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TD-LTE principle
TD-LTE Principle
Contents
1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
2.8 Mobility............................................................................................................................................. 6
3 LTE Architecture........................................................................................................................................ 9
5 Layer 2 .......................................................................................................................................................39
ii
5.3.2 PDU Structure ...................................................................................................................... 45
6 RRC ........................................................................................................................................................... 47
6.3 NAS State and the Relationship With the RRC State ..................................................................... 49
iii
Figure of Content
iv
Figure 5.1-1 Mapping Between Downlink Logical Channels and Transport Channels.......................... 42
Figure 5.1-2 Mapping between uplink logical channels and transport channels .................................... 42
Figure 5.2-1 RLC PDU Structure ........................................................................................................... 44
Figure 5.3-1 PDCP PDU Structure ......................................................................................................... 45
Figure 7.1-1 Orthogonal Subcarriers ....................................................................................................... 53
Figure 7.1-2 OFDM Modulator ............................................................................................................... 53
Figure 7.1-3 OFDM Subcarriers .............................................................................................................. 54
Figure 7.1-4 basic principle of Modulation ............................................................................................ 54
Figure 7.1-5 basic principle of OFDM demodulation ............................................................................. 55
Figure 7.1-6 FFT processing.................................................................................................................... 56
Figure 7.1-7 inter-symbol interference .................................................................................................... 57
Figure 7.1-8 cyclic- prefix ....................................................................................................................... 58
Figure 7.2-1 Basic Principles of DFTS-OFDM ....................................................................................... 60
Figure 7.2-2 mapping from the DFT output to IDFT input ..................................................................... 61
Figure 7.2-3 transmitted spectrum in localized and distributed DFTS-OFDM ..................................... 62
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TD-LTE Principle
1 Overview
1.1 Background
The development history from 2G and 3G to 3.9 G is the development history from
low-speed voice services to high-speed multimedia services of mobile communications.
Error! Reference source not found. shows the development and evolution of wireless
communication technologies.
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TD-LTE Principle
The establishment of 3GPP standards can be divided into four stages: requirement
proposal, architecture establishment, detailed specifications, and testing and
verification.
3GPP works in workgroup mode and RAN1/2/3/4/5 workgroups are directly related to
LTE.
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TD-LTE Principle
2.1 Overview
LTE
features
Enhanced Lower
spectrum OPEX and
efficiency CAPEX
Different
bandwidth
supported
E-UTRA Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive Downlink (DL) operating band BS Duplex
Operating UE transmit transmit UE receive Mode
Band
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TD-LTE Principle
FDL_high
The instantaneous uplink peak rate reaches 50 Mbit/s (2.5 bit/s/Hz) at 20 MHz uplink spectrum
band (one receive antenna on the UE side).
Wideband, MIMOs, and advanced modulation technologies are the key technologies to increase
the peak data rate.
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Additionally, if the control plane operates at 5 MHz spectrum band, each cell is
expected to support 200 activated users. In the case of higher spectrum bands, each cell
is expected to support 400 activated users.
In the case of "zero loads" (a single user and a single data flow) and "small IP packets"
(only one IP header and no effective load), the user-plane delay is expected to be no
longer than 5 ms.
1. The user throughput per MHz at the Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) of
5% must reach two to three times the throughput of R6 HSDPA.
2. The average user throughput per MHz must reach three to four times the
throughput of R6 HSDPA.
R6 HSDPA uses one transmitter and one receiver (1T1R) while LTE uses two
transmitters and two receivers (2T2R).
Uplink:
1. The user throughput per MHz at the CDF of 5% must reach two to three times
the throughput of R6 HSUPA.
2. The user throughput per MHz must reach two to three times the throughput of
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TD-LTE Principle
R6 HSUPA.
R6 HSUPA uses 1T2R, and so does LTE.
Uplink: On a network with effective load, the target LTE spectrum efficiency
(measured by the bit quantity per site, per Hz, and per second) is two to three times
more efficient than R6 HSUPA. R6 HSUPA uses 1T2R, and so does LTE.
