Saint Louis University

School of Medicine
Dr. Abiog | Kinesiology: Myology

KINESIOLOGY: MYOLOGY B. Dynamics

Kinesiology  Study of systems in motion with
 An intriguing science acceleration
 Study of human movement  A system in acceleration is unbalanced
 Study of motion due to a unequal forces acting on the
 Essential science for the process of evaluating body
movement-system disorders
Types of Dynamics
Three main disciplines of Kinesiology 1. Kinetics
a. Neuromuscular Anatomy and Physiology  Branch of dynamics that deals with
 Incorporates the identification of forces that produce, arrest or modify
muscle attachments (neuromuscular motions of the bodies
anatomy) and actions (neuromuscular Includes:
physiology). o Concepts of mass
b. Biomechanics o Force (F=MA)
 Incorporates biomechanical principles o Energy (energy consumption of
used to identify the mechanism of motion) as they affect motion
injuries and hence what structures are Types of Forces acting on a Body
involved. a. Compression
c. Psychomotor Behaviour  Pushed from both sides inward
 Psychomotor behaviour provides the b. Tension
understanding of how the brain learns  Pulled from both ends
and retains motor patterns and hence c. Shear
how one can teach and re-learn proper  Push on one side and another push on
mechanics and movement by evaluating the opposite side
motor performance and muscle re- d. Torsion
education in rehabilitation.  Rotate
e. Bending
Mechanics  Sideward movement
 Study of physical actions of forces

Biomechanics
 Study of body mechanics, as it relates to the
functional and anatomical analysis of biological
systems and especially with humans
 Necessary to study the body’s mechanical
characteristics and principles to understand its
movements
Division:
A. Statics
 Study of systems that are in a constant
state of motion, either at rest with no
motion or moving at a constant velocity
without acceleration
 Statics involves all forces acting on the
body being in balance resulting in the
body being in equilibrium

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Dr. Laygo | Kinesiology: Myology

Which of the following 3

positions exerts the
greatest torque at the
glenohumeral joint?
a. At 60 degree
b. At 90 degree
c. At 150 degree

TORQUE = amount of
*Monteggia’s Fracture force that will create a
-Fracture of the ulna wherein the head of the motion
radius is also dislocated. = Weight x Length

2. Kinematics T 60⁰ = 10 lbs x 20 in = 200 in. lbs.

 Descriptive geometry of motion
 Includes consideration of time,
displacement, velocity, acceleration,
and space factors of a system’s motion
 Does not include the causes of motion
and the concepts of mass, force,
momentum and energy
Two types:
a. Translation
 Linear motion in which all parts of a
rigid body move parallel to and in the
same direction as every other part of
the body
 Moving along the sagittal plane
 Can occur in a straight line (rectilinear)
or a curved line (curvilinear)
b. Rotation
 Rotatory / Rotary
 Describes a motion in which an
assumed rigid body moves in a circular
path around some pivot joint
Kinematic chains
A. Closed Kinematic Chain
 Distal segment is fixed
 e.g. Sitting to standing up
B. Open Kinematic Chain
 Distal segment terminates free in space
 e.g. Fencing motion
T 90⁰ = 10 lbs x 24 in = 240 in. lbs.
T150⁰= 10 lbs x 12 in = 120 in. lbs.
Therefore, the greatest torque at glenohumeral joint is
at 90⁰.
Clinical Kinesiology
Applications:
 To understand the forces acting on the human
body
 Forces are manipulate to:
 Improve human performance
 Prevent injuries
Usain Bolt (2009)
 Fastest 100 meter dash runner
(9.58 sec)
PLANAR CLASSIFICATION OF POSITION AND MOTION
Cardinal Planes
 Sagittal – left and right
 Frontal – front and back
 Horizontal (Transverse) – upper and lower
 Oblique
A. Sagittal Plane
Frontal Horizontal Axis
 Head flexion – C4-C5, C5-C6
 Arm Flexion – Frontal
horizontal axis at the right
angle
 Knee Flexion - Frontal
horizontal axis at the right
angle
**Movements occur parallel to the

