= 0.92, "Resd A055 Avs08, Fags Fog =-OR300X0.55~ 37,5001 (sing Eg. 5.2) Mya Myo = #273/000%0.86 235,000. (ong Ea 5.5) “Tesaounphrenedas igre iim beaesnesinae these ‘the exgonion loop. Oot ofthe four areingemente of siagle-plane expansion loops thowa, type A is popular due othe eae in fabrication using standard ‘bows andsalght pipe lengths, Otberarangementrequite pipe bending 2 1 specie configuration. tn sivng at the pomogroph the fllowing were assumed: ‘ed ie the guid caneverformols given by Ba. 1, rr er K [GURE S10 Onion ong sing MLM. Keg cr us SS oa Senin cane c “1 aE edt z SF we Hogi E BoE TAGURE 12 Nonoih odie ep where Sq= 20,00} sj B= 29K ep ‘3 expan tobe absorbed bythe lop, inches D=nominal diameter, faces” (Now that B- 13 uses ouside Gianeter 1L=Distance bereeen guides, f {= Distance between anchors, {y= Bead length veqlved 1 abworb expansion Exumple 1. Findthe sist helo to abnor expansion 200tef 12 in crbonstec 1 pipe a 40QFP, Asime Bight to wah ato, JRE. Maments acs ns pai MW. Klos a ere ee 0. nenlonisans and Sonal tants —— TIGURESD emt ops ng mona ‘Using the nomograph and assuming a straight line starting fom a 12a Sareter and rough 854i, expansion, read hend length Ly as SOM, ‘Sssome H= Wy then Ly 2H W = 508, Thus HW 17 a Teast. "by calculation . OES, f=" Yeaiz0.900)~ “4 “The esimated lop sie i given la Figure 5.13. 2. Using the Kellogg method, calculate sires, force, and moment inthe ‘expatlon loop showa in Figure 54. The pipediameters6 sc 40, tempermue fe 450° and has carbon steel piping. Use ures $10 and ‘511 warsve atthe solution. hls problem te same for wich els ‘were presentedin Chapter 1, Table 13. Here heprotlemisslvedstep by ap. “The expansion coelScient for catbon ste! at 4SUP = 0.0316;n./f¢ (appeoaic a1) uw feng eion 105 and Ka 05, from Figure 5.10, read LISUIO? DA a 0.3 1 HEXt- Ky) = Ham(t-05)=10%¢ Desestion A= 200100316) =6:325n 0D ~6.25in. ‘00307 3 ra See 00310716 62506 32) Se 1=7880 psi Moments and Fores ‘Using Figue 5.1, cea Apo2t AOS where Kin05 Kan 0S 1=28,4int ial orce at anchor (Eq, 5. Fy sovo20630 = 64,000, sai Moment at guides (Ea. 5:3: Mig Mn rAd o (OSI. 1.5.22 1660 sss eb ete ae b FIGURE S15 Conn wes Now: Fist subseipt denotes direction; second subscript denotes tociion, Sins ate thee of forces and moments ting on anchor (see Fig 519), EXPANSION JOINTS 4 198 expansion join were slowed in nuclear piping design excep for the ASME Seton II, Nocleae Cas 1 Code, Subsecon NB-36712 atc that ‘xpation jolat ate not allowed in Class 1 NB tuclest componems. Past ‘cident with expansion jolt natalations ate of concer rom a safety point ‘view. Expansion Joints are ased to abnor ail compresion or exiension Tawra offset and angular rotation. AS per standacs of the Expansion Joint “Manufactures (reference 1, torsional rotation should be avoied on the ‘bellows because torque produces high ses levels in bellows. ‘Eegnsion jolts canbe broadly clad sling an exible, Theresa relative motion of adjacent prt in the coe of siping joints. Sip joint, ‘Swivel, andbal one te grouped under siding jon, Dreser coupling Shd Viel couplings are afew wade names of joins a this type. Sing Fouts are alio gown 3 packed jolts because packing wo contain intel pressure withoutleahagels necessary Flesble expansion cio way be urbe ‘vided into belows joins, metal tose, and corugated pipe (eerenoes > on) “Tb flowing ar ers wed inthe design sod specication of expasion Joints (20 Fig 5.16 for symbols wed for sore of the er) ‘Main Anchor: main anchor must be designed to withstand the forces and ‘maetnts posed upon iby each ofthe pipe sections to which the anh [Sveced. Inthe az of pip secioncotaning expansion jan, forces and ‘moments witconsitof the hast de to presse (By. 5.4) he free required, {0 detect the expansion oat (Eg, 5.5), andthe ition forees due 10 pipe sligent guides und supports When amain nacho iintlied atthe change ‘of destin of fom, the ect tthe elbow ofthe ena hat oe to ow (9.5.6) must abso be considered. -es+ cto con ot ooeeernen ER oe “~—k— =| eames | OR es Ee “yp pn Joi ind te pen Mace Direiaol Anchor: directional anchor o sig anchor one designed {0 sbaoeb loading in one direction while permiting. motion in another ‘tection. Iniemediate Anchor: Am intermedinte anchor dives «pipe Hoe into inawidoal expanding pipe sections each of whichis made exile cough he Betws: The fsb clement ofan expansion join consists one or more Ue of one oF more expansion Joins. ‘onrageions and the tangents, ay a aetna aaa Bellows Maral: A ist of metal bellows materials ssi below ‘Temporatute Range "F Bellows mate (pecifled by ASME Section VII) 30% waines eek 30010750 316 tailee steel 30010750 321 stainless see ~300 01300 347 sales seat 3006 1400 Nietet 200 300% 000 ‘Moca 400 30010 900 Inconel 600 250 01200 Inconel 625, =230 0 1200 Taceloy 800 25001500 Incooy 825 25010300 Squiem in @ Beons Expansion Joi & term employed wo denote the ‘SXcrcence of instability dye to Imeraalpresure tnd Is predominately ‘Societe with joint of 29a. dlomanee or smaller. esi of Init: This canbe increased by thinner bellows (oust ibe able to withstand he presoe, increase in numberof below, snd by mulple bellows. -Euwmal Cover: A cover used to yeoteet the exterior ofthe bellows from, foreign objects, especially when the Joe & bared wadergroun. Tne ner of seve is wed for the losing whet ts oacesiary to minimize retowal os here flow velocities ate high (or steam iss when velocity exceeds 1000 vin, ofdamstr ia ines upto 6m sia) 2, when abrasive materials ae present 44. shen there revere or turbulent Rowe 5. forall high temperature appiatons 6 fora copper elbows ‘When lateral deflection or otation presen the liner must be safety smaller in diameter o provide the neceury clearance. ‘Tie Rode: ‘These are rods or bar devices forth purpose of etinng the expansion jin fom the thro de to interml pressure, The number sods ‘ol ne rods depend upon the magnitude of trait force, Ti odsenay a gets ‘etecton it rode ualizingor Riforcing Rings: Thee bp oreinoree the elbows guns a phoma ond hip‘ inate dae shape ofthe elbows Guides: Guides ar important pats of expansion joint performance. ‘TYPES OF EXPANSION JOINTS (see Fig. 6.16) cut Exp Jot: The simplt fem ofexzson jot of sing See fou contrston dense’ aba he movement lhe pe Seton in which ts ital xcs ExpuvonJoc A doula expansion nt consis oo bellows ‘. joined by a common connector which is anchored tone rigid part of the ‘rlnnby mearsofananchortae. The anchor be maybe tached ‘Sthcoemam com it wntonor tne ca Ear btows sca sigespasio jntand aor the mowemeo Thepigesecton nich tise independent of thot lows. ‘ode epunon os shold not becosfsed with univer expnmng jon , Inrutty Guten Exemao Jnr: Ania guided expr oat ir Soa povee a ging win the expan Jobe By Iherpning en coping tral de sve, who wink tho lsot tering ngs (Ther ose tra ue pation Ratschna cts he necsyo ing eget xtra Se fade : ‘vuvena Exranson Toor A univer eganson jit conios so allows y's common connector forthe puro of aboring 2) omunatin ofthe te tae mover at axial movements incr! deecon, nd Snir orton, Univers een se Sot fermen into oe ovement et two bows te enon jin an seas th common comet ‘Toran doc pe imply tht ol Jbl ellows expanon jt ar aor uiverl movement eee incen Exrneio lon Atngedexpuion it consason below Texted pen pl ttn none plane nb aaa {i bough ge se tached fo the xpd Jo end The Bingen and Migs poe must be designed te resin te ese en ust mere pm ad extraneous fr where sibicaole Hinged expanion pnsobol be ved inv of or ‘Sneton proper : swmeexnouorion Aswingeapnion joint itdedgnedtoabor atest “ancl salor anguarretaton In re line res A dee teres oreensoe ye op of owing cach ot SEER nna obs cen ene - Expansion Loops and Expansion Joints ‘Gintan: ExMow JON: A. gta expansion joint designed to peemit. ‘angulr rotation in any ple by the ue of two pac of hinges affixed to onion Noating gab rng The gimbal rng, hinges, and pins must be Sesigned to resin the thrst of the expansion joint de to interral pressure and exraneou forces, where applicable. Prrsnste Bacanceo Exrusit Jot: A presore balanced expansion joint is designed to abot mal movement andor Interal defection while Fesraning the presire thst by means fe devices interconnecting the fw bellow with an opposed bellows also subjected line presture. Ties {ype of expansion join normally wed where a change of direction ‘cout aun of piping. The Row end a presute balanced expansion {ein sometimes consis two bellows seperatedby common connector Iw wbich case itis ealed a universal pressure balsneed expansion oie [PRESSURE THRUST FORCE “The static thrust, 0 interns pressus i sven by Ea. 3.6 Baap 64) where a etletive area coresponing tothe mean dameter of the cor. ‘pation, p> design tine peesare based on most severe condition, ps “There ered compere expesion tinea iretion Fn F(a rig comtaniomout otcompremtoa) (55) “The cea tr F the elbow de to fw i given by: 2a 8 : el onl 69 here Aimer mea ot pipe, 5m ‘= densy of ad yo ‘a Waveocty off, thee ‘eeelertion du to gravy = 33.20? angle of bead Figue 5.17 shows the cltow where « mals anchor i located, The design FCURE.AT Anctortoe seen anstor tore shout include pressure thst cents thus, tig at Ferg a gas, so rf cape he blows name "Using the BIMA (eleence 1 equation eluate hydrostatic examination © fetpressre ibs design pressure 125 pl and design emperatre's 00 ‘The bellows mate icarbon steel ASTM AS3 Grade B. "phe test pressure fusing £4, 2-7) where Be design presure= 125 pi ‘S Sallowable eres of bellows materi at test pressure (TOF) = 20,00 psi (5, tom Appendix A3) Su=slowatle seas of Ballons material a design temperature of S00 = 18500 psi (sy, om Appendix A3) EXERCISES A (a) size the expansion lop fr the following contin: Diameter = Ki, standard Mei Wateral~ a3 Gade A Distance between anchors =220% Wtv ot pipe length a0 Temperature = 7507 Span =250 (@) Coleulate ths love at schon foc hoes with Ten slide plate (©) Gatealate the force at guides. 