2.8 Mobility
E-UTRAN can provide optimum network performance for mobile users at the speed of
0–15 km/h, high performance services at the speed of 15–120 km/h, and cell network
services at the speed of 120–350 km/h (the speed even reaches 500 km/h at specified
bands).
Voice services and other real-time services provided in the R6 CS domain are
supported by PS domain on the E-UTRAN and all these services can reach or exceed
the quality of UTRAN services. The interruption time caused by handovers within the
E-UTRA system must be shorter than or equal to the handover time of the GERAN CS
domain.
In a special case where the moving speed exceeds 250 km/h (in a high-speed train), the
physical layer parameters of E-UTRAN must be set to be capable of protecting the
connections between users and networks at the highest speed of 350 km/h (the speed
even reaches 500 km/h at specified bands).
2.9 Coverage
The E-UTRA system must flexibly support all coverage scenarios on the basis of
reusing the current UTRAN sites and frequencies to meet the preceding performance
indexes such as the user throughput, spectrum efficiency, and mobility.
The performance requirements of the E-UTRA system within different coverage scope
are listed as follows:
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1. Coverage radius within 5 km: The preceding performance indexes such as the
user throughput, spectrum efficiency, and mobility must be fully satisfied.
2. Coverage radius within 30 km: The throughput and spectrum efficiency are
allowed to slightly drop but within an acceptable range, and the mobility index
must be fully satisfied.
On the other hand, the spectrum flexibility allows consolidation of spectrum bands.
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TD-LTE Principle
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TD-LTE Principle
3 LTE Architecture
LTE adopts an OFDM-based air interface technology that is different from those of 2G
and 3G networks. LTE adopts flat network architecture within which E-UTRAN
contains only eNodeBs but not RNCs to optimize the traditional 3G network
architecture. LTE supports the functions of PDCP, RLC, MAC, and physical layer
protocols on the E-UTRA user plane and those of the RRC protocol on the control
plane. Error! Reference source not found. shows the E-UTRAN system architecture.
S1
S1
S1
S1
X2 E-UTRAN
eNB X2 eNB
X2
eNB
eNodeBs are connected over an x2 interface and every eNodeB is connected to the
Evolved Packet Core (EPC) network over an S1 interface. The user plane of S1
interfaces terminates on the Serving-Gateway (S-GW) and the control plane of S1
interfaces terminates on the Mobile Management Entity (MME). The other ends of the
control plane and user plane terminate on the eNodeB. Functions of all NEs in the
preceding figure are listed as follows:
eNodeB
Manages radio resources, for example, radio bearer control, radio access control,
connection mobility control, and dynamic resource assignment of uplink and
downlink (scheduling).
Chooses the UE-attached MME when the MME routing information cannot be
known from the information provided for the UE.
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Schedules and transmits the Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System (ETWS)
information initiated by the MME.
MME
As the control core of the SAE, an MME implements such functions as user
access control, service bearer control, paging, and handover control.
The function of the MME is separated from that of the gateway. The structure of
separated control plane and user plane facilitates network deployment, single
technology evolution, and flexible capacity expansion.
NAS signaling
AS security control
Roaming
Authentication
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TD-LTE Principle
S-GW
As the anchor point at local eNodeB handover, the S-GW implements the
following functions: data transfer between the eNodeB and the public data
gateway, downlink packet buffer, and user-based billing.
Lawful interception
As the designated anchor point of the data bearer, the Public Data Network
Gateway (P-GW) has the following functions: packet forwarding, packet
resolving, lawful interception, service-based billing, QoS control, and
interconnection with non-3GPP networks.
Lawful interception
As shown in the preceding figure, the original Iu interface, Iub interface, and Iur
interface are replaced with the S1 interface and X2 interface in the new LTE
architecture.
Error! Reference source not found. shows the functional split between E-UTRAN
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and EPC. Yellow boxes depict the logical nodes, white boxes depict the functional
entities of the control plane, and blue boxes depict the radio protocol layers.
Similar to UMTS, the EPS supports a bearer concept (see Figure 3.1-3) for supporting
end-user data services. The EPS bearer (similar to a PDP context of previous 3GPP
releases) is defined between the User Equipment (UE) and the P-GW node in the EPC
(which provide the end users IP point of presence towards external networks). The EPS
bearer is further sub-divided into an E-UTRAN Radio Access Bearer (E-RAB), over
the radio interface and S1 interface between the UE and S-GW.