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Dr. Laygo | Kinesiology: Myology
plane around an axis which is at right angle JOINTS
to the plane  Articulations or connections between bones
 Don’t always allow for movement
B. Frontal Plane  Formed from various connective tissues
Sagittal Horizontal Axis
*Glenohumeral joint
 Arm abduction
 0⁰ to 180⁰
 Arm adduction
 180⁰ to 0⁰
 Hyperextension
 0⁰ to 50⁰
 Lateral Flexion
 Bend to the left or
to the right
Classification of Joints
C. Horizontal Plane I. Functional Classification of Joints
Vertical Axis  Synarthrodial
Head rotation  Amphiarthrodial
 Rotation to the left and to  Diarthrodial
the right
A. Synarthrodial Joints – Immovable joints
Shoulder rotation
 Arm Inward rotation 1. Suture
 Internal / Medial rotation –  Interlocking of bones along their saw-
0⁰ to 90⁰ toothed edges
 External / Lateral rotation – 90⁰ to 0⁰
2. Schindylesis
 A thin plate of bone is received into a
cleft of fissure formed by the separation
of 2 laminae in another bone
o E.g. roof of the mouth
3. Gomphosis
 Insertion of a conical process into a
socket
o E.g. Teeth
4. Synchondrosis
 Where the connecting medium is
cartilage
o E.g. sternocostal joint

B. Amphiarthrodial Joints - Slightly movable joints

1. Symphysis
 Surfaces connected by fibrocartilage
o E.g. Symphysis pubis and
symphysis menti
2. Syndesmosis
 Surfaces united by an interosseous
ligament

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Dr. Laygo | Kinesiology: Myology
C. Diarthrodial Joints - Synovial, 3. Gomphoses
Freely movable, Lubricated joints  Peg in socket
 Insertion of a conical process into a
II. Structural Classification of Joints socket
 Fibrous  Only found in teeth/ alveoli
 Cartilaginous
 Synovial ( most complex- typical limb
joints)

A. Fibrous Joints
1. Suture
 Bones tightly bound by minimal
fiber
 Interlocking of bones along their
saw-toothed edges
 Only found in the skull B. Cartilaginous Joints
1. Synchondrosis
 Hyaline cartilage unites bones
 Epiphyseal growth plates
o E.g. Costal cartilage –
sternum

2. Syndesmosis
 Bones connected by ligaments
 Surfaces united by an interosseous
ligament
o E.g. Found in Tibiofibular
ligament, Interosseous
membrane of radius/ulna

2. Symphyses
 Fibrocartilage unites bones
o E.g. Pubic symphysis
Intervertebral disc

**Schindylesis – A thin plate of bone is received into a

cleft of fissure formed by the separation of 2 laminae in
another bone

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Dr. Laygo | Kinesiology: Myology
C. Synovial Joints o E.g. Atlanto-axial joint or the C1-C2
 Most common joint in the body joint (the NO joint)
 Most mobile joints Pivot joint between head of radius
 Characteristics: and radial notch of ulna
a. Articular surfaces on bone with
hyaline cartilage
b. Completely enclosed joint
capsule formed from
ligamentous connective tissue
c. Synovial fluid within the capsule
lubricates joint
d. Some have meniscus or
articular disc ( e.g. knee, jaw
joint) IV. Condyloid (Ellipsoidal)
 Opposed surfaces are ellipsoidal not
*Synovial membrane – secretes synovial fluid spherical
 “Egg into oval”
Subtypes of Synovial Joints:  2 planes in motion
I. Plane (Arthrodial, Irregular or Gliding)  Flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
 Bones glide face to face limited by o E.g. Radiocarpal joint or tibiofibular
restraining ligaments joint
o E.g. Tarsal in the foot or intercarpal
joints of UE

V. Sellar (Saddle, Reciprocal Reception)

II. Hinge (Ginglymus)  Both convex and concave surfaces on each
 Movement along the transverse axis articulating bone resembling the rider in a
 Flexion and extension saddle
o E,g, Humeroulnar joint of the elbow o E.g. First CMC joint or
Hinge joint between trochlea of Trapeziometacarpal joint
humerus and trochlear notch of Sternoclavicular joint
ulna at the elbow

VI. Ball And Socket ( Enarthrodial)

III. Trochoid (Pivot)
 Provides freest movement by means of a
 A cylindrical form moving within a complete
spherical head in a cuplike cavity
or partial ring
 Only a vertical axis is present

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Dr. Laygo | Kinesiology: Myology
o E.g. Glenohumeral
joint of the shoulder complex

**The type of joint, in part, determines the range and

direction of movement.

Degrees Of Freedom

1. Non-Axial
 Gliding motion
o E.g. arthrodial type in
intercarpal joint
2. Uniaxial
 One axis of motion
o E.g. trochoid type in
atlantoaxial joint
3. Biaxial
 Two axes of motion
o E.g. condyloid type in
radiocarpal joint
4. Triaxial
 Three axes of motion
o E.g. ball-and-socket type in GH
joint

Movement of Joint Surfaces

Three Types of Motion:

1. Rolling or rocking
 Each subsequent point on one surface
contacts a new point on the other
surface
2. Sliding or Gliding
3. Spinning
 In sliding and spinning, the same point
on one surface contacts new points on
the mating surface

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