Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Introduction to Spread
Spectrum Communications Introductions
Basic digital communication concepts
Spread spectrum systems
Jung–Lang Yu
Binary shift-register sequences
Department of Electronic Engineering Synchronization, code acquisition, code tracking
Fu Jen Catholic University Performance of spread spectrum systems in jamming
Taipei, Taiwan environments
Tel: +866-2-29052102 Code division multiple access channel
Fax:+866-2-29042638 Single user matched filter
e-mail : yujl@ee.fju.edu.tw
Optimum multi-user detection, Decorrelating Detector,
Ftp: http://www.ee.fju.edu.tw/communication/main.html Nondecorrelating linear multi-user detection
Multi-Carrier CDMA (OFDM)
FJU-EE – YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications– Outline - Page 1 FJU-EE – YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications– Outline - Page 2
FJU-EE – YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications– Outline - Page 3 FJU-EE – YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications– Outline - Page 4
Project topics:
Topics :
z Multi-user detection
z RAKE receivers
z Channel Estimation
z Synchronization in spread spectrum systems
z Power control in CDMA systems
z Handover techniques
z Wireless LANs based on spread spectrum technology
z Advanced wireless techniques: OFDM, UWB, etc.
z Any topics related CDMA are OK after discussing with Dr. Yu.
References :
z IEEE Transaction on Communication
z IEEE Transaction on Vehicle Technology
z IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing
z IEEE Transaction on Wireless Communication
z Signal Processing
1st Generation: analog voice service (9.6Kbps) 2.5 Generation: enhanced data service for GSM
z AMPS(USA), Advances Mobile Phone Service, IS-54 z GPRS for packet switching system (9k, 13.4k, 15.6k,
z NMTS(Europe), Nordic Mobile Telephone System 21.4k/slot, 8 slots/channel)
z TACS(England), Total Access Communication System z HSCSD for high-speed circuit switching data (14.4k/slot, 8
z NAMTS(Japan), NEC Advances Mobile Telephone System slots/channel)
z EDGE integration of GPRS and HSCSD (384kbps)
FJU-EE – YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications– Chapter0 - Page 1 FJU-EE – YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications– Chapter0 - Page 2
FJU-EE – YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications– Chapter0 - Page 3 FJU-EE – YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications– Chapter0 - Page 4
0.2 Development of CDMA 0.3 3G development history
Spread spectrum communications originate from MIT R.G. Cooper and Nettleton proposed the North American DS-CDMA
Lincoln Labs since 1920’s. systems in 1977. It is further commercialized by Qualcomm as
narrowband CDMA(IS-95)
The theory of spread spectrum communications has been In 1985, ITU (International Telecommunication Union) proposed the
well known since the late 1940's. 3G specification, which is called FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile
It has been used somewhat intensively in the field of secure Telecommunication Systems). In 1996 it is renamed as IMT-2000
(International Mobile Telecommunication) and defines the
military communications since 1950's, but in commercial
specifications
applications it is a relatively new technique.
z 144K bps in fast moving speed
The spread spectrum technique has been released from z 384K bps in walking, slow moving speed
military since 1970’s. z 2M bps in standstill environment
The first major commercial application of spread spectrum Proposals for 3G Standards
techniques was the Global Positioning System (GPS). z Wideband-CDMA (Europe)
z CDMA-2000 (North American)
z TD-SCDMA (China)
FJU-EE – YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications– Chapter0 - Page 5 FJU-EE – YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications– