Microgrid Symposium

September 17 2009
September  17, 2009
San Diego 

Overview of Microgrid R&D in Japan

Akihiko Yokoyama
The University of Tokyo
 Overview of Microgrid related R&D in Japan
Battery
B tt C
Control
t l with
ith PV B tt
Battery S
System
t R&D P
Project
j t
in Ohta City

Fuel Cell Microgrid Project

Network

in Aichi EXPO New National Projects

Virtual Power Plant Project Island Microgrid Project

Supply N

in Kyoto Area
Advanced Analog-Type
Microgrid
g Project
j
d Power S

Customer Model Integrated

Customer-Model
in Hachi-no-he City Power System Simulator
Project
Multiple Power-Quality Power Supply
Advanced

N t
Network kP
Project
j t iin S
Sendai
d i Cit
City

Autonomous Demand Area

Power System in Akagi
Akagi, CRIEPI NEDO Projects
A

2001 2003 2008 2010 year

Shi i Microgrid
Shimizu Mi id S
System
t ・・・・・・
Private Sector Projects
Tokyo Gas Microgrid System ・・・・・・
 Concept of Advanced
p Power Supply Network
pp y
From 2001 to 2003

Control Center Substation

Control&
Distribution Information
feeders system

Po
ower flow
コージェネ

Control
C t l
レーション
レ ション

Power flow
information コージェネ
レーション

コージェネ
レーション
Power flow

Controller Communication Substation

Communication Control line for control
Power Storage
g terminal information (Optical Fiber） (Power Storage
Battery Battery）

Technical Committee supported by METI
 Voltage Control of a Feeder with a Large 
Penetration of PV Generations by Batteries
Penetration of PV Generations by Batteries
From 2002 to 2007
Measuring device
SCADA System
SCADA System
Remote Communication Device
Distribution Substation Power Conditioner
Communication Line
Hi h l
High‐voltage Line
Li P
Power Flow
Fl

Measuring device Remote Communication Device

Solar Radiation
Measuring 
Wind direction, velocity
Measuring  device
device Battery
Low‐voltage Line Low‐voltage Line
Communication
Measuring  Measuring  device
device device

Customer Customer
Load Load
Battery
Measuring System
Measuring System PV System Batteryy
PV System
PV System
NEDO Ohta City Project
 Independent and Islanding Operation of Microgrid
From 2003 to 2008
東部終末処理場
Wasted Water  Bio Gas Engine
バイオガスエンジン Photovoltaic Generation (50kW)
太陽光発電 50kW
Process Center 170kW×3
（終末処理場へはシステム
による電力供給は行わない）

東北電力系統 エンジン排熱を有効利用
Tohoku Electric 
制御システム
Control System
Power Co.

自 営 線 （電 力 ・通 信 ）
消化槽 消化ガス Battery
鉛電池
Bio Gas
タンク 50kW×2

ution Line
廃材 木質バイオマス 蒸気ボイラ（既設）
Biomass Boiler
ボイラ
1t/h 消化ガスをエンジンン燃料に利用

Distribu
小中野中学校（59kW）
Junior High School 小中野小学校（47kW）
Primary School 江陽中学校（49kW）
Junior High School 江陽小学校（50kW）
Primary School
(49kW) (47kW) (49kW) (50kW)

Wind Power
風力発電 Wind Power
風力発電
PV
太陽光発電 8kW
PV
太陽光発電 8kW
10kW 10kW
Peak load
八戸市庁舎本館 旧庁舎
City Hall 
City Hall
City Hall 
（360kW：推計） (38kW)
（38kW）
600kW
k
(360kW) Wind Power
風力発電
4kW
PV
太陽光発電
10kW
東北電力系統
Tohoku Electric 
Power Co.
NEDO Hachi‐no‐he City Project
 Operation of DGs including RES 
as a Virtual Power Plant
Vi lP Pl
From 2003 to 2008
Commercial Power System, Utility Power System (Kansai Electric power company)

Wind Power
Bio Gas  Generation
Supply  Generation Photovoltaic Power 
side Fuel Cell Generation

Control System Supply & Demand
Balance Control 
Internet

Apartment House
Demand 
side
City Hall 
Hospital
Hospital  School
School     

NEDO Kyoto Project
 Multiple Power‐Quality 
Electricity Supply Network
Electricity Supply Network
From 2003 to 2008
Utility From 2003 to 2008
((Tohoku Electric
T h k Fukushi
Tohoku F k hi U
Univ.
i E
Energy Center
C t
Power Co.)