End-to-end services (for example, IP services) are multiplexed on different EPS bearers.
There is a many-to-one relation between end-to-end services and EPS bearers.
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TD-LTE Principle
An UL TFT (Traffic Flow Template) in the UE binds an SDF (Service Data Flow) to an
EPS bearer in the uplink direction.
Multiple SDFs can be multiplexed onto the same EPS bearer by including multiple
uplink packet filters in the UL TFT.
A DL TFT in the PDN GW binds an SDF to an EPS bearer in the downlink direction.
Multiple SDFs can be multiplexed onto the same EPS bearer by including multiple
downlink packet filters in the DL TFT.
An E-RAB transports the packets of an EPS bearer between the UE and the EPC.
When an E-RAB exists, there is a one-to-one mapping between this E-RAB and an
EPS bearer.
A data radio bearer transports the packets of an EPS bearer between a UE and an eNB.
When a data radio bearer exists, there is a one-to-one mapping between this data radio
bearer and the EPS bearer/E-RAB.
An S5/S8 bearer transports the packets of an EPS bearer between a Serving GW and a
PDN GW.
A UE stores a mapping between an uplink packet filter and a data radio bearer to create
the binding between an SDF and a data radio bearer in the uplink.
A PDN GW stores a mapping between a downlink packet filter and an S5/S8a bearer to
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create the binding between an SDF and an S5/S8a bearer in the downlink.
An eNB stores a one-to-one mapping between a data radio bearer and an S1 bearer to
create the binding between a data radio bearer and an S1 bearer in both the uplink and
downlink.
Error! Reference source not found. shows the control plane protocol architecture.
UE eNB MME
NAS NAS
RRC RRC
PDCP PDCP
RLC RLC
MAC MAC
PHY PHY
The RLC and MAC terminate at an eNodeB on the network side and implement the
same functions on the user plane and control plane.
The RRC terminates at an eNodeB and implements such functions as broadcast, paging,
RRC connection management, RB control, mobility, and UE measurement reporting
and control.
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TD-LTE Principle
The NAS terminates at an MME and implements such functions as EPS bearer
management, authentication, idle-mode EPS Connection Management (ECM), idle-
mode ECM paging, and security control.
Error! Reference source not found. shows the user plane protocol architecture.
UE eNB
PDCP PDCP
RLC RLC
MAC MAC
PHY PHY
The user-plane PDCP, RLC, and MAC terminate at an eNodeB and implement such
functions as header compression, encryption, scheduling, ARQ, and HARQ.
3.3.1 S1 Interface
The S1 interface is defined as the interface between the E-UTRAN and EPC. The S1
interface contains two parts: the control-plane S1-MME interface and user-plane S1-U
interface. The S1-MME interface is defined as the interface between the eNodeB and
MME, and the S1-UE interface is defined as the interface between the eNodeB and S-
GW. Error! Reference source not found. and Error! Reference source not found.
show the protocol stack architecture of the S1-MME interface and S1-U interface.
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S1-AP
SCTP
IP
Physical layer
GTP-U
UDP
IP
Physical layer
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TD-LTE Principle
S1 paging
S1 interface management
Error indication
Reset
Network sharing
UE context modification
Location report
Overload
E-RAB establishment
E-RAB modification
Handover preparation
Resource assignment
Handover termination
Handover cancellation
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Paging
Reset
eNodeB-initiated reset
MME-initiated reset
UE context modification
S1 establishment
Location report
Location report
Overload startup
Overload stop
Error! Reference source not found. shows the S1 interface signaling procedure.
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TD-LTE Principle
UE eNB MME
Paging
Paging
The similarities between S1 interface and X2 interface lie in the fact that S1-U and X2-
U adopt the same user-plane protocol to reduce protocol processing at eNodeB data
forward.