12 (a) Design the expansion loop, by equation, with loop height o with ratioas Distance Between anchors =2054 “Tempersoe= 8O0FF Span = 20% Diameter = (2in. stead weight Materiel = AS3 Grade B 4) Calealte the force at anchors for shoes with tee on see {e) Catal the force at pier, 3 ta) Caeutte the thermal expansion at A and B inthe piping stem tien in Figre 5.18. Material A106 Grade Bat 730°. sen 90 stgsshom TAGURE SIP Nantel op, (©) Which of the following is advantageous 10 use: () sptmetical expansion loop? (2) unsymmetrical expansion loop? ‘The dimension of n expansion op sited a shown ia Figur 5.19.1 4 pipe has a temperature of 650F, how many expanson fops are reguied for S00 lng pipe? atine sanchoredat both ends, but anchors have thermal ovement as what the sit ofthe oop? Iti in, eh 80, AS 380F. ‘Gin. diameter op has standard sch AS3 Grade B pipe with operating temperature 375 or lop shown in Figure $21: (nd resultant ores Fataschows; (@) iad moment M a anchors. “fot. TIOURE 622 Expanion in Sie an expansion loop based on the following condos: 12 in, ASS Grade Beh 0 ple: temperature i 350° loop widths 8; and length ot pig i 18040 From manutacurer slg find overall length ffeil hose poeded foratin. fle defection tora in ineraaldinmerer hove Asime ype ‘tend connection, 1A 2.n diameter eatbon sect standard weight pipe fa 25°F Design ‘pressure 180 pig With» rng Delos expansion joint nthe piping stem in Figure 322, exlulteforees at nore and anchor. “the mean atea of convoltion is 151 sin; the axa sping rte ‘82 bin 3. AAO a diametee urine exhaust dct system ie abiated a in wall ‘Carbon steel and operates at full vacuum at 30°F, The movement atthe turbine exhaust Mange andthe condenser inlet ate determined a shown in Figuce 523, A univer presure-balaneed expansion ont located between two pieces ofequipmen wit the dimensions shownin Figure 13.23, Determine te forer and moments de tothe bellows ioc a the condenat and turbine conacetions, ‘The data provided by the ‘tcue dnmeter of bellows y= Ain ‘Werking pring rite fe = 32000 lin convolution [Nurnberofcovolutions flow bellows Ny= 6-6 ‘Number of eanvlutons blanciag bellows N= 6 CURE $28 aes rem tinct enn 00 ante FIGURE 524 Sp eins expan jit 11, siege bellow expansion joints plasedina 20 in. dlameter carbon steel Die tat uns between anchors A, B, C. Aschor pomt Bs actully « ‘iestional guide that esses only the axal movement. The lines operating at 150 pig and 330°P Pipe leogiheare shown in Figure 524, ‘What arth ores and moments acting at A 5, C? The data povided by the expansion joint manufacturer are: Effective area eorresponding to bellows mcan diameter 480 “Mean dlameter y= 2 ‘Working sping rate fu = 24,800 lin Jeonvolticn Blows fe length = 12 in. "Numb of convolutions N= 12 [REFERENCES | Epinin edac Astion Aad Sl IMA, ey Sete, rene Chern np. “A BA ig Peay” Cama ‘ons Aaa Ancram tesbee oan CHAPTER SIX FLANGED JOINTS Flanges ate wsed to join sections of pipe lengths and to conne piping to ‘equipments. Two main types of anges ae fat face and raised face In pipe frets analy, the eapabliy of 2 Mange to cary extemal moment is phen Importance. The actal design of fanged joints canbe obtained fom other sources (ferences 1 and 2). "The eflest of tt preload, presure,temperatue, and external moments ae dtcused below Bot reload: The inal ightening ofthe bolt sa prestesing operation. ‘The amount of iil bolt sresa developed should be enough to provide gsi al conditions that tend to produce leaking and tie ame ne ‘otso excesive that he ylding ofthe bots or Manges cam predace easation that can also resulta leakage For the Joint to be Ugh under hydrostatic one And half nes the design pressure) pressure, anil Balt stress higher than ‘the design see val may be alloned, InuanalPresure: When ternal presi i applied rhe yeing of tot ‘may eau eakagef the margin between nil olla na etstrengthis tes, Exumal Presue:."Thecombined force of eternal bending nomentandtot loading may plastaly deform certain gaskets that result i les of gasket Dresure when the connection i Cepresurned, ‘Temperaure:_ crease im emperature reduces the pressure to which the Aang can he ubjcted. A elevated temperatures te design sess als ae overned by creep rate. If the coeficint of thermal expansion fifteen {Giterent muted fr Mange and bolt, leakage may occur do ones ‘ol loud. Then eighenng of the bolt may be necessary, btit must not be {orgotten at ws fect repeated eightening canbe Cumulative andy make tbe jie unserviceable —— wn —Nomenct ating se of ange uel a “& Cie damn fge ch A, at croc rect tt as Sdn uci of ogee ae rma concreting momen de dani londig ‘© Sameer of icsan ot gutetnd renter (ane ‘porno oy te ditto ng sd) , Sowa tak soon pe vin Som Sen pa Spring ts carhguahe SSE dy dors equa Sib, ttn enh nove Pate anon scl with SE ope ask an exenely vor pony eve ‘USCA Uso colt seca. The rit wold be 4 nade: peng he ranean py ort ie emer Goal at iPegeot te aay of wesc coat ake up em EXTERNAL MOMENTS. ‘The let of extern moments wll be discussed in del. The atlowsble twoments an be ealated by the three meods utined by ASME Section IM, Nocear Power Pans Components Code NC-3638. ‘Madod 1: ‘This sees to ANSI BI65 Mange jolts with hgh stength botng (bate mates with iowabt tes at LOO noes than 20,00 pe terse lel A and Bue odgien B,6. {0 Forvrislrds Aw Bon se snd By 62 (O. ereer ie Cand Dwee ca nit BY 3 Nee eae met ppt ace cts fered enya AN BINS Meese AS nena oes eptins peice an ated 3 Tht eae ere nt. iad oie te ese tog esa ste despa no penne ft edie we eo, Tiocetpos oven ited hows eon aoa sorvctra acon. The occurence of stesso level Cand D mit may eceuitate the removalof the component rom service for inspection oF eat = Seaamaas the component oF p00" COMPARISON OF ALLOWABLE AND ACTUAL MOMENTS ‘towable Moments Method 1: (high stength bong option) the design limits and service level Hime A nd Bare Mace one 3105(5Sig\04() on ere 5/8600 shoud note rete hn Manesane for Wve! Aor B)=250(5es5)CA(jg) 2) can bo sc te esto, 2 wb wo ines tnt st E 2. 1 aS a a ene ev Yt Ca Doe: Mao pamelfor Cor D) (112504, corenS (gheg) © ie In method 2: for Manges at moderate pressures and temperate) ee) (6.4) a wa ($2) (6.5) Maemmee (8) «9 emt: ka pram mete) aro 6s oy ‘uhere Mi the largest moment (actual) om Eqs. 6, 68, an 69. ‘Acwal or total presure = Paytdesign promure (6-68) oo ot “To quality he Range under this method, Pos design pressure shouldbe les than the rated pressure (660) ‘Actual Moments - Moca) = Maas = higher of vrsina or resultant of wo bending ‘moments for gravity plus thermal normal osding, sustains ‘anshor movement plus rele valve thrust force and other ‘mechanical sustained loads, (6) MUP) = Macon sams = higher of torsion or resultant of two bend ing moments pls thermal upet pls OBE plus SAM OSE pies Loca, 68) Mlowhe8) ~ Ma monies ™ bighet f tional oF two resultant ‘bedi stoments pls hereal pset pas SSE las SAM SSE Pha Loca’ ” 69) AC greater ofthe above three asta! moments ‘This moment willbe weed to get equivaln: pressure, 610 ‘momen. Table 61 gives allowable moments fo comy Gaskets: Section NC-3647.5 lows only metalic or asbestos gushes it the ‘xpecied normal servige pressure eacées 720 psi oF the tongerains Comparion ot Aonabn a Aen Moret 105 exceeds 750°, However, compressed shet asbestos-onfined gaskets are fot limited as 10 presiure provided the gaket material ix sotaie forthe ample Probleme Calculate the allowable ana aetusl beading momens and check i the tive Mange qualiied according to ASME Section Il, NC-3636 summer is. Pipe diameter = 20, ‘The OD of the ange raised tae = 33.75. uber of tolts=28 “ota ol area =28(0.8898) =24.9¢sg in, Diameter of bolt iele C= 36'n, “The ange materia is carbon see S105 Te ttm SAI Ge 87 Balt allowable stress = 25,0 Flange material eld stress 5, = 3,800 pst Peete rating = 130 ph Design temperature = 200°F Deaiga pcasre = 175 pst. i Actual moments (Ub) frm piping anus is given in Table 62 ‘The higher of the torsional moment oF fesutant beading moment is TARLES2 Actual Moments rom Piping Asay -) aig wave Be ii pc hy nam Mem anon aa ae ioe gS — nee Mei eS 1901 6390 2825 6990 6950 ‘Mleorwal) (Eq. 4.7) Mone oa E61) or 199 987 12680 12,650 ieee rests ey ue een : ey ee cn cr a imiatetes naan oe : MMpact (Eq 6.8) Mam ree CE 5) a ° Poin Sou ga anata bo ap ae reer ae nent Mrccopnafetn) = 1482 4980+ ton DR20 fom 0 106 aed dots ~ tabulated in Tale 6.2, Equations 6.7, 68, and 6.9 are used wo exile ot ctl moment or emul, upet, and fated conditions ALLOWABLE MOMENTS. “The bolt material is SA193 Grade BY ally ste! wih allowable stress 125,000 pi ‘Method 1, known as high strengih bling opin, is wie dYecause the bolt allowable css restr tan 20,000 pat LOPE. Thus Eas. 6.1, 6.20063 te wed to calculate allowable moments. 36 F280) 28) 2.92 2i2as8ius (x) Mate = 2012858) 1571686 6) Ma anata [1.2301260)~ ssvars] (6) 328 =659,310 fu os ‘Table 63 gives the comparison of moments of the Example Problem ‘The eect of Mange material, flange rating, and flange diameter 00 towable moment sown n Table 64, Internal presi at Range e175 et ‘Ax can te expected the allowable moments ae Righer for larger flanges and ghee vans. ThesTloable momentsforcatbonstee anges sre bigher than for sans seetfarges becouse yield sess (sed in high strength bolting ‘pion for carbon sect i higher. The yield swength for extbon tel Is 32800 pa as compared with 1,300 ui for stuns steel at 2007. TABLE 63 Compacinof Moments (1) ‘Canon Astal Momest lovable Mone ry rey aC pet aia si6 OK aa 0 OK 3 1s 5 asso east 1501 rons so. Eee) 4 i aagag \tt ze (i PRE gaege |B sf eee | Be St Ded ar Pa epee rie Xt ASME Set. VI, Div. code. “Design of Flanged Joins,” Appendia li on Ah i wt oP Comp soe N48 cm Pore Ft oyna ‘Fae Geta gan” Tt aly tr ‘901s Pe rng ge Pag A Rem, ne Dane eS Pg CHAPTER SEVEN PIPING CONNECTED TO NONROTATING EQUIPMENT “The enereal loads imposed on nonrotatag equipment by piping should be below the allowate fonds supplied by equipment manulactrers. Examples of nonfed equipmens are heat exchanger tanks, pressure vee, drums, Sic cooler, and condensers. Examples Of fred vessels ae boilers aad Ses esters. ‘The ectual force sd moments Com piping stress anaisis maybe sent ‘manutactres 0 get these londs approved. «the methods to calulte local sreses on the vesel and moze iter= Fite element analpis that is more accurate but coud be expensive for computer rexoutes, 2 Local sees calculation cutis by Welding Rerexch Council (WRC bullet 107 Ueterence 3. Locales ealevaoas using Figge-Conead sotetions (ference 2), ‘4 WRC batlatin 297, (erence 8) Local Stes in Cynical Shells. supplement 19 WRC bulletin (07. For cach pace of equipment, applicable code and santa requirements ‘ould be'satsied. Instead of reprinting teat ffoemaion avaible trom | other sources, a dkcsson with specie examples fr eytnsiea and sper ‘ol eset pesemtd hare LOCAL STRESS CALCULATION USING WRC 197 BULLETIN: ‘Based on work done by Bard, WRC 107 was prepared Sign conventions ‘te ate exactly a Even inthe bulletin vw ‘Ppa Connected te Nencetating Eauimnent ‘Comments om Using WRC 107 Bulletin ‘Vee (elindrica) diameter to vessel thickness ratio range is 102 DIT 2600, ‘Nome daneter tore! diameter ati ange 80.02 d/D = 0.57, [Nor thickness isnot comaved for cpeical vessel ‘Nondimersioal constants read tom eve from WRC 107 bulein tare foraccepiabe ranges only. Etersons of eueves xn be wed only ifalowed. Vales outside the ange may give unconservative resus Match 1979 revision of the bulletin gives important revsons. ‘Baler versions should be early wes ‘Sigs for sees wee obtained by cosiering the defection of sel, seslng toe the various modes of loadings. Tensile sess is ‘marked 83+ and comresive sri is macked a5 ~, ‘Maximum shear theory hasbeen wed v0 determine ses intensity. 