CB

Bus Tie CB
3-phase 6.6kV Bus

Integrated High-Quality
Power Supply Device

Normal- High-
High- High- High- High-
Quality DC
Quality Quality Quality Quality Quality
(B3) Load
Load (B3) (B2) (B1) (A)
Load
L d
Load L d
Load Load Load

Sendai City

Measuring point ( Total 22 pts)

DVR : Dynamic Voltage Restorer NEDO Sendai City Project
Supply and Demand Integrated Distribution System
--- Autonomous Demand Area Power System --- From 2003 to 2008

66kV commercial line

Experimental

Real system・virtual system

substation Loop Power Controller
couplingMain trans.
equipment
- 2000kVA (2 units)
N Supply & Demand Interface

DG & Load
A group of ADG & Load
group of
Distributed Distributed
P
Power Generation
G ti 1km P
Power Generation
G ti
and load (#1) and load (#3)

Site A Site D
Operation system
DG & Load
A group of DG & Load
A group of
Distributed 0.5km Distributed
Power Generation Power Generation - Many types of DGs
and load (#2) and load (#4) installed in 4 places
separately
Site B 6.6kV and 22kV
Experimental Site C - Communication
Communication
C i ti Network
Distribution line
distribution line
network
(Total length;
(Total 5km)
length;7km)
NEDO Akagi Project by CRIEPI
 Shimizu Microgrid System

Microgrid control system Exhaust heat utilization

Exhaust heat
G engine
Gas i gen. 350kW recovery 排熱回収
Absorption
water heater-chiller
Gas engine gen. 90kW

Nickel metal hydrite

battery 40kW x 10hrs Thermal energy storage

Electric double layer

capacitor 100kW x ±2 sec Heat pump
chiller

Solar photovoltaics 10kW Heat storage tank

Purchased power from Utility Co

Co.(TEPCO)
(TEPCO) LLaboratory
b r t r
Chilled/hot
buildings
Electric power flow Thermal energy water
flow
 Tokyo Gas Microgrid System
Tie line
Ti li
power flow
100kVA transformer
1φ3W
φ 200/100V
3φ3W 200V 100kVA transformer
t f

INV ＩＮＶ

S
Shadable
load
Wind turbine

sensitive load
s
M
Most
Lead acid 6kW×2
Gas engine CHP Sensitiive
battery 50kW-
25kW×2
load

30min
d

Solar photovoltaicNickel hydrogen battery Gas engine CHP

10kW 50kW 2hrs
50kW-2hrs 9.9kW Biogas
g engine
g
Triple effect generator 9.9kW
absorption chiller Hot water （Planned）
Air-conditioning

Islanding operation of multiple DGs

 Simulation Study on Islanding Operation of 
Microgrid with DC based DGs and AC Feeder
From 2004 to 2006

PV ：15kW Fuel Cell：6kW Fuel Cell：6kW Fuel Cell：6kW

Fault on
Commercial
line

AC/DC
AC/DC AC/DC AC/DC

AC feeder AC/DC 3-Phase 3-line 200V About

一般家庭
般家庭 10
C AC/DC
50Hz
B Residential
20軒程度
Houses
Islanding
Operation Battery：20kW Load：0～18kW Load：0～18kW Load：0～18kW

Minimization of the required capacity of Battery

Joint Project of Univ. of Tokyo and Mitsubishi
 Autonomous Decentralized Control 
by use of AC Feeder Frequency
PQref_PV Pref_FC PQref_L
f_FC
SB (CVCF)
Battery PV FC Load
L
Vfl SB
Vfl_SB
(CVCF) (PQ specified) (PV specified) (PQ specified)

f_SB PLL
AC/DC
AC/DC
AC/DC AC/DC

PQ_SB PQ_PV PQ_FC PQ_L

SB : Storage Battery
FC : Fuel Cell
PV : Photovoltaic Generator
L : Load
Microgrid
AC Feeder

• The System Frequency is used for Active Power Balance Control of

Fuel Cell and Battery.
• The Batteryy creates the frequency
q y according
g to its output
p p power
and each FC detects the frequency change and decides its output.
 Contribution of Microgrid to Utility Grid
From 2005 to 2009

Total capacity of Microgrid will be expected to

be 20% of total utility load by gas industry.
Excess capacity
E it off Microgrid
Mi id
may be used for contribution to
Tie Line the utility grid.
Power Flow Control

Local
Control
C t
Center
How much is the excess capacity used?
Ex. Load Frequency Control How is the microgrid controlled?
H
How iis an ancillary
ill service
i costt d
defined?
fi d?