3.3.2 X2 Interface
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X2-AP
SCTP
IP
Physical layer
GTP-U
UDP
IP
Physical layer
User plane channel control between the source eNodeB and the target eNodeB
Handover cancellation
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TD-LTE Principle
Error indication
Handover preparation
Handover cancellation
UE context release
Error indication
Load management
Error! Reference source not found. shows that the LOAD INDICATOR message is
used for load state communication among eNodeBs.
eNB eNB
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TD-LTE Principle
4 Physical Layer
Figure 4.1-1 shows the frame structure 1. Every 10 ms radio frame is divided into ten
sub-frames of fixed length. Each sub-frame contains two time slots each of which is
0.5 ms long.
#0 #1 #2 #18 #19
slot
Sub-frame
One radio frame = 10ms
For FDD, at every 10 ms, ten sub-frames can be used for downlink transmission and
another ten sub-frames can be used for uplink transmission. The uplink transmission
and downlink transmission are separated on the frequency domain.
the size of various fields in the time domain is expressed as a number of time units
Ts 1 15000 2048 seconds.
Downlink and uplink transmissions are organized into radio frames with
Tf 307200 Ts 10 ms duration.
Frame structure type 1 is applicable to both full duplex and half duplex FDD. Each
radio frame is Tf 307200 Ts 10 ms long and consists of 20 slots of length
Tslot 15360 Ts 0.5 ms , numbered from 0 to 19. A subframe is defined as two
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TD-LTE Principle
For FDD, 10 subframes are available for downlink transmission and 10 subframes are
available for uplink transmissions in each 10 ms interval. Uplink and downlink
transmissions are separated in the frequency domain. In half-duplex FDD operation,
the UE cannot transmit and receive at the same time while there are no such restrictions
in full-duplex FDD.\
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms
One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms
#0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19
One subframe
Subframes 0 and 5 and DwPTS are always reserved for downlink transmission. UpPTS
and the subframe immediately following the special subframe are always reserved for
uplink transmission.
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One slot,
Tslot=15360Ts 30720Ts
Special subframe Normal cyclic prefix in downlink Extended cyclic prefix in downlink
configuration DwPTS UpPTS DwPTS UpPTS
Normal Extended Normal cyclic Extended
cyclic cyclic prefix prefix in cyclic prefix in
prefix in uplink uplink uplink
in uplink
0 6592 Ts 7680 Ts
1 19760 Ts 20480 Ts
2192 Ts 2560 Ts
2 21952 Ts 2192 Ts 2560 Ts 23040 Ts
3 24144 Ts 25600 Ts
4 26336 Ts 7680 Ts
5 6592 Ts 20480 Ts 4384 Ts 5120 Ts
6 19760 Ts 23040 Ts
4384 Ts 5120 Ts
7 21952 Ts - - -
8 24144 Ts - - -
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TD-LTE Principle
At the time of data transmission, the LTE system consolidates uplink and downlink
time-frequency domain physical resources into Resource Blocks (RBs) for scheduling
and allocation.
Several REs constitute an RB. There are 12 consecutive sub-carriers on the frequency
domain and seven consecutive OFDM symbols (six symbols for Extended CP). That is,
the frequency domain width is 180 kHz and the time length is 0.5 ms.
Error! Reference source not found. and Error! Reference source not found. show
the physical resource structure of downlink and uplink slots.
26
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DL
N symb OFDM symbols
k N RB N sc 1
DL RB
Resource
block resource
DL
N symb N scRB
elements
subcarrier
subcarrier
Resource
s
(k , l )
element
N scRB
s
N scRB
DL
N RB
k 0
l0 l DL
N symb 1
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TD-LTE Principle
UL
N symb SC-FDMA symbols
k N RB N sc 1
UL RB
Resource
block resource
UL
N symb N scRB
elements
subcarrier
subcarrier
Resource
s
(k , l )
element
N scRB
s
N scRB
UL
N RB
k 0
l0 l UL
N symb 1
With excellent-enough channels, every sub-frame that the PBCH is located can
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Notifies the resource assignment information of the PCH, DL-SCH, and DL-
SCH-related HARQ information to the UE.
Supports HARQ.
Supports beamforming.
Supports the UE DRX to save power. (The network notifies the DRX period to
the UE.)
Map to physical resources that can be used dynamically also for traffic or other
control channels.