1 Welding Researeh Covcil 107 omits the Inernal pressure ste "Toe ec ot premune may be iaclndea deste. ‘The stese called are in theese! wal bel) nd otk. te sone Stee nay be higher im the nozale wal cae the noe opening not enforced. ‘Welding Research Council 107 method may be wed for ellipcial heads a8 well es cylindrical ond spherical shel, Swesies due to rail loud in cylindrical shells are not appisble it the length of the cylinder i less than it ads, The curves a6 for eng radius rato of 8. ‘Sess due to external moment are not applicable if he ache ‘tested within the distance of hal the sell aus tom te neat endo he wal 10, 1 “Tbe 7.1 gives sess concentation factors Ky and The equiions for calefting the sess concentration factors Ky and K; ae given fn Eqs. 7.1 nd 7.2. Table 7-1 was ganecsed using Eqs. 7.1 and 7.2. "The actual sues caleuated is compared with the allowable ses. she cu stress higher, a pad thickness assed andthe cleulstion erun vie total ckness (om of vessel and pad hiekness) as Vessel thickness. Tn practic, the astumed pad thickness equal to the ves thickness I double the thickness is not enough, effons may be made to reduce The loadings on the ves rector aeerftf on se tee ee ts ae ww meme ne T on oad] = radi wed for norale-1-shelicertace (in) an (aed on i, oa a elton aes) Tia) x & 15661 1320 ome 13680 1.6555 4010 1738 14369 17598 a0 96 ‘sos 13882 isnt 19608 Leas 20189 13 21200 197 22509 1479 asi 2.1064 CCateulate the local sree for the cylindrial exe given as fellows (eterence Ne ‘Vessel radis= Ry =72in. Vesel thickness F= 0.375; Attachment rads, 3.125 in, ‘Geometie parameters are Re Fass 3.5 mors 2097s 2225 <0063 poosrs Ze “The ses concesteation a Sra “Te mead a Reiclio PS Ges mamer he resin Leogindl monet = 0.152 oem moment y= 31.368 ‘ Sfewried Yozcas a0, tor ‘The eondimensionl co rimensionalconsans rend trom graphs of WRC 107 are: ‘wae 107 ‘Or Nenter Vatee ee men vem 2, ee a ous a 4 “ oms 8 160 woes oss se Me Fie, 0 ec - oms 4a ass RES - 2 ag wag | ons ie Ne Mie Borie Me mies m2 #4. Caleslate local sess forthe spherical veel given as follows ‘Vewel mean radies = 167-13 in Vowel thickness = 135 NNazle thickness = 03 [Nazle ean radios = 1.75 [Nazaleooteide rade = 12 ‘The apptied fonds ate: Radi load Shes loud Shea ous ‘Overtuming mament = M, = “158 808in- ‘Overturing moment = Ms ~ 47 576, ‘Torsional moment = My = 10,348 “The concentration factors 70: Ke ‘The geometse pacaetes are 0 and Ky =20. te IS. vate NB aass Tans pn Tenors . 2 u: asrss TRF Vigraanas [Noadimensona constants com WRC 107 graphs ate a olloms: SP 10s? 10 M1 19 SM 10 NEM OMTURT MART NIVET MART ° MMM My 0078 = 0040s 02s SP 105° 10 SM 1M 10 MEM, NAVE MVRGT NATVRT MyvRaT Le ° MM Me 0055 ons onto ome 0a ante Ian effort 0 extend WRC 107 snus to teger DIT and smaller AID ‘atves and to inclode the eect of the node eke, calculation wing Fligge-Conra solution is presented (rference 2) ‘WRC Bullotn 297 (rterence ) bronders the coverge of WRC Bullet 107 nis based on Stel’ theory (releonee 2). WRC 297 ince the alco mower Sarna ax us f-no0e Stearns me 2% ony 4 Sue Conentton he: chocnt eee 7.23.25 Veodndas Reatiln Some fon Radin Comp Abe aes Sy Sone fe ‘ “Som oem XP nm Dm ws (ag) tits <0 9a 0-0 * Glia) aie Her ter ser ser Br atts (atta) oe ee eis ous : ames Slater ewe eats Santa ate se sak sk 8 ee me ks bath rm rm ome ome haba tw nmaond Kevnan ge “847 M8) 37 6 a ome ae “ee nee 10s estas as sarc mama = wm wwny_ uma erst eel ey 5 1 vaca 40 Suge aot ape ee SN eras =io857 16a TEES sok 2, Wen r=, Sse ge tr cenemtacah Vent ebro Raa 16h Din Noor ina” “Zest Roum mem dvs 121175, Neck ooidersdue ‘tol ‘hoe ce yale acotce wh in conenon / pee SS sto BE ears oN ee nts teats % nl) cons 4093-19 ens on son 09 ona” wn SAE ED ty ce em MET (ET) 88 OH 986 SEE (SEIT) Mass ames seats ons asset br aman wien aE cma oma ina rms ia a % w() 1086 aise tne Hans 1088 mee a we eer Met PRT) Me _ yan ee sine on9 Et “ MAT (MART) A a tan ten a 4 ee man amy ak 16 0) tao sae Sassen aa 3-9 ‘semua =a ce ae smn ene mh nak omy onan etenion My otek Attensa non Momo wns amd mi 8 un. Syed it Siac pascAFTTO =BI TOT iin tangs TOSSA = hs, tng Coe tea fo Ti ‘eet of nozae thickness and dato on gozle Rei. Nozle and vessel ae trested a thin-walled eylindieal shel. ROTATIONAL SPRING RATE FOR CYLINDRICAL VESSEL ‘Asa conservative approtch, vest acts ae considered ign pipe es ‘slculatons. However the vessel of drum has aherent fest tha en be ‘évantageously wed Yo obtain lower end more resist extemal moments, ‘Gutol ee primary toresad hee primary moments that may be appli ‘w the ll at 2 pede, ony radial force and two moments are considered significant in crsing sell detection, Rotaors of elastic ends are wally ‘mote sgoifeant than yaaltione Mherelor lai translations of noes a ‘tha al exit gnored. "splane and oatpane spring rates are important. Ina clinical vessel the loplane spring cate cortespoods othe longitadnal monet, a he Outpt ‘ping fe coresponds tthe cucumferenial moment. As shown in Fine 71, by application othe longitedinal bending moment, he plane 'rmed by ‘stl and anzaleceateries remains npn. The eycemteenil moment ‘wt theoutplane moment because ismoment wil ing zie 28s noo ‘ut of he orginal pane Pining Loads “The poim of view shat ving rotational spring constants rest in us conservative values for tending moments should be looked into tts known thatthe primary piping Toad (eight, pressure) and Wt fle remain the same in agate, whereas secondny lading (ermal) and is ffs release aitwhen the resistance reduces, An example that, unde then Tooting the bending moments acting on the nozale ops when the rotation ‘lowed All stractcal yea have iaerentexbity that expressed 8 rotational spring sate for ves and azale connections. These epring ae ‘Should not be uted fr pump, turbine, or compecsior nozzles. _ gation 7.3 can be wd to calesatecotatoalsiffess atthe nozle conection Equation 7A expreses the formula for ealolating fexiity jose tion sing was oe Cynara! Vaasa ue uct K. Values for constant C8 0.09 fore inplane oad C077 forthe butane bending (elerence 5) ow. SO ONRTS a3 oe t= bending moment, i. = ange of rotation, radians _E = mols of elastin cold condition, pt T= area moment of neta of nozzle, in DN = diameter of aozl, inches ‘K = Sexi factor ban x BIE where C=0.09 constant for inane Bending C2027 for oupiane bending De diame ec vasel, inches T= wall thcknes of veselisbes DN= diameter of nome, inches ‘TN = wall thickness of nae inches “These spring rates sould not be ut if mal ox pa ameter grevser than ne thie ofthe vessel oc header dlamete, os) Bsample Problem “Te following four ees are comsidered tor exenating te sing TIE: 1, Vessel nowale (Fig. 7.2) rated a5 eit 2. Using rotational stifles fora 48 in diameter vest! OTB octs me ‘icURE 74, Pg arssenen or m8 ‘a ermoton “io 86 wr dane Ve 4. Wing cottons toes for #96, dlametcr veel “The sring conta caoulaton forthe 48 in ese, in thick with 12.78 (OD sore of thickness 0.375 olows “The fexbiy fst is 4 cP ee, 890 ‘The ing conta Mota cpiieiens STs) (ia) ‘The inplane spring constant with Kj as 2,98=358 x 10" in.-Ibideg. The Sep pig clu im Kea 94~ 11910" ey Tae Ya poe ecole of gpg oman he cen conte "Th ng stm ha as doe ore ora ee een ves dams) dt crimes hens en a 1STivcanp cay wen beng meen vets ct jc repped en the Met ofthe vestel norse fe incloed ny forthe ‘iameter a Compared to whea the Rexbility i ot iclode, ‘TABLE 74 Caleaied Vales of Sng Coan, “Crewman Sing Lenin shinee ar id at. “TABLE 75 Fores and Moment at Ves Nore Fore) Mamet 2) cue RRR OM OM OM Note ap 5056S ASAT aa ERD Wind a9 1866465 99m 2.008 ass finda S477 a4 9am SRD aT Sein, ATH TSO 475 Tp80 198 ast “The example Problem given as Figure 7.2 was select 1 compare the ales of spring tates calslated bere ith sendy pulisbed result xing 9 Sigh diferent approach. Inthe einai vessel ‘Shell 132025, thick Pipe 36in-0.Sim tek En 279% 10 ps T=878Sin* ‘The outplane fessbity factories 132 0S 36 K-02 te OSH = 1808 “The outplan sping rte bs M _ 279% 1068785 376569 in-ste 97 3180.3) i077 “Table 76 gives caleulted valees of spring rates. The values given are for 132in. x O82Stn thick vetel with 36 fn. 0.5, thik pipe, Asc be sen the values aro cose, Anowing the values vied for rigiy foe a system 10 in tyres. ‘TABLE 76 Compuitono Caled Spin Raes ‘ring Coa ‘Veoet Danser Tiga) (outs) Souree (eceee) fone) ‘vel ese) cy ———__. a2 Steven, PG eee 3) "200 oe sae Toxo! Singles erence 6) sso 0 amie tor10" ‘Bijeed PP teen 7 si252 % 2s 10! seco e473 nas cea Pench Heeag et “The spring rate values when ued give reduced Bending moments thus voiding more piping, nozle pads, of comideraton of allenate a ments of ‘Stes angen veel shell which comes unde pressure ven ode i ‘of importance but not chewed here. ‘Yor equations given hate Is of fositance when the Bending moments are slighty higher than allowed 0d {hese slighty higher values canbe reduced by asing spring rate constant in ‘he ans ge [REFERENCES 1. kum, Keel Sos I St ae CYS Stat tO Br ‘anna Weng Rauch Cot Dane 107 Grd March 109). ‘Sm RS ne Nea a ia eset heal” Sof ‘roan Van! Prey, VoL 13 (opt 9) anmelden Rtn ig Pao Vee Noob Ses, ‘Canin aye pag Hopes Caner Hoon Ona 0 4 Cane tonal Laer (ORD Phase apr 153. Stren FG. tenet Na nd png Peet Ay Sl of Exering ny My 10 p25 (Seger Compte Papa e's Mina, Ping Btarg ‘Sgt .P, Soeaym Rsh Lont an tal Mem i Cini Veal The ling la 380959). Meo 44s RC Bun 297, sat 086, sopleneto WRC Bun 07. CHAPTER EIGHT PIPING CONNECTED TO ROTATING EQUIPMENT eral fads imposed by piping onthe rotating equipment sors should ‘be Teta allowable loads, Examples of rotating equipment are ceatgal ups, steam turbines, and cena compressor. Hr excesive loads ave imposed, misalignment maj result that fects mechanical operation and oul cause cbjectoaable woraon. A. cose ‘ligament betwecn rotting and statonary parte must be maintained, Toe [ovision for expansion of the eating ad manianiog close clearances ‘equtes ha he forces and moments due tothe piping ae ined stead of duplicating what avelable in other sources, cxatpes are elven herewith felereces to diferent standards. PIPING CONNECTED TO STEAM TURBINES ‘The NEMA standards SM23(elerence 1) ones guidelines fr cleuating Mlowable toads. ‘This standard as two pacts 1, Local allowable at etch nome 2. Combined slowables for comparing Woods tanslered to centerine of the exhaust some ‘The method to traifer forces and moments is given in Fg, 8.1. The felling exation i given fortwo nozdes, but the same equation can be aoa . we! extended farther (ference 2) Eri = Flite +Rlexhaus) TF, Fille +Fexhaus) E Fe Fie + Flexhaus) TM,= Mainlet)+ Me(exhaust)~ FyGmeO(Z)) + FAiniety an EM Mild + Mfexhaust) + Fler. Z.)