Joint Project of Univ. of Tokyo and Tokyo Gas

Scenario of PV Generation Introduction
by Japanese Government in 2009
Residential PV ：About 10 million sets

53GW About 40 times of PV in 2005

Residential PV ：About 5.3 million sets

28GW About 20 times of PV in 2005 House : 60%

House : 70%

14MW N H
Non-House : 40%

House : 80%
Non-House : 30%

Non-House : 20%

２００５ ２０２０ ２０３０

Outline of Battery System R&D for Grid Integration 
of RES Generations
Purpose
Development of Technologies Required for Low-Cost, Long-Lifetime and Large-
Capacity
p y Battery
y System
y for Grid Integration
g of RES Based Generations

Topics and Final Targets

h l
（１）Technology
（１）T Development
D l t for
f P Practical
ti l Use
U
Large-Capacity Battery System and Output Power
Control Technology Practical (1)
※Final target＝Field
g test for more than 6 months Use
Practical
use
（２）Elemental Technology Development (2)
Materials for High Performance
Element
※Final target＝Cost $400/kWh,
$400/kWh Lifetime10 years
(3)Next
Generation
（３）Next Generation Technology Development
New Materials and Their Production Methods, etc. Assessment Capacity
※Fi l target＝Feasible
※Final t t F ibl Cost
C t $150/kWh,
$150/kWh Lifetime
Lif ti 20 years Methods

(4)
（４）Fundamental Research for Common Use Fundamental Research
Assessment Methods Applied to Battery for common use
Produced in the Above Projects
※Final target＝Assessment methods for Cost, Safety, Lifetime, Performance

NEDO Project from 2008 to 2010

 Concept of a Smarter Grid in Japan 
(Ubiquitous Power Grid)
(Ubiquitous Power Grid)
Proposed by The Univ. of Tokyo
Local Control Center
Hydro Nuclear
Small Power
Thermal G G Supply Network

G
Central Control
L
Large-scale
l Center B tt
Battery
Power Supply Super Capacitor
Power
Network
Local Control Center
Power
Wind
Wind
Power
Small Power Supply
Load Network Power
Small-size
G
Power Microgrid
Gas Engine
Gas Turbine
Heat Pump Power
Power H2
Heat
Reversible FC H2
Power
Reversible FC PV
Hot Water H2
Tank Load H2
Hydrogen
Local Network
Electric Vehicle
Contribution of Heat Pump based Water Heater 
to LFC for Reduction of Battery Capacity
to LFC for Reduction of Battery Capacity
BESS(Battery) 100%
90%
1

0.8 HP Water Heater 80%

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6
LFC Generator
-0.8

-1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Power consumption

Type (b) HP Water Heater

400
1550 w/o HP
HP (b)
Heatt Pump Consumption [MW]

300
1500

W]
BESS Output [MW
1450 200

1400 100

1350 0

1300 -100

1250 w/o HP -200

HP (b)
1200 -300
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Time [s] Time [s]

Wind Power Output HP Water Heater Battery

 Coordinated Control of PHEV, EV, Battery, 
RES d Th
RES and Thermal Power Plant
lP Pl t
Hydro Nuclear
Battery
Thermal G G Super Capacitor
G
Large-scale
Network Power Wind

Power power
Wind Information &
Control Signal
Small-scale Network
Microgrid
Distribution Network
Information &
Power G
Control Signal

Power Micro
Gas Engine
Gas Turbine

Load PV

PHEV, EV
・When?
When?
Charging & Discharging ・How?
・How much?
 New National Projects in Japan
j p
From 2010 to 2015

2/3 of Budget from METI

METI,1/3
1/3 from Private Sector
Peak demand : about 40MW
Renewable : about 8MW

Wind Battery
PV

Battery Battery
PV

Diesel Engine Generation

about
b t 76MW

Microgrid Project in Remote Island Simulation Study using Analog type

with a Large Penetration of PV Power System Simulator with DGs
and Wind Power Generations such as PV and Controllable Load
 Overview of Microgrid R&D in Japan
Battery
B tt Control
C t l with
ith PV Battery System R&D Project
in Ohta City 100million$ for 6 years

Fuel Cell Microgrid Project N

New N
National
ti lPProjects
j t
Network

in Aichi EXPO
Island Microgrid Project
Virtual Power Plant Project 200million$ 75 million$
$ for 5years
y
Supply N

in Kyoto Area For 5 years Advanced Analog-Type

Customer-Model Integrated
Microgrid
g Project
j Power System Simulator
d Power S

in Hachi-no-he City Project

Multiple Power-Quality Power Supply Japan‐NM Joint Project 

p j
Advanced

N t
Network kP
Project
j t iin S
Sendai
d i Cit
City

44million$ for 4 years

Autonomous Demand Area
Power System in Akagi
Akagi, CRIEPI NEDO Projects
A

2001 2003 2008 2010 year

Shi i Microgrid
Shimizu Mi id S
System
t ・・・・・・
Private Sector Projects
Tokyo Gas Microgrid System ・・・・・・