Supports beamforming.
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Supports HARQ.
Collision risks.
Figure 4.5-1 Mapping Between Downlink Transport Channels and Downlink Physical
Channels
Downlink
Physical channels
PBCH PMCH PDSCH PDCCH
Figure 4.5-2 Mapping Between Uplink Transport Channels and Uplink Physical
Channels
UL-SCH RACH
Uplink
Transport channels
Uplink
Physical channels
PUSCH PRACH PUCCH
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TD-LTE Principle
The downlink physical signals include the reference signal and the synchronization
signal.
Reference signal(Downlink)
The downlink reference signals include the following three types of reference
signals:
Synchronization signals
For FDD, the primary synchronization signal maps to the last OFDM symbol of
time slot 0 and time slot 10. The secondary synchronization signal maps to the
second last OFDM symbol of time slot 0 and time slot 10.
Reference signals(Uplink)
The uplink reference signals include the following two types of signals:
The demodulation reference signals and the sounding reference signals use the
same base sequence set.
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Node B UE
Error
Channel-state N Transport blocks indications
information, etc. (dynamic size S1..., SN)
ACK/NACK ACK/NACK
HARQ HARQ info HARQ info HARQ
CRC
CRC
Redundancy for
CRC
error detection CRC
Interl.
Interleaving Interl.
Deinterleaving
Modulation
scheme QPSK, 16QAM,
Data modulation Data modulation
Data modulation 64QAM Data demodulation
Resource/power
assignment RB mapping
Resource mapping RB mapping
Resource demapping
Antenna
mapping Multi-antenna
Antenna mapping processing Antenna demapping
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TD-LTE Principle
Node B UE
Error
Single Transport blocks indication
(fixed size S)
CRC CRC
Coding + RM Decoding + RM
Interleaving Deinterleaving
Node B UE
Error
Single Transport blocks indication
(dynamic size S)
CRC CRC
Coding + RM
MAC scheduler
Decoding + RM
Interleaving Deinterleaving
Modulation
scheme
Data modulation Data demodulation
Resource/power
assignment
Resource mapping Resource demapping
Antenna
mapping
Antenna mapping Antenna demapping
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Chapter Error! Use the Home tab to apply 标题 1 to the text that you want to appear here. Error! Use the Home tab t
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Node B UE
Error
N Transport blocks indications
(dynamic size S1..., SN)
CRC
CRC CRC
CRC
Coding + RM Coding + RM
Coding + RM
MAC scheduler
Decoding + RM
Interl.
Interleaving Interl.
Deinterleaving
Modulation
scheme Data modulation
Data modulation Data modulation
Data demodulation
Resource/power
assignment RB mapping
Resource mapping RB mapping
Resource demapping
Antenna
mapping
Antenna mapping Antenna demapping
Semi-static
configuration
Node BError UE
indications
Channel -state
information, etc.
ACK/NACK
HARQ HARQ info HARQ
ACK/NACK
CRC
CRC CRC Uplink transmission c
CRC
Interl.
Deinterleaving Interl.
Interleaving
Modulation Modulation
scheme Data modulation scheme
Data demodulation Data
Datamodulation
modulation
Resource Resource/power
assignment RB mapping assignment
Resource demapping RB mapping
Resource mapping
Antenna
mapping
Antenna demapping
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TD-LTE Principle
Cell search
Timing synchronization
Power control determines the Energy Per Resource Element (EPRE). EPRE denotes the
energy prior to CP insertion. EPRE also denotes the average energy taken over all
constellation points for the applied modulation scheme. Uplink power control
determines the average power of one DFT-SOFDM symbol on a physical channel.
The uplink power control procedure controls the transmit power of different
uplink physical channels.
The eNodeB determines the downlink transmit energy per resource element.
2. Parameters for determining the root sequences and their cyclic shifts in the
preamble sequence set for the cell (index to root sequence table, cyclic shift
(Ncs), and set type (normal or high-speed set)).
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From the physical layer perspective, the physical random access procedure
encompasses the transmission of random access preamble and random access response.
The remaining messages are scheduled for transmission by the higher layer on the
shared data channel and are not considered as a part of the L1 random access procedure.