~ Flinken Xi) EM = Mid + Mets) ~ Fle vi) + F(nesh%) Example Problem CChesk i the given aztal Inads at the flet and exhaust nozle of 2 ‘inglestage verily spit steam tebine i Below NEMA allowbies. The init Gameter Sin. ant oulet ameter Is Bin. The NEMA coordinate sgstem (Xan pall tothe turbine shaf i give in Figure 8.1. Two views ofthe txbine ae given in Figures 8.2 and 8.3 (eferens® 3) ‘The ovation of X-, Y-pand Z-aws and the dbiavees X,Y), Z foe te Exanple Problem ae showa in Figures 82 and 8:5 The distances ae ‘meawred from the centetne ofthe exhasst nozzle. The moa sign shown ‘vit 2X; and Z, distances coresponds with moment surmadoes from Eq. A, Thesign for bese ditanes depend upon the lcatom a he net oe With respect tothe exhaatt ale he MEA eater Locl fore aed ve arte IGURE The X, Yes ? dance ea emg Pen or, ‘TAME 1 Frees and Moments om Analysis Fores ont Moment etx Fo) 0 Tiss 05 126, ‘Piping Connected to Rotating Equipenent ‘moments ate inlet and exaust noztes obtained (rom pipe sess analyst seelsted in Tobe 8.1 "The component of esultant forces ang meets after being wansfered (othe exbnat cam be obtained by wing Eq 8. Fm (-30)+(-155) 18516 F,2-554+1085 =1080 Fen 204+170=374 M9 120 44-592. + 208225) = 494.85 10 1M, = ~67-425-+(-30)2.33)~ (200-208) ~2.22 Mex 12472-30225) + (-$5K-2.08)= 16 ‘The combined rentant force and moment after being trastered 10 the chao follows: ‘Combined remitnat force at exhaue 121k Combined eesltnt moment at exhaust = VOBERTEIIE TAG? = aT SEF T FTE Allowable Local Forces and Moments “The NEMA rule 1 apples for calculating allowable rasta les fore: fox exon, Fens 160-Ma16640)-"2aress® Glen ‘A graph (igure 8.4) can be used wo determine the allowable resultant force ‘The eaeulaion be shown by dotted lines. Forte it, ‘The allowable components of resultant frees aed moments afer being veapsterred to the exhst is, wing NEMA rule 2, Darn darter = Yc top VOLT Dina = VER = 8.544 sal nm i “CURE AA Ft women 523 OMA std “This is below the 9in, iit forthe dlamcter given in the NEMA code ‘Therefore D, =e ameter = 8.544 F,= 508.544) =427 1 = 12518:544)= 106810 F= 10018544) = 854410 Me, = 258.544) = 21368118 1M, = 125(5:540)= 3068 10 (Rate 20) M,= 1258.548) = 106816 “The allowable combined resultant force and moment at exhaust i wing NEMA E925, 2500, —M, _ 25008548) ~ 047, 2 14451 (te 28) ‘When the actual lod i higher than the allowable, the turbine vendors ‘aay be contacted to gt the higher loads approved, tthe experience of the avas engineers ta the allowable value ae conservative. I would bE ‘ery helpful NENA publishes the Basis ad exter of the equation given. we ‘Piping Connect to Ranating Equipment TABLE 2.2 Comparon of Actual to Allowables Nome ‘Ac ‘onable Remarks ae Tate Rae OK Eat Reine yrkst Eset Conpooens Fa-its ox Ra100 ox Ram ox Mnas ox Mar ox Manns OK Combines adit = 112 Exceeds PIPING CONNECTED TO CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS Aoerican Petoleum lsttte Standard 7 celers to NEMA SM 2325 the tas for allomabe ads. The 1979 and 1973 eddons have sighly deren ‘orig in tel es 'APKGI7, 1979, Secton 2.5.1, page 7,"Compresiors shall be designed ‘withnd extemal forces and memens a east equal to 1.85 fines the values ‘lated in accordance with NEMA SM 23.” ‘API U7, 1973, Section 2.4.1, page 5, "Compressor sha ve designed to ‘withstand external frees and moments atleast equal sae eluate fiom the NEMA. 23 format. For these calelatins consis in WS ‘ormulas shal be lnereased by a factor of 1.852" “The example presented ear for steam turbines canbe wid the same ‘vay foe entigal compressors excep for the factor of 1.5, Relerencs 19 6 apply 10 centiugal compressors. Special consideration for dynamic ‘ition needed in th case of eiprocating compress whch outside The ope ofthe discussion hee. PIPING CONNECTED TO CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS “The APL (reference 7) standard gives equations to calculate allowable {oees and moments in the ease of ential pumps for general refinery sevice The eters apply for puraps with Fin dacege nezes or smaller (Gostionnezles may be arg) and uations whore the pump i eogstrcted Stel or alloy sesh, The modes of esti ofthe piping teil at ‘Speraing temperature (know a hot modules) com be eed 10 eakeubIe ‘ual fonds Using hot modulus wil result in ower oad becouse the piping. ‘smote Retibe thigher temperate. GURL AS Coote ed A Figure 85 gives he coordinate system wsed fr APL 610 pumps. The pump satis parallel to the X-ani an the Z-axis is along the centerine of {he pedestal. For puns with larger dlameter, lowable ales can be ‘obtained trom vendor or determined by experimental means (references 8 snd). "The allowable fore foreach noe I F,<13W=16D1b/a0minal diameter F.210W130lbjnominal diameter oom) = 200tb/nomial dlameter=1.2.W (tension $100 bfaominal laeter = 0.5 weece W = weight ofthe pump “The shear estan: free i Fo VPP = 200000 “The allowable moment EM.-34weey EM=20w EM =1sw were the minim valve for W i 10001 Presented in “The forces and moment follows: Fan mde?) Meom6132(5,-21) eng mone M0 = 2,153 ae torsional moment” vo hat (etecees 1 Yel methods an extreme casein hich suieatstengh ofl ie conse orale. The coeedints = ne — Plan commectate Raaag ayy —— | PIPING YIELD METHOD he emgenngien Ping ening oan system and equations given in telerence 10 ‘are, for mhich equpmect ace tobe designed are a8 ir sil force (long nozle axis) ly diferent from these ae ako eed ithe industry RR E=O01S, (metal area of pipe) “The bending moment about the orthogonal dzections (ther tha ose) i: M.= M,=0.9015,2, | The Wrsonal moments expressed by: Mp=My= 05,2, ‘The coordinate sytem forthe above equations i the same asin Figure 86, 5,=Yeld sues of pipe material (maximum of 36,000) 2, = section model of pipe, in? ‘Six Component Frecton Methods for Nozzle Loads Chack ‘ix components traction method requires thatthe sun of the ratos ofthe ‘cual loads to vendor allowable oads be equal oor les han uty. aa . mm, cues Fras Fosce* Mrs Mya Maar st ta ace Mandan Aon Peon NS 23,17 S52, 16, "Se Tarte rhc De See” ‘Grea Gece Company. “Doign Racommeniatn or Stam Fg Sem” ‘Maroubra. anjp St al “Howe Crees ASente Sit Tuto Lani” Hyde, Pret, Var, Ho 8 aspen 0. S- 4 Amat ign et APL, veer 9), Se 25," Ceiep Compan tr Reng een” ‘Avion Pes ate AP 7,30 eater 99) Ss 241, “Cena Compra tary Sev Kaeaype, 3. “Deering Comings Congres Ppl Uo” Hyer ‘Poca oc W994 Ratan Pe Is “Cth Pgs Ge ey St Sree 4 "Atte ang ig adres Pig ae 929 ‘es “at en Mm Sn isn Ping On 1. Mee Ace of Nant Ping Renton Crise Mahan Espen” ‘Setce Daag taker Rosa, sp 1 Teen Vy Ay. “Aone oat sone” CHAPTER NINE SPECIAL TOPICS The topics hat didnot it he major alegre of her capt ‘rouped and discussed at follows: a “ ae Valves Preset va ist ‘Aluminum, Neckel, ad Copper Aly Ping Underground ad Paste Ping External Presue Deslgr—Jackted Piping ‘Mesie Unis lvated Tempertne Creep Efects Refractory Lining VALVES Valve ae wed in a piping system to achieve the following: 1. Tostop or start fow of fui, Beampes te (0 Reece mpl ae. gato, log (cock) ball, or 2% To regulate fom. Examples ate globe, angle, needle, and buesy + Te prevent beck Now. Examples ate it check and swing check ‘To equate pressure. An example is puntos 5. Torlieve pressure. Examples re speng fryer Toros pete. aamgles are png one ley or pop valve, ‘Tet re nmeou vale manufactures maki ses making valves for many dierent set Refetece | Hs sme of he manatee loreton soar ‘or piping applications, os 12 oa Gate Vaives Coat valves connect thee major congonsnts: body, bonnet, and tm, (felereoce 1). The body & gesealy connected to the piping by means of fnged,sreved, or welded connections The bonat, ontinng the moving fart Is Jlued to the body generally with bolts 1 permit sharing and Tnitenance. The valve tim includes the stem, the ge, he wedge or ds, ed ea gs. Valve dy Materials Valve bodes are made of bass or bronze mal in the sma ses and for rmodecate pressures and temperetues. Cas ion is wot in mest services. ‘Cost stels are sed for severe services of high pressures and high tem perma, Vave Trim Materials Valve tim mati inciode the seat ring, die or facing, and stem. orm te ates ae mon nan iy ad ils del ‘Among the principal factors that flues the performance of i mater ‘ds are (0) tensle proper, chemlst stably, and corosion redstance at the operating temperature (2) hardness and toughness; (9) a coefcient of fxgansion that corresponds closely to that of the valve body; and (6) Aterence in properties of seat and dss to prevent sein. “The pe of valve to be used fora given service is presented in the piping specication (Fig. 1.3), In general, preliminary ses ana eared out ‘wh approniae eight and actual weight obaied from ths mafactrer Ureterence 1) ould be wed Ia the fal sess snags in ikea stems. In fucleat piping, valves are further grouped as (1) active valves and (2) ‘onactve valve that are based on thee requirement of perfomance after fanhquake event (Chapter 10). Modeling of valves in comptes analysis ‘eseribedin Chapter 10(Fig 0.19). Valves require rigid support closet the ‘oar of gravity Ie advianbe to avoid supports on the vale operators. In {genera marimom aeceleration a valve canbe subjected tos 3. I acta ‘eceleraton exceeds allomable, valve vedo needs tobe contacted. Proseure Relief Valves ‘Design Pressure ond Velocity for Open Discharge ‘ntalltion Discharge Elbows and Vent Pipes" ‘Those ae several methods avaliable tothe designe for determining the design pesrre nd velocky inthe discharge elbow and vet pipe. 1 the *AaSUASE BDL. Pe Ping Cove % “rat Tope ‘esponstiliy ofthe designe wo assure hime that the method wed yields omcvative resus. A tathod foe determining the design presstes And velocies in the dischatge elbow and veat pipe for open cseharge I ‘Slain s shown belo ed esrted in the temple prebens, Fit, calculate the design presse and velocity forthe diacharge elbow. Determine the presiure P; tha exe atthe discharge elbow out eo. z MO-0 f= , Ava 6 VgGe-D on 2, ‘Determine the velocity V, bat axiss atthe dicharge elbow outlet Fg. 93): = PETRA vf 02) were Ws actual mas ow rt, bcc ‘Ais discharge elbow aes ja oO ws ite POURED Pome re ‘n= stagationentalpy at the sale valve inlet, Bubas T= Tik 6 tees = grovinional contant 2522 pian? = posers, ola (Uin?, stata) Viniueee {Common “slues ofa und b ae ited in Table 91. 