Chapter I

~2 @ 2 @
Schrödinger + V (x) (x; t) = i~ (x; t)
2m @x2 @t

Probability density P (x; t) dx = (x; t) (x; t) dx

Z +1 Z +1
2 ~ @
hxi = x j (x; t)j dx , hpi = dx
1 1 i @x
~ @
px =
i @x
~ @
classic: Q = Q (x; p) , QT : Q = Q x;
i @x
Z +1
~ @
hQi = Q x; dx
1 i @x
Z +1
d hpi @V dV
= dx =
dt 1 @x dx

Chapter II
~2 d2
+ V (x) =E
2m dx2
iEt=~
(x; t) = (x) ' (t) , ' (t) = e

b= ~2 d2
Hamilton operator H + V (x)
2m dx2
b
H =E
E= energy eigen value, (x)=eigenfunction

Expansion of f (x) in terms of a full set of eigen-states n (x)

X R
f (x) = cn n (x) with cn = n (x) f (x) dx (1)
n

Time dependence if n (x) are eigen-states of the Hamilton operator

X En
f (x; t) = cn n (x) exp i t (2)
n
~

Harmonic oscillator
1
 ~2 d2 1 k
2
+ m! 2 x2 = E , ! 2 =
2m dx 2 m
r
m! 1 E
X= x , P =p p , "=
~ m~! ~!
1 ~ d 1 d
P =p =
m~! i dx i dX
1 1 d
a = p (X iP ) , P = , [a ; a+ ] = 1
2 i dX
b = a+ a + 1 ,
H
1
n = p a+ n 1 , n 1
1
=p a n
2 n n
Free particle
Z +1
1 ~k 2
(x; t) = p (k) exp i kx t
2 1 2m
Z +1
1 ikx
(k) = p (x; 0) e dx
2 1

The delta-function potential

~2 d2
(x) =E
2m dx2
bound state, E < 0
p jxj m m 2
(x) = e , = , E=
~2 2~2
Scattering states, E > 0

for x < 0 : (x) = Aeikx + Be ikx

for x > 0 : (x) = F eikx + Ge ikx

Some relations for trigonametric functions

1 1
sin2 = (1 cos (2 )) , cos2 = [1 + cos (2 )]
2 2

sin ( + ) = sin cos + cos sin (3)

cos ( + ) = cos cos sin sin (4)

2
Chapter III
Hilbert space jen i ; Dirac notation
X
1 Z
(x) = cn n (x) , cm = m (x) (x) dx
n=1
X
de…ne j i= an jen i , an = hen j i
n
D E X
if b jen i = qn jen i =>
Q b
jQ = jan j2 qn
n
X
completeness: jem i hem j = 1
m
E D D E
b
matrix element: Qm;n = em Q en = em jQen b
0 1
Q1;1 Q1;2 Q1;3 ::
B C
matrix: Q b = B Q2;1 Q2;2 Q2;3 :: C
@ Q3;1 Q3;2 Q3;3 :: A
:: :: :: ::
X D E X
operator: Qb= jem i em Qb en hen j = jem i Qm;n hen j
m;n m;n
E X
Q b
bj i = Q = jem i Qm;n an
m;n
D E D E D E D E
hermitian b
jQ b j
= Q or b
jQ = Qb j

discrete spectrum hen jem i = n;m

continuous spectrum hep jep0 i = (p p0 )

eigenfunctions of operators
1
momentum pb = ~ d
i dx
: fp (x) = p eipx=~
2 ~
b:
position x fu (x) = (x u)

wave function or state in real space (x; t) or momentum state (p; t)

Z 1
1
(x; t) = (p; t) p eipx=~ dp with
1 2 ~
Z 1
1
(p; t) = hfp j i = p e ipx=~ (x; t) dx
1 2 ~

3
 1 Dh b b iE
2
2 2 ~
Uncertainty principle: A B A; B , x p
2i 2
h i
commutator: bB
A; b =A
bBb bA
B b , x; pb] = i~
[b

Di¤erent expressions of the state js (t)i

Z
(x; t) = (u; t) (x u) du
Z
1
= (p; t) p eipx=~ dp
2 ~
X
= cn eiEn t=~ n (x)