The following steps are required for the physical random access procedure:
4. A preamble sequence is then selected from the preamble sequence set through
the preamble index.
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TD-LTE Principle
5 Layer 2
Layer 2 consists of three sub-layers: PDCP, RLC, and MAC. Figure Error!
Reference source not found. and Figure Error! Reference source not found.Error!
Reference source not found. show Layer 2 downlink and uplink structures.
Radio Bearers
Logical Channels
HARQ HARQ
Transport Channels
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TD-LTE Principle
Radio Bearers
ROHC ROHC
PDCP
Security Security
Segm. Segm.
RLC ...
ARQ etc ARQ etc
CCCH
Logical Channels
MAC Multiplexing
HARQ
Transport Channels
The connection points among sub-layers are known as the Service Access Points (SAP).
The service provided by PDCP is referred to as the radio bearer. The PDCP provides
the Robust Header Compression (ROHC) and security protection. The SAP between
the physical layer and MAC layer provides transport channels and that between the
MAC layer and RLC layer provides logical channels.
The MAC layer provides multiplexing and mapping of logical channels (radio bearer)
to transport channels (transport block).
Only one transport block is generated at each TTI (1 ms) in the uplink or downlink in
the case of non-MIMO.
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Padding
The MAC layer provides different types of data transmission services. The type of each
logical channel is defined based on the type of transmitted data.
The PCCH is a downlink channel used to transfer paging messages and system
information change notifications. The PCCH is used to page a UE when the UE
cell location is unknown to the network.
This channel is used to deliver control information in both uplink and downlink
directions when there is no confirmed association between a UE and the eNodeB
– i.e. during connection establishment. In the RLC layer, it is associated with a
TM RLC entity.
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TD-LTE Principle
information from the network to the UE for one or several MTCHs. This
channel is only used for UEs that receive MBMS.
This channel is used to transmit dedicated user data in both uplink and downlink
directions. In the RLC layer, it can be associated with either a UM RLC entity or
an AM RLC entity
Error! Reference source not found. and Error! Reference source not found. show
the mapping between downlink and uplink logical channels and transport channels.
Figure 5.1-1 Mapping Between Downlink Logical Channels and Transport Channels
Downlink
Transport channels
PCH BCH DL-SCH MCH
Figure 5.1-2 Mapping between uplink logical channels and transport channels
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Uplink
Transport channels
RACH UL-SCH
In-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs (only for UM and AM data transfer)
RLC re-establishment
Error! Reference source not found. shows the RLC PDU structure.
The PDU sequence number carried by the RLC header is independent of the
SDU sequence number (that is, the PDCP sequence number).
The red dotted lines in Error! Reference source not found. indicate
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TD-LTE Principle
segmentation positions.
... ...
RLC PDU
The main services and functions of the PDCP sub-layer for the user plane include:
The main services and functions of the PDCP sublayer for the control plane
include:
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Chapter Error! Use the Home tab to apply 标题 1 to the text that you want to appear here. Error! Use the Home tab t
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Error! Reference source not found. shows the PDCP PDU structure.
PDCP PDU
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TD-LTE Principle
6 RRC
Paging
- Handover
MBMS notification
QoS management
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TD-LTE Principle
PLMN selection
Paging
The network can transmit and receive data to/from the UEs.
The UE also reports channel quality information and feeds back information to
eNodeB.
The DRX cycle can be conformed according to the UE mobility level to save
UE power and enhance resource efficiency. This function is controlled by
eNodeB.
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6.3 NAS State and the Relationship With the RRC State
The NAS state model can be described by the two-dimensional state model of the EPS
Mobility Management state (EMM) and the EPS Connection Management state.
EMM state:
EMM-DEREGISTERED state
EMM-REGISTERED state
ECM state:
ECM-IDLE state
ECM-CONNECTED state
Note: The EMM state and the ECM state are mutually independent.
The relationship between the NAS state and the RRC state is as follows:
System information includes the Master Information Block (MIB) and a series of
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TD-LTE Principle
The MIB maps to the BCCH and BCH. The SI maps to the BCCH and DL-
SCH, and is identifies through the System Information RNTI (SI-RNTI). The
MIB uses a fixed dispatch cycle of 40 ms. The System Information Block Type
1 uses a fixed dispatch cycle of 80 ms. The other SI dispatch cycle is not fixed
and indicated by the System Information Block Type 1.