90% guy 13 peo P= i000 pe Sopeeated seam, a 439) “Soon ali, 1000 ps7 2000 peat “Tis petodny bed anaagptonnta Re pars Sedge nate mend mids ed rer, ‘Resction Forces with Open Discharge Systems Discharge Elbow ‘The enction force F due to weadyatate flow flloning the opening ofthe ‘afesy valve includes both momentum and pressure efects. The reaction {ore applied is shown in Figure 9.1, and may be computed by the following. uation: nevoin-raa o ere Fy rection fore a pat $token epaiy sped the ave XL1D, ane = prvi conse Fa tmtbtae Sent vl plo 1, Whee zat pre pol pa Aven tow are at po tee = Stneapherts prest, pt a6 Species Foes 10 ensure considera ef te fects of the Suddenly apple load F 2 Aynami load tater DLF shoal te apie (Fi, 92). “The ethos for calculating the velocities nd presses at she eit point ‘ofthe dscharge elbow are the same ak thoe cused in Eq, 9. 36d 9.2 [ANALYSIS FOR REACTION FORCES DUE ‘TO VALVE DISCHARGE ‘Open Discharge Systems ‘The momeots doe to valve reaction forex may be calculated by simpy he fore, calculated a destined In Bq 9.3, times the dance {som he pet nthe piping sstera being analyed times a soitable dynamic lead factor. In no cat shal he teacon moment atthe beanch connection teow the valve be taken a ess han the proses a given in Ba. 92.4 Moment = (DLF)(E XD) oa where R= force cleulated in, 9:3 = nomial OD of inlet pipe DLE = dynam oad factor (Fig 9.2) Reaction fore and resullant moment effec, on the header, supports, nd nozles for each valve ot combination of valet Blowing. tall Be ‘onsdered. Dynamic Amplification of Reaction Forces {na piping ysem acted upon by ime varying loads, the internal forces am moments ae genetlly greater than those produced under stale application ‘ol te load, This amplification soften exprsted asthe dymamie nud factae ‘DLE and is defined as the masimurn ratio of the dynamic deflection at any Tie othe deetion which would have resulted trom the static appention ofthe lend. For structures having excatally one degee-offerdom and 3 Single lod sppiaion, the DLF value wl range between one to two ‘epending on the tne story of the applied lod and the natural requeney ‘of the stucture. I the tun pipe is iy tuppored, the safety valve Installaon can be idealed 23 one. deqres-ftresdom system and the ‘imehitory ofthe apled loads ean ofen be assumed tobe single ramp futon between tbe notiod ea steady-state condition In thin ase the ‘DLE may bo determined in the following manne. 1 Calculate the safety valve instalation period using the flowing ‘equation and Figure 92: Aislin tt etn fares tue Vette — | 97 —— 7 es here 7 = safety yale installation period so W= weight of safety valve, istallstion pipns, Fangs, attachments, he |n=distnce trom roa pipe wo cemetog of ett piping. in ‘He Young's modulus filet pipe, Ins, a design temperate moment of inertia of let pip, fa" 2. Calculate ratio of safety valve opsting tne to lstallation period (/T) where & ithe tine the tafety valve latest go trom ly closed fo fully open (Ge) and Tis determined in () above 3. "Enter Figure 9:2 with the ratio of safely valve opening time to instalation period and read the DLP tom ihe ordinate, The BLP shal never be taken les than 1. Tha less conservative DLF & we, the DLE shall be determined by cnleulaton or tet. Iunctnewesng ie n at [FIGURE 2, Dyan a co oon chars sem, 139 Example ‘rescore ‘Reaction Forces with Opan Discharge Systems Caleulatlon Caan reaction fece with the following (ae Fig, 9.3): ‘Operning temperance 7007F vs BaP ten ms =F 8. ra00 «(50-1350 Operating pressure — = 20 psig 23 “ ” eer Bron rom as Be) ous 32s b=433 Wom Table 9.2) 28000 Fae FUDLE) = 30150) = 680018 fet eas Ayan J 9778.16 te-RtBIE ™ 732.2 them futbt-sect au ‘atin gnc i of 20. Beto Difleceatsluninum slo piping bas snilar desrabe corrosion resance ‘bt vares in mechanical properties, Aluminum alloys wost commonly wed for piping systems are alloy 160 lay 3003, alloy 5057, alloy 6061, and © alloy 6063, OF these, alloy ASTM B24i-6083-T6 ithe mort widely weed ‘because it has good mechanical properties at reasonable cost. “Aluminum hs found varios ess in he cryopeni oF cod temperate applications. As temperature decreas shuminam sows incessed vales of fersile and yields strength with equal or improved ductty or impact WO-1),. fie=aeT we V gGb—0 $56,033-0), PUSTE=BRTIETG 0 aa 3210 x433-D 50 pig ‘TABLE 92 Physical Properties of Vaviont Aluminum Alloy FIRS, RCT _ “ ab)” (2433-1) Alloy ae - SE a ee oD Wego ‘Soo asm hm 5 vosy aan aoa pale 10" % 10 102 0 10 i eatats ee reanan coat fot me “Sete t10 2 Sees sase eee ore 2 eae as ar Se a ee oaks 8 en Mia 40, malt Tats ‘TABLE 8.3 Sapget Spacing or Alminam Alloy 6063 Pipe Poe Sebel Meter eit 38 108 we Pipe Soe = ‘a ‘Seppo Spacing Y 30 35 “0 i 33 60 6s 1 60 70 1s a 63 1s as 2 6s 40 90 3 1s as 100 ‘ 80 so us ‘ 90 100 no 2 95 no wo 0 mo us 10 n 10s 10 133 resiance. The specie alloys most frequently wed in cold temperature ‘pplication are alloy 3003 and alloy S032. “Aluminum alloys may be weld. The iert-gas wngsten-ate method, ‘using argon gus the recommended procede, Furor relernce materi out inallation techniques, falas, and so on ean be obtined from Imanutactorers sch a Alcoa and Reyeolds meal companies “Table 9.2 shows the physical properties of various alumina alloy (lerence 4. As canbe seen, units for average thecal expansion & given 2s infindF-See Chapter 1 (Bq 1.1 for conversion to in linear fet of pipe “The thermal expansion for aluminum is high and adequate provision most be ‘mate ocompomte forthe high amount expution The operating pesine| ‘lanalrinom pipe iealoulatediathe se way selerrou pipe, ung eg, 24 ‘with y=0t and coroion allowance of 200 ‘Alumina is subject to galvanic cortson inthe presence ofan lec- twolyie. When inthe presence of carbon sel, copper, bras, nickel, mone), tin ad lea, aluminum will Be eorreded. Ths conventional eaboa see! ‘pe Ranges shouldbe avoided. However, the 300 soles of stainless see! ted aie are usally compatible with aluminum. Therefore galvanied (ane coating sel hangers, aluminum hangers or padded hangers nay be use ‘Table 9.3 gives support spacing (eterence 8) fr alloy 669 piping, THE = Cannan Ang “I table based on the pipe being uninsulated, operating at & maximum temperature of SOU". and conveying alas of specie easly 133 (@ ontervatve assumption). If he line inate, teduce the span by 30%, No allowance tas been made for coneentated lads sach as valves, Equition 3.1 and 32 may alto be wed io eaeslte tne span COPPER ALLOY PIPE Many apston te compris bave ton nds, "ane30sow he sel pope The coo hermat epenion eager pips gh Tete ee apo epson a ets [roves lr amotng be eponon per wpe en be ies 6) rating ling aig nges iy bee by aya hse teh Tene ges Sines a he cope pipe ute ecg ot Ste aan on man seer’ st operng emperts of 3077 replat el, A coer tenor teetino pe ring ton: Prin pp ee tering tec arecan cose Tie) Sogeetopepeng ite id ee on a a ‘perinatal cpe ‘vig 133 esr oe aig ow eed 3 Ne lowes ten mode for const ln ae eo tren pve corsn,coppeor eed bngen Sed ed ih Copper ng Tale 98 or alowsbe ea lop ees oper solomon tor B94, B31, and etn eee ‘numberof neous fats ae wy wed as comosonresan peg mata icon td aan ean ot ‘TABLE 94 Phyl! Propet of Copper Alloy “Tene Seen ‘5200p acme contac ner 2364 mln, ‘average etic ‘pansion rise 98x 108 Fin, Moda of elatity terion Hx Wred TABLE 9.54 Dlmensions of Standard Copper Pipe (Saltable for Theeeding) and aj ak 2g sata mates H Tepid Se can o Noni ‘Niwaie S| aeons . tory outta wat SS ten nee ere 5 Pe aes Fee ep TF eae ean aoe 720 slo. oan. 1 tote coe so - tees kaso 30 glo. ogo _ i tee Olor a : om gue so spon oag 1 ties as xo a Leos. 80 €) as ize a Meo oi x0 wee 2 2053 S86 330 BR} 233 as ee a hon * ® . > baa Gals no g| 28 as » dime Gao 30 : ‘om 020 no a] az Bose 3 Soa caso 20 a) 8 - ‘ atts tas aio i ee as eee s 8.001 ost, 20 Ri) g2 3 332 ame smn tag io ee ee i | tesa fee TARE spe Sen per : {or Rear Stas (oes hres emit 3 cu Sect ; p as aehge 238g 1 to a) gays 22 yai u 3s 2 tes 3 ns ‘ us ‘ us : ta i Sieg ra ee “TaMLE 97 Wp ot Conon tn ei AB rae as Asm Wetsven cay Spcte napEe Metin rossi Seat SRS SSS ear iment eer anaes fares eee ne tates a men ta tm tates Se toys str Sa anes anio noun +A Unsistpie mae ‘taro Lad = om enamine 3. Buckling: (a) elastic and (b) plastic, In buckled sane a pipe resembles | eo fe one shown ing 9 ‘Beam beading (Fig 9.44) ‘Longitudinal teasion along ax (ee Fig 9.4) Direc shear (occutng at hard st intertices) (ce Fig. 940) Faire at joint (See Fs. 948) these metals Incotoy, hasclloy, and Jaconel ave alloys that have good conroson-restant properes. These alloy are ade names. Theie ASTM suber and groperica are given in Table 9.7. The ASTM. tual 1977 of 1980, pac 8, gives more information [UNDERGROUND PIPING eat ranser lous trom a buried pipeline has become moe iniportant in case ‘of heated ol pipeline rin he hae of underground steam pes for Keeping {ce eam sidewalls and driveways Equators wo calculate he eat transter ‘tom a bared pipe i given in reterence 3, Routing of piping undersround i sometimes necestary to css 2 road, ‘ping Uetween buldings, yard erstng, and so on. The factors that are fooprtom ia undecground pac piping deen are 2 follows: 1, Longitudinal bending sess 2. Buelling, arching 3, Bowing Sil stifles and wll geometry (ety important for expansive si) Dead and lve ond 6, Wall compecision, bending, and tear resistance 7. Myiostatc uplite Underground Piping Dasion Design the folowing ing, Assume data as yecessary-The depth of cover = H =3{t; teach width=? ft Gin; material is ASTM AS3 Grade specified yl ses 35,000 plat 145°F- See Figure 95. The Deny of arated clay sit = ODT Pipe coating #6 foe il 13 APL with specie gravity 1.2. wd ® is ‘Moses of lure and cllapse ae deserted stow ak api opi pipe (lernce 8): 1. Caving ave to deflection is Fig: 9.48) 2 Walllog) compression du 1 eldng at A (9.40) CURES et pin wh enh sme Bonet tates Stops Cates ttonl resistance Cate thermal fotee F, after cating lositinal sess S. Find plat of no movement in which Fj =F ‘Cacalatehoop sess, bending sess de to ert oud, alla ress dc pres and temperate sess du 0 operating terete, ‘5. Clete combined ses frm sacs in (4) snag maximal sain ‘hoon. Fin masinum stowable sues wing 8314 ligid ramporttion piping code For proper deign the combined sires should be less than the ‘vuimum aowable Ses pepe Fst, ealeute the fosd onthe pipe fom the backfill W We toad on pipe tt = Cau 06 Cy Hoad coofiient teeny oe on where rai f lateral nit peesure to vertisa uit ‘= count of tion between Al material and ditch =, where ‘She coeficient of internat tion 0 height fil above top of pipe, fxs 1B, =hodostal with of ditch, feet slussof the fond coeficiet Cy maybe taken om the diagram in Figure 96 teterence 7, Sup . Caleta of Ftcfonal Resistance (ks Wt: Let We = ead 8 pe fom backs nepecting moving Yd, "Using Marston's formula W.