Chapter IV
Expectation value in three dimensions
Z
1 = j (r; ; )j2 d3 r (5)
Z 1 Z 2 Z
2
= jRj r dr 2
d sin d jY ( ; )j2 (6)
0 0 0
Normalization
Z 1 Z 2 Z
2 2
jRj r dr = 1 , d sin d jY ( ; )j2 = 1 (7)
0 0 0

e2 1
For Coulomb potential V (r) = 4 "0 r
Hydrogen wave function

n;l;m (r; ; ) = Rn;l (r) Ylm ( ; ) (8)

1 l+1 1 r
Rn;l (r) = e v( ) , = (9)
r n aB
jmax
X
j
v( ) = cj , jmax = n (l + 1) , 0 = 2n (10)
j=0

2 (j + l + 1) 0
with cj+1 = cj (11)
(j + 1) (j + 2l + 2)

Ground state 1;0;0 = R1;0 (r) Y00 ( ; ) (12)

2 r=aB 1
R1;0 (r) = 3=2
e , Y00 ( ; ) = p (13)
aB 4

4
 1 r
1;0;0 (r; ; ) = p exp (14)
a3B aB
" #
2
m e2
ground state energy: E1 = 13:6eV (15)
2~2 4 "0
Angular momentum

bx = ~ y @
L z
@
, by = ~ z @
L x
@
, bz = ~ x @
L y
@
(16)
i @z @y i @x @z i @y @x

bx ; L
L by ; L b 2 are hermitian
bz ; L
h i h i
b c
Lx ; Ly = i~Lz , b b 2 b
L ;L = 0 (17)

Lb+ = L
b x + iL
by , b =L
L bx by
iL (18)
h i h i h i
bz ; L
L b+ b+ ,
= ~L bz ; L
L b = ~Lb , b 2; L
L b =0 (19)
b2 = L
L b+ L
b +L
b2 bz = L
~L b L
b+ + L
b 2 + ~L
bz (20)
z z

Lz Ylm ( ; ) = ~mYlm ( ; ) (21)

2 m 2 m
L Yl ( ; ) = l (l + 1) ~ Yl ( ; ) (22)
p
L+ Ylm = ~ l (l + 1) m (m + 1)Ylm+1 (23)
p
L Ylm = ~ l (l + 1) m (m 1)Ylm 1 (24)

l m l (25)

b = i @ @ ~ @
L ~e i cot , Lz = (26)
@ @ i@

b2 = 1 @ @ 1 @2
L ~2 (sin ) + (27)
sin @ @ sin2 @ 2
1 @ @ b 2 + V (r)
H= ~2 r2 +L (28)
2mr2 @r @r
Spin b b
s has analogue operators and commutators as L
1 3
s = 0; ; 1; ; ::; , m= s; ( s + 1) ; :: (s 1) ; s (29)
2 2

s2 and sbz
Eigenstate js; mi of b

s2 js; mi = s (s + 1) ~2 js; mi ,
b sz js; mi = m~ js; mi (30)

5
Pauli matrices
0 1 0 i 1 0
x = , y = , z = (31)
1 0 i 0 0 1

For spin s = 1=2

~
b
s= (32)
2
Electron in magnetic …eld

cos ( =2) ei B0 t=2

(t) = (33)
sin ( =2) e i B0 t=2

~ ~
hsx i = sin ( ) cos ( B0 t) , hsy i = sin ( ) sin ( B0 t) (34)
2 2
Two spins bs(1) s(2)
and b
total spin
s = (s1 + s2 ) ; (s1 + s2 1) ; ::; js1 s2 j (35)
for s = s1 + s2 and m = s
js; si = js1 ; s1 i js2 ; s2 i (36)
p
sb js; mi = ~ s (s + 1) m (m 1) js; m 1i (37)
p
sb+ js; mi = ~ s (s + 1) m (m + 1) js; m + 1i (38)

Three-dimensional coordiates

x = r sin cos (39)

y = r sin sin (40)
z = r cos (41)

b
r = (sin cos ; sin sin ; cos ) (42)
b = (cos cos ; cos sin ; sin ) (43)
b = ( sin ; cos ; 0) (44)

Some math
ei = cos + i sin (45)