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TD-LTE Principle
In the LTE system, the CP OFDM technology is used in the downlink direction while
the CP SC-FDMA technology is used in the uplink direction.
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TD-LTE Principle
In complex baseband notation, a basic OFDM signal x(t) during the time interval mTu
≤ t < (m+1) Tu can thus be expressed as
Nc 1 Nc 1
xt xk t a m
k e j 2kft
k 0 k 0
where xk(t) is the kth modulated subcarrier with frequency fk = k · Δf and ak(m) is the, in
general complex, modulation symbol applied to the k th subcarrier during the m th
OFDM symbol interval, i.e. during the time interval mT u ≤ t < (m+1)Tu. OFDM
transmission is thus block based, implying that, during each OFDM symbol interval, Nc
modulation symbols are transmitted in parallel. The modulation symbols can be from
any modulation alphabet, such as QPSK, 16QAM, or 64QAM.
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The term Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex is due to the fact that two
modulated OFDM subcarriers xk1 and xk2 are mutually orthogonal over the time
interval mTu ≤ t < (m+1)Tu, i.e.
m1Tu m1Tu
The following figure illustrates the basic principle of OFDM demodulation consisting
of a bank of correlators, one for each subcarrier.
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TD-LTE Principle
Where
a 0 k Nc
a 'k k
0 Nc k N
The index m on the modulation symbols, indicating the OFDM-symbol number, will be
ignored unless especially needed.
The sequence xn , i.e. the sampled OFDM signal, is the size- N Inverse Discrete Fourier
Transform (IDFT) of the block of modulation symbols a0 , a1 , … , aNc-1 extended with
zeros to length N. OFDM modulation can thus be implemented by means of IDFT
processing followed by digital-to-analog conversion, as illustrated in the following
figure. Especially, by selecting the IDFT size N equal to 2m for some integer m , the
OFDM modulation can be implemented by means of implementation-efficient radix-2
Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing.
Similar to OFDM modulation, efficient FFT processing can be used for OFDM
demodulation, replacing the bank of Nc parallel demodulators of the above figure with
sampling with some sampling rate fs = 1/Ts, followed by a size-N DFT/FFT, as
illustrated in the following figure.
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TD-LTE Principle
To deal with this problem and to make an OFDM signal truly insensitive to time
dispersion on the radio channel, so-called cyclic-prefix insertion is typically used in
case of OFDM transmission. As illustrated in the following figure, cyclic-prefix
insertion implies that the last part of the OFDM symbol is copied and inserted at the
beginning of the OFDM symbol. Cyclic-prefix insertion thus increases the length of the
OFDM symbol from Tu to Tu + TCP , where TCP is the length of the cyclic prefix, with a
corresponding reduction in the OFDM symbol rate as a consequence.
As illustrated in the lower part of the following figure, if the correlation at the receiver
side is still only carried out over a time interval Tu = 1/Δf, subcarrier orthogonality will
then be preserved also in case of a time-dispersive channel, as long as the span of the
time dispersion is shorter than the cyclic- prefix length.
DFT/FFT processing.
For OFDM transmission, the basic OFDM parameters are listed as follows:
Subcarrier spacing
f .
Number of subcarriers
N c . It works with f to determine the transmission
bandwidth of OFDM signals.
TCP . It works with the subcarrier spacing f 1 / Tu to determine
Cyclic prefix length
theOFDM symbol time length
T TCP Tu .
For LTE downlink transmission, the basic OFDM parameters are listed as follows:
Subcarrier spacing: The following two types of subcarrier spacing are supported
f 15kHz , used for unicast and muticast transmissions.
Number of subcarriers
N c . Different system bandwidths have different number of
subcarriers. The following table lists the number of subcarriers specified for LTE.
Channel
bandwidth 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
(MHz)
Number of
subcarriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200
( Nc )
For
f 7.5kHz , only the extended CP is supported. Meanwhile, to ensure that the
timeslot length is 0.5 ms, different OFDM symbols have different cyclic prefix lengths,
refer to the following table.