= Cons 09. where Cyd coficen, Read frm graph in Figue 9: Wa 10% 100%2.5%2.5=625 Gat tase = ent ol 00 4? Batten wih = MURR nA Lond cnt Cor te cob. Weight o comet (ugh of wt) specie gry =atann2" 20h Ieseion weight =S380 Pipe mot veiht=28S8INte ‘Tol weil pie = 6254264 538+ 2555-685 te retour = petal weigh) = 0.85) 2083 | Sup 2 and 3. Pent of No Movement: Frictional force opposes thermal {oyee, Ane pint fro mre th rictonal free equ tothe thems expansion fore. Longitutina sess: noun n9-(00(252)) 0-9 where £=27 9% 10° pet Radial sess (8. = Poisons ato =0.3 Dasaisin. S=P=300 ps1 ‘1 =lrear oefcent of thermal expansion Tas Thermal sess (53) T=00F 032218, S65 Baty) #2791065 10-4580) P= 300psig i = 11.78.73 ps) Equation 98 Is trom B314 Piping Code (teerence 3 in Chapter 4) Sexton 419.640) ofthe Liquid Transporation Piping Code. This equation reumferntial sess isforresirined piping, in disease Beease of underground piping Soar x65 10165-89030 [82503 $1,287 -036717 = 10569 pst ‘Thermal expansion force F = S, (etal are) = 10,69(8.4 = 89625 0 Din pinto 20 movement om plo bait = 223 i Figure 9:7 shows the distance 436 rom the point of burial marke, ‘Sep 4. Seses: Hoop aves (Si: 5, POD=2) _ 30018625 ~0.646), 2 06K For bending ses (S), we Spangler’s equation: our {GBD EIR <3 pa & BP r2SmPR bh bere Re = mean radi of pipe = (D~ 9/2 = 4.1515, Other terme ar the Same a or Eq 9.8 5 625,21 9% pf y0.32294.1515) 5.1m perenne ra RoE AT A179 pa ~ Sway» (hermal sre bending sess de 0 earth) =271785-+0.3(11,78273+4179) =8507 pi Skp 5. Combined ses (5): Use maximum sain theory $0 STFS T-TEST STS = SIOBEBSBSUT™ 30029 IHTO STOX BRA FORO RTO EST) 1327p Sup 6 amu allowable ss: Us ena’ piping sscording to Bota: Maximum sllowabestest~ 0.8(ininum o, of pipe) =0.9035,000) 31.500 pa ‘Step 7: "The combined sree of 11,327 pis below allowable sess of 31,300 pi. Ths the pigs design Ise EXTERNAL PRESSURE DESIGN ‘The design of cylindrical vessels that is subected to external presure uted ia the ASME Section VIL Divison 1 UGZB), Nomenclature: ‘ricl collapsing pressure, pl PL allowable pressure, pst {wall thickest, inches E> modulo of esl pst {Length batween stiffer, inches spe Ly meneat length, inches So yield sens, pk 8. tangential sess at edlagee presut, pet Factoe A= SE Footer B= S72 ‘Strength of Pipe Under External Pressure (sterence 10) ‘The strength of pipe upder external pessre i 2 function of the physic ‘properties ofthe construction mata athe operating tomperatare 5nd i [eometioal parameters suchas the unsoppetedlegth L, pie thickness {he onde dismeter D, and the pipe oot-of-oundness. "The behavior of tho-vall cylndial shell under uniform extra reso aces according to eyinder length a8 fllome: 1, Very Lang Cylinder: “The eres collapsing pressure given by: ae(gy e219 ‘The cical length I, the mialmum exonpported length beyond sich Ps independent of L, i given by: penunn(2)* om 2, Irermedite Cylinders wh L< fa: The eral pressure Bis complicated funetion ofthe collapsed contour andthe two chase ; pcan giveaby ‘ncn aie, Guomee dcfe einicl vemte Or) ‘Shout Cylindes: The cylinder wil fins case by paaic yettne: fe L ‘The crea pressure ean be given by: pean are? thesia! car -mnnaronra swe ass 7 ©. LHPGEiggeas sae Tie: : ae sali 8 a 22a 2 RSET 2 BE Ba Bee : Beamer te an sn Glide iteaa Hata ra stat rs gn od ASME Charts | Geomeric Chat: Fo L> Lyte tangents stress at collapse presse (given by Eq, 9.10) canbe witen gfBersel (9) 19) For LL, the tangential sues Sat collapse pressure P,(aven by Es. 83) is oa) Sein oa Equations 9.14 and 9.16 were ploted to develop the geomenic chart ie Figore UGO-28,0 ofthe ASME Boller and Pressure Vee! Code, Section ‘VIM, Divison 1 (See Fig. 9.80 and Fig 9.86) ‘Masial Char: These charts re stu tees-srain curves for materials a design tmperatres (SEE 08 the aback and 2 values as valables on {he ordinate). (S/E scaled factor A an 52 & called factor Bin ASME, satan) "The allowable presse canbe btsined by wsng the following lation: Fe 9, o8Bt Let P= 3P.Gafey factor =3) 0.18) Equation 9.18 te sae 2 Setion VI eection UGO-28(¢1 equation. Practical Design Using ASME Char: Determine the pipe thickness under external pressure (DII= 10}, ect Yoke Sp 1, ume hue fo and mine we ration 4] aad Dt Sip 2, Determine the value of factor A trom the geomet char (sing ‘ios okie in Sep Sep 3, Detennine the valve of faior B by wing the proper eater shad and te vale of fctor A obtained in Ste 2 ‘Calalte the allowable extemal pees P, by wing BA. 9.18, For values of A falling. to the lett of the applicabe atdaltemgeratre le, The vale of P, can be determined by the ftlwing formula: Ser. Sips okae 3 19) (Nour; For D/t< 10 we the procedure ouined in ASME UG-28()2) Sup 1, Astome 8 vale fort and calle B: ae ‘Seep 2, Find he factor A by using the proper mates ‘valve of B ebsined ebove. Ifthe value for factor Bis es han ‘heals lated ip the char, emt A is given By: Step 3. Determine the vile of L/D by enterieg the factor A and te aypeopiste Dit curve in the geometric chet The masimon ‘unsere engi is abralned by muloplyiag the valee of L/D by ‘Di there snp imersection Uetmean the Vertis projection ot ‘A so the Dye curve, then steers are 0ot ceed for any engin See ASME Section VII, Divison 1, subsection WGO-29 for design of stlening sng sien. ‘Example (reprinted from ASME AppendisL, Section VIM, Plesion D ‘Vessala Under External Prassure ‘mete between 1D, a Br Bae lo es “eave opm for meal, This chaise ony for dering se Thetor A when fect A aot ues Sorsla ae pect ce hen (ft 10. Gee UO2H2) "Therm chas Fo Anpeni V ac fo specie tele lass of ots and resent peso aexervain dngrame cone eae [toto of sey rave oth ope Bow ar cp, Retarente fom ASME Sectlon Vit, UA270 (0) Chines Sal Under Exteel Pres. example of wo he fsb UO- 200 Te 9.18, CGivex; Frcoantog tower 18 site come vy 2 lang, es ie Seed tne, ited wth foto tray, ad operating ander # vac [oUr, Te ower be cotta at S248 Grade carbon sel, Dag ‘eth 39 REQUIRED: shel Hike, sume: Sep 1. ‘sume 8 het = 03125, ‘uumed ouside ameter, = 168.625 0, bp P moan aes 1.3. tir Fi, 000-2408 Aopen Vg, 934 Fg 980) 1a ot LD 823 move bn oe y/o 340 and adios wloe Act 00005, sep 4 5. oes Fig, UCS-282 (Fig, 9.10) a the vs of A OS nde verily to aerial ins or TUPE, Move hrzoty and ead Brion o 6100.0 exis. Sup 6, ‘The mason sows enero presate (Ba, 9.18) for sssmed bell tchnewe ot O3T23In- 481610 15 oe” xe 11 ‘Since Ps rete than ie eign roman Pf 1S pl, eased ihe ‘howl be attr. CK > PUR PING of STem Method of Calculating Core Pipe Thickaees cans The pie in, perating unde fl acum at 30. The eral pres #100 psig. The maximum length of spool place without ‘icing de 108 Ob ge ater sien ssl AST As (Cleat the ove ype thickness ‘Sip 1. Assame the thickness of pipe ie Sch 0S (0.120 in). ‘Ti(win thieknes)~0.120%0875 (assume 12.5% manufacturing tolerance) =01105in, Da(owie day 450m poo tengt) = 120i, us ‘Sip 2. Enter vale af L1D, ~26.66 (Fg. 9.85) in Figure UGO-280, ‘Appendix v, ASME Section VIE, Diviion fy amove horizontally fo the Daft line of 42.85 and read the vale of 00006, For value of L/D. > $0, enter the chs at 50 for determining the value of constant A ‘Sep3._ Enter (Fig. 995) io Figure UHA-282 the vale of A = 0.0006 ‘nd move verily fo the material line for 6SO"F Grterpolsed between the 400 and 700°F meal ines). Move hrizorally and wend B value of 6700 ‘on the ordinate ‘Step 4. ‘The maximum atlonable external pressure (EQ, 9.18) for the Tne ROURE RID rete sched enn tag sesame seh LO cove pipe i 6700) 3 PD." 34285) 208 pig or values of constant A falling tothe lft of applicable mateialtenm perature ls, the maximum external pressuce canbe directly evaluated rom fhe following equation: 0.19) where Sonuered "Tbe external design pressure is 115 pg (the coe in full vaguum and external presure # 100psg, the presure acting in the same decton ‘becomes adv) ‘Since, is reste than the design pressure, 115 psig, the assumed Ahickness via atstactory. amg 2 Tie pig sn, pening vote ter reso 125 pg GSE. The atl peae Np Te etn ng a od Bese ion sofeny tigre 11 Ot Fe matali fel ‘Sta ast, Type Se ex Pi 9.12) Caan eis hich Sep 110 ee sane ain Eeale 1 ete dred om gs UOO-180 9 ad UHR? doa) at apna Vash Seton VN, Den Fon epee sce sweeter ese (2) toc the manad uh 108 cote pps a ‘stra dagn press (2) 10 pi ice Peer than P, he sssomed ic aon, “Tene pee the overig ator forse ignore ie tne cha iggy ae hadnt tne ay era preset fos erng (pug dee ae SSO cod have thane Yl bo oles of laity of material at the temperate being ‘For eatelaon of fckot thickness, we Eq. 2.1 (foe ASME B31, 308.12), [3 IcURe, 942 tech ping ger pete TABLE Comme rt Cannone ee eT nny wore ee ‘ToComen fame Mal by Tama epee Wee ear tenn we . : ae mw easiet peas w = Stemuen-a * sasimer-ot Veta Pa wt eoera6—es © = US gin = Sauae os Tgettgatmn w= Mee Pimwccspa) aga 01 wea) se oot Yeon 200m) 4g SuSE fone ‘t sams +00 me N karma tee Beng eee gt Na oa0cest 00 me Ne Limeee-or en fe tameate ot mt We lbsenseroo ramus kat! ones e600 Bae Pe Arata e1 ain i) Pm Smastmaot om me Ganmstetos ss Be ale Breas at 2 sossesse-on Powe weovney ow Tape Ketan r x Neeson. r Gets lam Tengen trl K te eso e Koc Ssssssse-01 See epee ny cetenentc mene ‘corel vine Poe sae en 188 10 ae tee ves ‘Straight Pipe Under Interna Pressure ‘The intra pressure design thickness t shal be not ess han that seule, by Eq 21, when cis less than D/6 (ee Chapter 2): 2D. '7gE+ PH ep METRIC UNITS, “Metric wots are wie in most counties ofthe world and oping design codes and sandaedy sort deaing with metic units. Ina future eiton equations ‘ven in is book wil pertaga be modified wo accommodate metric units All ‘equation given here may be wed for piping design ini cits oy wing [proper conversion factors (ee Table 99, which isreproduced trom Pressure Venel Code, ASME Section VIII, Division 1), Ater calculating pipe (hicknes, diameter, and 40 on, wing Brish unl the next standard values ‘nthe conservative side in metric units may be elect. Caution must be trerelsed to rele to piping codes and standards in force in each county. (MATERIAL BEHAVIOR AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURE (relorence 10) Blevated temperatures ac hose at which creep eer are sigaifcant. Figee 13 isthe esl of una tense specimen subjected w a onde stress level aa glven test ow) temperature, Bot ses and stan achieve ‘hele maximum yng atthe stme die and remsi constant at the maxi values thereafter (long asthe load is mntalned). When the test [erate high eaugh, the rin wilinctease with ioe, and pouty nl {ractoe afterload application ae show In Figure 9.14. In thi ease creep lees are signiieant. If, on the other hand, the elevated temperstre ‘nll text B neat wih he specimen ily seamed xed aout [IOURE 35 Se an stn em ie a ied temper te ee). tothen el constant. The esata sory would be. to Figure 9.15. The reduction of stress as mann figure He fests ‘stress relaxation due 10 creep effects. ae eee From these igre it can material beh "ey be sen that coved temperate function of te, erature and tne ‘Replication of Creep Dts to Piping Design (reference 2) “cep range, slowable cress ves th ied om tng 39 = ‘tenths room temper ot 25% ofthe non epeiedlimate stcngh st ompetons a el eee ‘mom expect ld strengh for 02% ear tempers, etnies ‘at he ast values were ted 20% of th sane ee Meoai 25 of he yang zest wien sen ‘erecta ar awaa epee incon stsccaes soe Trt stow tr ny pera ‘heat treatment, = we ‘Aigo amperes, onto ot the ono tensile properties by spect here reap govern the sre values were bose Produce aeeep ate f 0.01% for 1 O00 hour, the — te ve ¥ oes 49 chosen being based on » conservative average of many reported fess a cvalated by the Subcommittes, rester weight beng ven to fonger-ae Wasa evaloting data, In adaiton tothe above-tated ‘srengibrequlrerent sess values wer als lites to 100% ofthe sees fo produce ropose tthe ep of 100000 hour the values so chen being asad o.a conservative average as evaluated by the Sobeommitee. However, ly > pont cases, he erep sttengih star below the rupare tena. Also, in afew ‘sss, the Subcommite has provided sess valves without any ruprote test, fs on the specific composition, such approval being tased on testy of nates of dinar compaskion. nthe wanson range of temperatures, he sizes allowances were limited {o-values obtained fm » semoth curve joining the values for he lew ih-temperatre ranges, the curve hing on or blow the ete of 624% of, the einimwm expected yell rength at temperate. athe choice of erst valuotin the range where + percentage of he ena seength ot ytd strength govetae, the tations indiested above have been ‘rived in certain caves, ented by a footnote” asi was felt that higher tess values might be flied when deformation was ot intel objecton- thie, provided al fier reqekemenes were mst Inthe design of equipment not covered by codes, the design ses values tiny be decided upon by the manalaturet and purchaecr of he piping, nd Should be based onthe test available data plas. a Knowledge of Ue expected Ie ofthe equlpment as well the operating coodiGons and the possible ‘baad to personnel, Roles generally flowed |. Up to 750 or 850°, 25% of the shost-tin tense srength 2nd not ‘exceoding 62% yield strength. b, Above SOOT, 100% of the stress to produce a second-stage creep ‘ate of 0.01% in 1000, oF 8O% of ee ees fo proce rapture 100,000, whichever is ower. REFRACTORY LININGS. Refractory lnings are aed in Kilns, coke ovens, furnaces, ad stacks 10 ‘rotect metal pars from direct exporure ol vey figh temperatures (Fig 9.16). Reteactries ned to withstand very high temperatures without me “ng, shan have necestary mechanical and heat ranaer properties, should ‘ot zeae wth the medium fae the furnace, ad ag quantities need to be ‘vallble at low prices (eterence 5). Based on the chemical property ‘etractories ae clase os scale (example, sila, base (magne ‘7h 10 a ned Prom Yn Poe Dra Tohoaons ped bya Specie Topty MIOUREI6 Bunty i ‘srl rome The star orm for reece ‘design, a diameter, o it ns ar eel eee te mets ele pes wih racy Ing tu om supported at spon points ot importance (ig, emily of reisctory = 40 ty Density of tel 70.283 tyin Density of inslaon sunt? Inside diameter ot refractory. 39 in Outside diameter of pe. =48in side diameter of iaulstion = 53m ‘Weleht pe foot= weight of (refractory + pipe metal +imulion) —(@20), = Fur -s910( 2) Za 791210285) +202 -an( Ay 15155425583 421 =4286 6 EXERCISES. 1. Tae orton (a) Cl springs anos ve i reduce the moment on et {2 Hotmotno casicy ca bs we in war eee (©) Fee spn lon, maxi esos lose ae lant “beer “— (‘The piping code B31. allows use of iplane and ouiplae SIF (@)_ Pad needed when ares required is slr than area removed metal pressure when inclode decrees the SIV vale for on low. (@) When the eects of Manges ae included for an elbow, te flexibility factor reduc (8) Expanion loops ake les space compared with expansion joins “True or fale? (@) Cold spring can be applied ony to hot piping. (©) For span ealelation ho modulus shoul be used (©) eterna pressure increases Roxby fete vale Tor elbow, (@)_ Expansion loops ate ser than expansion joins. {@) The vesel norte growth i to be iced in stress caleulations (Piping (refinery) design f governed by ASME code. (@)Outtesismeterof 6 in, nominal pipe is Sin. (0) The ex diameters larger than the let diameter in pressure ele valves An underground pipeline with ASTM-ASS Grade B material and 12, ch 40 pipe has the following conditions! petting teperature: 175°F Instaled temperature: 70°F Depth of burial: 31¢ Gin ‘Specite gravity of coment: 0.73, ‘Operating pressure: 375 pig (@} Wheres the lation ofthe natal anchor? (6) The amount of thermal expansion at the end? (The tion ceficent=0.75) _Caeuatedynanie reaction fore with open clscharg tem, Flow = 165,000 yar ‘Area ol valve orifice = 55.9 i. J= TW Het, B= 32.21 ‘Temperature = 650; PA = 155 psig ‘= 1374 Bone (rom steam bes) 2-823 Buoy, b= 433 ischarge ie is Gin. ch 40 [A dooble-sting reciprocating gas compresioe has. maximum rated ‘speed at 650rpm with & pulsation premire limied ta 13 pal. The ) subject 10 diferent sctlemet of connected equipment anor Supports oc) with emperatives tes han 20°F 10 (eomtars una yo nw te aes mse tin ne sso Se ot Ba eS aos PS PE HPS whew rmns ene nce ‘nee | iwesbusbyr eee sm a 99 me PY (sous tno cu nam oe aan sen no samamnoy | Av unag tao atta'nonn ameuta | es ) Thin-valed pipe or duct ot Lines requiting pro “nuctomr Components Code ASME Section me Loni to Kpoeating equipment Lines in, and larger connected wo ir coolers, scam genestors, ‘red eater tube sections <2 creel i nd eer oth perf 20 Lines with temperatures of 600°F and ane Uist an rae ‘oy Ms pet Les ete pene in. diameter and over, having an thickness ratio of more than 90” [Hast foqng rorcty expansion devices, suchas expesion Underground proces lines ‘Wenaly ied process piping Lines in ela ervice Pressure respite outside diameter over wali Information Needed for Pipe Stress Analysis | Outside diameter of piping, all thickness (o¢ noma ameter, Sch uniter) (Appendix Ad) nn “Temperate, itn pressure ‘Material of piping. (Expansion coficien, Young’ a cooicient, Youngs modules, eral denity wil be telected fortis mle) (Appende 2) osulton thickness and insulation material (not given, standard thickness for caleium scat wll be geected) Specie gravity of coments ‘yin on oe coir ys the econ of pion ‘Any anchor inal wanton, Ax tn inches, Ay ini wien "ete il as ints Fr we exe am ooh noe Coroion allowance fo piping aches Fang rating. ps (ANSI 163) Sandard vale weight sed fangs weight wil be (Reference | in Be weight ill be (Re 9 al ale ark thee hate wed rp va he weight on pipe ses He Pnte——in 1, Long rads ettows wil be wed (I short radius or anyother bend rls, mark ge the sometric) For shovtredis ebow, reiug= lamer 12, Any allowable onding from manulacturen on pops, turbines, ‘compress? (From the vendor drawing for equipment) 13. Any prlerene to ie expansion loos, expasion jit, and s0 on, it needed? (Chapter 5) * 16, Mark typeof intersection (einforetd fabricated ee, ete) 15, Mark suppor locations (availabe ste crossing, and soon) on the 16. Ts hydraulic ting oad condition to be considered to got stmctral support loads? (Ea, 27) 17, Pipe stress sometice (x,y 248) piping plan, and sections are neces. USEFUL HINTS IN PIPING DESIGN 1. Maximum moveneats at branch location mst be lower than ‘specie lin. The branch ine should be lid with enough Rey to abeor the header overeat. 2. Im aucese piping analy the branch lo needs 10 be included with the header ifthe 1108 moment of inectn rato I), <0. In ober ‘words decoupling i aot allowed, Check company evra for the 1 branch pipe is anayaed separately, the movements at the do- ‘coupling shoul be fneloded Iii or imposed) movement nthe ‘ranch ine clelaon. 4. The modula of eltcty value at operating temperatare may be ‘sed for piping o calelate the loads at eqlpment sper standard [APL 610 (fcicace 7 in Chapter 7). Using En wl sult in lower leads becabir Ens i over than Baye The piping is more exible shen B valve islower 5. "The gulde shoud oot be located clef the change in dizecton. A ‘miniowm leg is equted for aborting the exparsion, Calculate the ‘minimum lg as pet method outlined in Chapter | ‘6 Credit cannot te obtained for cold spring in ses alultion. Only toads the equipment may be reded by including the effect of cold spring. 7. Provide longer pipe soppot shoes when axial deflections © lars. 1 Nuclear Regulatory Commision sues regulatory guides Wo be fol lowed indesign 3 5. Seimic anchor and support movements known 22 SAM Movements Dus to Thermal Growth Vertioat Vessals Figure 103 shows a vesel with noazes with diferent orientations. Cal- clad themal movemerts bared on the mean temperture and length of the veil section. isnot unusual to have many diferent temperatures llerent elevations, “Themal coefielent foe the terperatres is obtained from Appendix Al, nd shown in Table 10 “The vel materia erbon sel nd clameterf 72a ‘eric hema growth a sonie A= 1200089) #140016) +H. 449411) +4000563 = 002i Grom anole B= 03148 +390027) = 039580 erizontal rial growth at B= (5725 )0.027) = 0.084 in Growth st C=0in ‘Vertical growth at support D=0.53+2.5(0.0411) = 0.6320, Flssbilly problems are Severe when the vessel i ot and he pong i Gold. Elevation diference Geso=n le A and support D should be ‘imum aoid large grow diferent! and tha 47043 Speing Suppor. 