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PERLENGKAPAN
PELEDAKAN
FIRE TRIANGLE
1 Oxygen 2
Supply
Explosion
3 4
Heat /
Detonation
Pressure
EXPLOSIVES CHARACTERISTICS
Good 1 Detonators
2 PENTEX Primers
3 Packaged Powergel
4 Powergel Coal
5 Energan Coal
6 ANFO / AMEX
Poor
DENSITY
Minimum recommended
Primer
Fail
Critical diameter
ANFO Energy & Sensitivity
100
Sensitivity
80
Energy
Energy %
60 more fuel
5.6 %
40 Sensitivity
OK
less fuel
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Fuel Oil %
ENERGY RATINGS
RWS ANFO Powergel
Same mass
1kg 1kg 1.5kg
1kg
ANFO Powergel 76 mm 76 mm
RWS = 100 RWS = 101
Fragmentation Energy
Relative Weight / Bulk ( = Total energy)
Same volume
100 % 171 %
RBS
1kg 1.5 Heave Energy
O22 Negative C0
too much fuel
N2
H20
High heave
Energy ~170 %
Powergel
Pumped
Water resistant
E.P.
High shock
Energy ~165 %
Initiation System Components
Surface
the distributor....
In hole
the transmission....
Exel Nonelectric
Detonator Systems
Detonator Assembly
Delay Detonator
Sleeve showing
Non-Electric Detonators
length and Det.
Ultrasonic seal 24
Metres
batch info.
Colour coded
12
ms 0
m
40
s
Signal tube
J-Hook
Signal Tube Construction
0
0 92%
92% Cyclo
Cyclo tetra
tetra methylene
methylene tetra
tetra nitramine
nitramine
8%
8% Paint
Paint Fine
Fine Aluminium
Aluminium
0
0 Coreload
Coreload Limits
Limits 19
19 mg/m
mg/m +/-
+/- 22
Signal Tube Functioning
EXEL Tube
Flame Front
HMX / Al dust
EXEL Non-electric Detonator
Signal tube
Rubber plug
Main crimp
Conductive cup
Delay Crimp
Delay elements
MS
MS -- LP
LP TLD
TLD -- MSC
MSC GOLDet
GOLDet
CONNECTADet
CONNECTADet
#8 #~2
.125g
.125g Lead
Lead Azide
Azide 0.2
0.2 g
g Pb
Pb
#8* 0.45
0.45 g
g PETN
PETN Azide
Azide
.125g
.125g Lead
Lead Azide
Azide
0.78
0.78 g
g PETN
PETN
Detonator Winding Formats
F100
3.6, 4.9,
6.1, 9, 12m
F80 Spools
Exel Non-electric Detonator
TM
Non-Electric Detonators
ENDURADet
24 Metres
45
metre
EXPLOSIVE DANGER
30, 36,
12
ms 0
Lead in Lines
• 150 meters
• 300 meters
• 500 meters
• *2800 meters
Lead in Line (LIL)
1
7
17
Using Connectaline
Tape
Surface System
• Connectadets
• Millisecond Connector
25
4.9 17ms
25 ms
42 ms
3.6 - 18m 65 ms
100 ms
150 ms
EXPLOSIVES
DANGEROUS
Free Space
Isolation cup
Main element
Explosive charge
(210 mg of Lead Azide)
Exel Connectadet Block Capacity
Exel Connectadet
Delay
Delay Range
Range
Yellow
Yellow EXEL
EXEL
25ms signal 9ms
signal tube
tube 9ms
17ms
17ms
Plastic
Plastic 25ms
25ms
Cleat
Cleat Blocks
Blocks Nonelectric
Nonelectric delay
delay 42ms
42ms
detonator
detonator 65ms
65ms
100ms
100ms
125ms
125ms
150ms
150ms
175ms
175ms
# 8 Strength cap 200ms
200ms
To
To Fire
Fire Detonating
Detonating cord
cord ONLY
ONLY
Millisecond Connector
Delays 17 to 100ms
Lengths 3.6 to 18m
17ms
25 ms
42 ms
65 ms
DANGER
100 ms
Exel Trunkline Delay
C
C
Coon
nnneecctt
Echelons
Echelons P
Pllaaccee A
C
C''DDeettss aatt
h
hoolleess
B
Start here
Rear of shot
In Hole Delay System
• Enduradet
• Goldet
• Pentex Boosters
Exel Millisecond Delay
7
1 25
2 50
3 75
9
4.
4 100
5 125
6 150
3.6m to 24m 7 175
8 200
9 250
10 300
11 350
DANGER
12 400
13 450
Pink 14 500
15 600
Tube
Exel Millisecond Delay
8 star detonator
Standard Delays 1-30 (25 - 4350 ms)
Extended Range to 36
Lengths 9 - 80 m
F100/F80/Spool
Goldet
Uniflex
Uniflex 3.6
3.6 g/m
g/m
Powerflex 55 g/m
g/m
Powerflex
Trunkcord
Trunkcord 55 g/m
g/m
Redcord
Redcord 10
10 g/m
g/m
Shearcord
Shearcord
70
70 g/m
g/m
Detonating Cord Construction
Overwrap
PETN core Yarns
Centre Cottons
Polyprop’ Yarns
Waxed Overcoat
Plastic Over Extrusion
Cordtex 3.6W
Detonating cord
Millisecond Connector
(MSC)
Detonating Cord Knots
Plastic Jaw
Detonating cord Misfires
Shrapnel
Wet
Wet
Detonating Cord / EXEL
Not connected
Shrapnel damage
to tubing.
Detonating Cord / EXEL
Poor Geometry
Tubing Cut -off
Cut-off
Detonating Cord / EXEL
Near Knots
Not Within
200mm!
Detonators / EXEL
Detonator Shrapnel
Explosives
Compatibilities
Crimp Fusehead
Closure Plug Metal foil
Legwires
Solder
Shell Bridgewire
What electrical to fire a Det?
1High Voltage
1Induction 1Lightning
1Power Cable
Ground Current
1Radio 1Earth Leakage
1Mobiles
1Electric Pump
0 Damaged?????
0
Heat
PETN 120 -130 °C
What Impact to fire a Det?
Rock falls
Pinch in machine
Drop object, tools
Drive, walk, crush
Rough charging
What Heat to Fire a Det?
Too late to
run now!!
Tensile Initiation of Signal Tube
I hope the
insurance is paid
up.
Snap, Slap and Shoot Initiation
Snap … Slap … Shoot
What If ?