N CP ,l
Where represents the sample value contained in the cyclic prefix corresponding
to the Lth OFDM symbol in a timeslot.
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If the DFT size M would equal the IDFT size N , the cascaded DFT/IDFT processing
would obviously completely cancel out each other. However, if M is smaller than N
and the remaining inputs to the IDFT are set to zero, the output of the IDFT will be a
signal with single-carrier properties, namely, a signal with low power variations, and
with a bandwidth that depends on M. More specifically, assuming a sampling rate fs at
the output of the IDFT, the nominal bandwidth of the transmitted signal will be
BW M / N f s . Thus, by varying the block size M, the instantaneous bandwidth of
the transmitted signal can be varied, allowing for flexible-bandwidth assignment.
To have a high degree of flexibility in the instantaneous bandwidth, given by the DFT
size M , it is typically not possible to ensure that M can be expressed as 2m for some
integer m. However, as long as M can be expressed as a product of relatively small
prime numbers, the DFT can still be implemented as relatively lowcomplexity non-
radix-2 FFT processing. As an example, a DFT size M = 144 can be implemented by
means of a combination of radix-2 and radix-3 FFT processing (144 = 32 · 24 ).
The following two methods can be used for mapping from the DFT output to IDFT
input:
Localized DFTS-OFDM
Distributed DFTS-OFDM
What has been illustrated in the following figure represents the two methods. Localized
DFTS-OFDM refers to the fact that the output of the DFT is mapped to consecutive
inputs of the OFDM modulator. Distributed DFTS-OFDM refers to the fact that the
output of the DFT is mapped to equidistant inputs of the OFDM modulator with zeros
inserted in between.
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TD-LTE Principle
The following figure illustrates the basic structure of the transmitted spectrum in the
case of localized and distributed DFTS-OFDM, respectively. Although the spectrum of
the localized DFTS-OFDM signal clearly indicates a single-carrier transmission, this is
not as clearly seen from the spectrum of the distributed DFTS-OFDM signal. However,
it can be shown that a distributed DFTS-OFDM signal has similar power variations as
localized DFTS-OFDM. Actually, it can be shown that a distributed DFTS-OFDM
signal is equivalent to so-called Interleaved FDMA (IFDMA). The benefit of
distributed DFTS-OFDM, compared to localized DFTS-OFDM, is the possibility for
additional frequency diversity as even a low-rate distributed DFTS-OFDM signal
(small DFT size M can be spread over a potentially very large overall transmission
bandwidth.
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Subcarrier spacing
f .
Number of subcarriers
N c . It works with f to determine the transmission
bandwidth of DFTS-OFDM signals.
TCP . It works with the subcarrier spacing f 1 / Tu to determine
Cyclic prefix length
the DFTS-OFDM symbol time length
T TCP Tu .
Channel
bandwidth 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
(MHz)
Number of
subcarriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200
( Nc )
For LTE uplink transmission, the basic DFTS-OFDM parameters are listed as follows:
Number of subcarriers
N c . Different system bandwidths have different number of
subcarriers. The following table lists the nubmer of subcarriers specified for LTE.
160 for l 0
Common CP
144 for l 1,2,...,6
Extended CP 512 for l 0,1,...,5
N CP ,l
Where represents the sample value contained in the cyclic prefix corresponding
to the Lth DFTS-OFDM symbol in a timeslot.
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TD-LTE Principle
Appendix A Abbreviation
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TD-LTE Principle
SN Name
25.912 Feasibility study for evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and
1
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)
2 25.913 Requirements for Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA) and Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)
36.300 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal
3
Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN), Overall description
4 25.814 Physical layer aspects for evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)
5 36.211 Physical Channels and Modulation
6 36.212 Multiplexing and channel coding
7 36.213 Physical layer procedures
8 36.214 Physical layer – Measurements
9 36.302 Services provided by the physical layer
10 36.331 Radio Resource Control (RRC)
11 36.104 Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception
12 36.321 Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification
23.401 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved Universal
13
Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access
14 23.203 Policy and charging control architecture
67