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ON
A NEW METHOD
OF OBTAINING THE
Differentials of Functions
WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE
J. MINOT RICE
PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS IN THE UNITED STATES NAVY
AND
1
W. WOOLSEY JOHNSON
PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS IN SAINT JOHN'S COLLEGE ANNAPOLIS MARYLAND
REVISED EDITION
NEW YORK
D. VAN NOSTRAND PUBLISHER
88 Murray Street and 27 Warren Street
ist:.
COPYRIGHT, 1875. D. VAN NOSTRAND.
PREFACE.
This pamphlet is a revised edition of a paper which was read
before the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, January
values 13
Pages. Art.
Transcendental Functions 22-30
to be ignored.
Notwithstanding the unusual attention which many of the
gestive of approximation.
we would refer the reader, who may desire a brief and lucid
subject may be divided into two classes ; first, those which refer
objections of the second class that we have thus far met with,
and also replies to them which seem to us to be sufficiently
conclusive.
" Cette observation a ete le pretexte d'une objection elevee
f
contre la methode des fluxions ; car, a-t-on dit, c'est introduire
mixtes, et definir une idee qui doit etre simple, par une autre
pages xv et xvi.
" Mais cette objection est assez frivole : car la veritable chose
des fonctions sur une idee que l'espiit put saisir directement,
sans passer par la consideration des limites et sans s'assujettir
a une march e jusqu'a un certain point detournee et indirecte.
definition ;
stead of rate.
The rate or differential of x will be denoted by dx, and that
of f(x) by d[f(x)] (these symbols being always used by us
to denote finite quantities.)
ELEMENTARY PROPOSITIONS.
10. The following propositions are immediate deductions
d(x + h) = dx.
d(x + y) = dx + dy.
d(mx) — mdx.
y = mx + b (1)
dy = mdx,
or dy
dx
=m (2)
value of —
dy
will then become constant. The generatrix will
13. Since the direction of the curve (or of the tangent line)
funotion of x.
c7[/(a*)], when expressed in terms of x and dx, is of the
form
*[/(*)]-/(*).*
in which f'{x) is another function of x.
14. "We shall now proceed to show how, from the four ele-
I. d(x+h)=dx.
III. d(mx)—mdx.
(X x
18 PROPOSED METHOD OF TREATING
ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS.
THE DIFFERENTIAL OF THE SQUARE.
z=mx y
then will dz=mdx (1)
and 2
9
=wV, .\ d{z
i
)=m ,
d{x) (2)
^l=m^l,
d
uz dx
(3)
v
'
d(z*) __ z d{x*)
' (
dz x '
dx ^ '
we have
I
z
'
3*11
dz
= 1
x'
^1
dx
(5)'
nated.
or —
when x is changed to z }
the latter representing, it must be re-
by 0, we write
1 d(x*)
whence
d(x*)=cxd.r (7)
To determine the unknown constant c we apply this result to
the identity
chdx=L2hdx,
or
(c-2)hdz=z0;
and, since h and dx are arbitrary quantities, we have
c=2,
which substituted in (7) gives
dix*) = 2xdx.
16. The process of which the above is an example may be
applied in the case of all those fuuctions whose differentials it
in other words, such that the relation between z and x> and also
or d( x = yd& xdy.
\j) ~r
TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS.
THE DIFFERENTIAL OF THE LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION.
lar base b.
dz mdx
z
substituting for m its value — and
P , separating the variables,
we obtain
(llOfCZ) d(\ogx) / x
v
3
dz dx '
This equation is true for all values of x, z } dx, and dz, and may
be written in the form
zf (*)=**/'(*) ( 8 ')
X ^A =B (4;
similarly, if a is
dOegbx)
the base,
=
we use
^ A to denote the constant
(5)
whence
A=Blo S& b=hgJ»;
therefore, by the definition of a logarithm,
a k = b* (8)
K
Now, it is obvious that the value of a cannot depend upon
V=e (9)
Taking the logarithm of each member of equation (9), adopt-
(10)
*-TS*
Introducing this value of B in equation (5), we obtain
dx
c?(log b z): '
logeb.X
d(log.*)«-f • (11)
taking c^=l, and the axes rectangular, we have for the equa-
Draw the ordinate of the vertex (JL, 1), and suppose a vari-
able ordinate to move from this position toward the right. The
area generated by this ordinate will be an increasing variable
quantity, which may be regarded as a function of x and de- i
noted by F{x).
B R
At the instant x has attained a given value, the correspond-
value of F(x) at the given instant, and the rectangle ydx its
d{ F{x) =tf(Aroa)=ycfo.
]
26 PROPOSED METHOD OF TREATING
therefore, F(x) and log e r, starting from the same value, and con-
stantly increasing at the same rate, we have
F(x)=log,x.
That is, the area included between the hyperbola, the axis of
one.
1 2 3
one, and the distance between them two ; its area is there-
fore one, and the area representing log e 3 is greater than one.
Therefore loge 3 >1> log e 2.
or 3 > e > 2.
The Napierian base is therefore intermediate in value be-
tween 2 and 3.
logarithmic function.
kP
d(smO) = 2L dy
, and d(cosd) = —
dx
(3)
6 and dO.
THE DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS, 29
we have
dy = Bin^.ds, and dx = cos(j>.ds} (4)
d(&m)d = sin</>. —
ds
, and <#(cos#)= cos</>.
—
ds
(5)
%dx-\-ydy=zQ,
whence
to *=sr 5 (
6)
MT r.
or, since
1 =tan0, ,
(7)
x
tan^— — cot#=tan(#4:^7r);
therefore
0=0+4* (8)
= sin(# + i7r)=costf,
sin0
a
= d$, since -
a
=0.
30 PEOP08ED METHOD OF TREATING
Whence
d (sin<9) = cos Odd,
r
and
d(co80)=-sin0tf0.
24. Equation (8) shows that, in the case of the circle, the tan-
mental definitions.
limit.
him for the study of writers who employ limits and infin-
A NEW METHOD
OF OBTAINING THE
Differentials of Functions
WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE
\
J. MINOT RICE
PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS IN THE UNITED STATES NAVY
AND
W. WOOLSEY JOHNSON
PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS IN SAINT JOHN'S COLLEGE ANNAPOLIS MARYLAND
REVISED EDITION
NJSW YORK
I) . VA ft X 8 T U A X I)
( > PUBLISHER
Hurray Street and 87 Wahhkn Btrbbt
is::.
System of Analytical Mechanics.
By Bexjamix Peiece, Perkins, Professor of Astronomy and
Mathematics in Harvard University, and Consulting As-
tronomer of the American Ephemeris and Nautical Alma-
nac. 4to, cloth. $10.00.
Barlow's Tables
Of Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, Cube Roots, Reciprocals
of all Integer Numbers up to 10,000. Stereotype
edition. Crown 8vo, cloth. §2.50.
Graphic Method
For Solving Certain Algebraic Problems. By Prof. Geo.
L. Vose, Author of Manual for Railroad Engineers.
Hrno, boards. 50 cents.
Useful Tables,
Compiled by W. II. Noble, M. A. Pocket form. Limp
cloth. 50 cents.
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