1 the suppor is bul rom structural sel (cold), «sping a is support location necessary, When supported (rom the vel he suppor Sait ‘TABLE 104 Then Cota or ig 103) Tome nwo 70 00 20, 10 0 270 50 aan let Aaa Monnens ant pent tacit ——= 88 on EY mn saat ~ me] ™ [pe =~ =| — (IOURE 183 Thenal ow ate vl st Dis rel and te veal shall meade checking for local sre, Prom support leation D, the ppe above Rt grows up and tie piping below downward The fs rigid support, sown a , should nt be located leew he drop to absorb tke downward growl Haat Exchangers Figie 104 shows # eat exchanger, The important thing concering the texshanger ia Bing te bese siypor at anchored (AL) andthe other ‘Sepport that sted show as St in Figure 10.5. The bas with Sots psy ‘The resus oc commonly known at output fom compuie-aided analysis ener consist of he fllowng 1. From Input: Coordinates ot nodes or tata print, eae, diameter, this, Bend reins, tla weight of pipe temperature, expansion 05 sir =04(28)" Re) sirens Poin € oth conning wenden” Computed + he anh pp sn yt Ce eit he aes ee elites fi egc w Sc hgyoe€eeem PIGURE 107 StF mtg or sae Sockolet, Thredolet, Weldolat TaFlgwe 108 menber A Bt dl wg the steers secon ‘the ran pips but is — “s ~ ‘Membr to 108) aed wig the se tlds er te rch spe tat hn te al ene at eg ‘ped weigh oul ened pint foe schlee The 8 sey trot aon it eet on he ie cosets a End Pepuitin Sex nenieion Factor Deseon StF Bawa (aconocing member) Compe or general an “ Pon © oth comes memes sr=93 a8! soto ‘nominal wal thicknes of te un pipe ‘mean rosie ofthe rn pipe Point 8 (oth connecting members) Lo [FIGURE INA SUF ming fe ce et nd wel 45 Lateral, 45" Reducing Lateral, 45° Socket Weld Lateral, “48 Threaded Lateral, Foc bande Ine, members A te Baad 8 wD “ modeled the same a¢ the run pipe incl ee ae luding weight per foot of pipe, and ember Bio C motel he ames eh pe nce eg per foot of pipe. aad ‘seh BT pn ean ptt loans tt GUN IOD SI moda fr depres: For socket-welded type laterals members Ato BB 10 C, and B 0 D ate modeled sing the same nominal diameter pipe theron pipe with ch 8) for 30001 elas Rings and sch 160 need for 6000 cin ftings bu ‘weightless (eterence 2). A lumped weight shoul be ed 10 point B for {he ater. The weight of any water of fsuaton wil be incided onthe [ibe erosezetion card [End Preparation Siti Intensification Factor Description SIF Bones Pom Comput Spent sir88 ketagr nia al ean fe oan tn Pe oe Pa Cand ey tae ten 8 2 pr won % «nominal wall hickness ‘Weld Boss, Socket Weld Halt Coupling, Threaded Half Coupling, Weld Coupet Member A to 8 (Fg 10.10) is modeled ising the same cos section a5 the ‘un pipe but is welghles Member B to € is modeled using the same ‘ominaldlametr pipe the Oaneh with seh 80 for 30001b class Bigs {tod sch 160 for 600015 clas Atngs Bot weightess. A lumped weight FIGURE 1030 SEF eseg or lm a eli we couse paar Capen Code ANE Satin shee a0 9B Fo, a wets cuss. Toe weight Of any water or Insulation wil be tnchaded on the pipe crt section ca. End Preparation Stress Jnlensifcation Factor Description SIF But welded Point A (at soanezing members) and Computed general choose wh) sata Beso a mmean radio of run pipe ‘em mean ras of branch pipe ‘,= nominal wal thickness fran pipe Ty ominal wall thickness of branch riguné 1811 iF ooislg ore, sxkt we anti st he Pipe enter A B 1032 a the wih of he ge aay mae ot ems ite pg rnc cr Se ers orien Taf tcc scien on oe Ce neo = Point B (both connecting member) 2.25 eee for 0322 10 10.322, is ‘Too, Socket Weld Tee, Reducing Tee, Threaded Tee “30° tapered transition * For butoelded tees (Figure 10.13), members A. wo B and B fo D are ‘nominal wall thickness of the pipe @ suimeatemnamanmests Be Sata Someroemnee ais Fn siamese BS TT) =e Eo 160 used for 60000 clas tings But seightess(eferenee 2) A humped Treated Points A and B 23 insulation will be included on the pipe cross-section card. ip o Se een see + he ne i mene i a iC a pe ected et te ‘adit pe Tae oe atoning pt Cee Member A to B (Fg. 1013) i modeled the same as te Wests atached ‘ie inclading Weight per fot of pie. ‘teutiear Commponsnts Code AGE Seaton —S End Prepartion Stress Intensification Fectoe Description Se Buu welded Point A educer side) 20 oe genera Point B (reducer sie) 2 sie-202 ‘omputed 2 Computed 2, section modulus of the args pipe ‘Z,=section modal of the smal pipe Eccentrle Reducer Member A to B (Fig. 1018) is modeled the same as the lager pipe including weight per fot of pipe. The ofset between A and B ie modi, End Preparation Sires Intensification Factor Description se Batwa Pom A Geter Compu orgeur oe * s=9% gaat Poin B (dae side Computes ay ‘ se-(fa)(Z) roses sir=20 {nominal wl hikes fh eer re .= mean eave ofthe larger pipe 2,= section modi ofthe larger pipe 2, section modulus ofthe smal pipe SS. Moon af Pipinasamant- —" Reducing Insert Member A to Big, 10.15) is modeied uring the same sominal diameter ‘ie atthe pipe connected to plat But weightes: sch 80 for 300015 ‘ts fiings and eh 160 for 6O0DID clase fing teense 2) A imped ‘eight should be added to point A for the inser The weit any water ‘or iaulation wil be included on the pipe eos-section C2 SIP=125 ame a8 socket welded end), _ LGU 115 SoF mang lor rt ie. ‘Coupling, Threaded Coupling, Socket Weld Reducer Coupling Member A to B (Fig. 10.16) is modeled wing te same nominal diameter ‘he coupled pipe (largest nominal dimer if it 8 reducing sping) With ch 80 for 3000 Tb clas fitings an sch 160 for 60001 cas figs ban ‘weghtles (ference 2) A lumped weight shouldbe added 10 points A and Bor the coupling, The weight of any water or insaton will be included on the pipe erossection card. ‘SIF =225 Game os socket-welied en). GRE me.I meseng or coupling Ait Elbows For but-welded elbows (Fig, 10.17) member Ato Cie moseed the same a8 the attached pipe including, weight per foot of pipe. A180" elbow twodeled as two 90 elbows. iit sa reducing elbow, member A 19 C8 ‘Modeled the sane asthe largest tached pipe ‘For socket welded type elbows, member to B and B19 C are modeled sasstright members using the same tominal diameter a& the alae pipe ‘ea seh 80 for S000 els tings and sch 160 for 6000 clas Biings Tat welgless reference 2, A limp weight shoud be added fo point B for {NGL 1017 SF oieag tows, the elbow, The welgt of any water ot insbtion wll be include! 08 the Pipe cromsecton ear, Etbolet (Socket Weld, Butt Weld, Threaded) Membes A 10 € (Fig 10.18) is modeled using the sme cross section athe run pige bot is welghess, Member C to D is modeled using the same ferarnal dimer as the branch pipe But bas twice the wal thickness but weightless. A Tumped walght ginal be added to point C fo the ebals. ‘The weight of any water or insulation wil Be inhuded on the pipe cron section ean End Preparation Sirest Intensification Facioe Description SIF [Bute welded Point A (member A wo BY ‘or pera ‘Same asthe elbow Point A (member & ©) and point C ‘both connecting members) 10 vin. © (bth comeing members" stz10 S2210 Computed siF=sixsr in oe {nomi wal ces of he fun ore mean rio the on pipe R= bend rad of elbow the beet ie muita lt Cae te gt te SHE cad ne ad ‘atop Toe pt sn 0 tog pt enc — ee rites omens Valves, Valve with No Operator 1 Figure 10.19, members Ao B, B10 C, and B to D (if operator exis) ‘xe modsled using the same internal lamete athe attache pipe bat with twice the wall tlckness wo weighes, Members A to B and’ to C have the weigh of any water or elon on the Pipe erwesection cand. ] Menber B 19 Dis weightless. Lumped weights ofthe valve and operator Gt operator exist) should be added 10 the pointe where needed. TWO mast im, one for valve and ove for operator C.G, are required. pe. FIGURE 10190 mada for aves whoa oe Al Flanges: Membert A to B and tC (Fig. 1020) ste modeled using the same laaecnal diameter ae the attached ge bu wih twice apd wall ickness but ‘weighs. A lomped weight aboule be added Yo\B for the Ranges). The ‘Sotghtol any water or ination willbe On te pipe oose-section cad pS Spe cap Member A to (ig. 102 6 modeled using the ste cross sctons as the un pipe but welgless. A lomped weight sou beaded to point 8 ‘Masiont Components Code ASHE Section 1 LO ene ssi APPENDIXES forthe cap. The weight of any water on insulation wil be included onthe ie cos ection card, ‘REFERENCES: 1 These Vly Aah, Png Aa Pe 2 Outner Noor! Labame ape ORM 94909 ‘TADLE AL. Tot Thema Sapemton, MATERIAL ‘carn Sut ‘Aweniie Curhialy —3crMo “Sales 12ce Temp. Lowcome te ‘Sean 1G Mosel SP Giwserb) 9CrMo39CrENT 2G 258Ce-20Ni GTNEMOCL Nice “usa “a sa a 2s 30-324 0 35 a 2 0 an ms aa -198 sa iE 235 0-138 “a6 ry 225 was 1s oi ee 2 m0 “i a1 an diet am cos case sts 380 as 190 =1%0 as “a7 aan ue “8 ms 130-13 aun 19 ons 08 cas | be 100) “098 foes > 2H “0 mn ~098 25-068 moss 9 on 0-04 ary fon = most 2 on 0x0 7 “03 so “on “un | ~020 n 0 o o ° ° 10 on om one an oz 02s as au 0s 03608 os oa 150 oss 09 = 0s) oe os ost ns 076 nie 0140 09 ost 200 ase 14s 86S im 101 ns hs 75s 16 121 230 as 2 mm aan ms fe am ks 196 1s 00 um ae 12S 2a am ms 190 2002 2a 205 0 20 220 310 268 226 as 230 2023.8, 201 aan oo 230 a0 3038 sas 20 as an 41020380 33 291 40 aoa sa 26a ae a3 as a an tae 406 295 0 as e308 on 388 ‘TABLE At (Contes) ron Leu Terma Ban Ree 70 Heed Tempero cha)" eS SS ‘MATERIAL carton Sia ‘seale CREE) scemo “Stiles 176 ‘Temp, LomChvome tw See 7 Moot woe Mercvom, 2%, cram 7G crtom onrance NE as rr Teas oe sm m 38 sas joa ee sae ys 390 S38 jer toe 2 eon $70 616 sa fis 51673 735 594 ms 6s 586 ar 508 788 18s ous boo «670 10 a 50785 tas oe ws 697 eae oi 5a 8S hie 668 so 735 69 bas 608 BAS bas 683 ss. oa 6a 8S 80 as 500781 791 wor 649.08 oT sR 231 jou 6938 baa 88 oso 838 136 jos 6m 885 om 193 os 8. asi tia gar 9981008 AT yoo 8B 806 wy Tio tous 102 was gu a0 tu 762 10881075 10s 886 as mie 7951083 - ws 98 580 ms sak as NAD - Ho 1008 sas hee sa) unas LTT - hes 1031 vas bie 82s - ns 1037 os tys2 am ML 247 - ms 1088 976 nae tee 2B - 1 1140 000 jazo 9200027715 - ims 38 1026 jest 3a BMD 3.50 - so 166 1033 Mas 9451386 - ms se 1079 1s 9883S - 1001222 106 ise N48 - ims 1230 a0 1300331388 - i350 1278 uss te 10361530 - 19s 106 10 yee (107815665 . wo 134 205 terol 1529 100 - as - ~ 1730 “ “ : 1450 - - 1199 - - : - 1s - - 1608 = - : : a) “Feo forenoon nd Ba aes Se eta Hows TABLE AL (Contos) ‘near Thera epacan eteen 707 ete Tempest (nch!1001) MATERIA ou Daas Tee union —CStn some tome 70GrH0ns —erecr were hem re ; Ol Oe oe Sls : rs Sy So 2 RN a ae t cat “ns Se Be est rer ee = cine Ts [GR le St Sieh She 5 TR ae St Dts : a th Sas ie ame Dae os ee ee 2% 5 38 ee 5 GR os 2h a ef 2 RNS oe fe ° ° oo ey oes tats oss asks ost om ays OS ase ORD 076 om 0s 180 te on 126 ams 107 os nas ons 2000936 ip Ns 098 a al 108 the ae ue 13 LBs ao 1th 16 ts 13380 ax Saas 20 14s 13s 302d 230 20 ae) 46 1a Saks 259 a2 13s a2 2 Saka 6 ase ase 2D 0 dos 33am at aus 280 238s Ss 34s kas ak sae 30s 258 ato g see as 376 32a oy 28 aE sau 3 jot om 303 sh S05 = an am 3s m7 3M ssa “9 nA 1 36 SSS ‘sr 4 bets so 36) Soh 518 30 436 3 gk as sae a anos soa eat a sn sa «ao. “ Perr a ear sm toss : a9 fae 650 5 ke “daw for wan ad tg itn Hae for npr sown ‘TABLE AS (Contin) ‘otal Lear Thesmal Expansion Betneen 707 ed indented Temperture (aces 1001)* ~~ Neer ony Ducile Tea, Alusioum Cut ion Brora Bast T0CHI0NINAFeCr NACo ‘tron = wa ae SCS ls - sas 198 me sh sos 53) 10 2 - 526 828 86H - W at 30 mS - 330 sen 902 1 rr) - sm 9% 940 178 ss 61078 - 598 $30 ae 06 106358 - sm seu ay 3s - 63s : oa oo as? 806 = 65s 880 - rn en 95 - 19.85 . 67 meas 926 - ras 900 : mums 936 - Tee as - roar ate oer - 7H 950 . 76 nose toa8 - sar ons - ses aoe 1a = 4351080 : - neo 1080 - as : . ne ope mu . ete Ty e - noua na - as . Bees 134 - es 2 : “ “ : 20s - = ins 2 : - . - 8 - 5 0 . - - - - nw - - ws : . = - - Ba - 120 : 2 : - - 1336 - = ms : : : - : pn - an) - - - - - 1510 - = 1390 . - - a e 1544 - = ams 2 - . = S 1580 . ce a0 2 - - = - 6s = Stes 2 - : - - 1653 - = so - - - - - 1688 - - ws 2 - 735 : = 1500

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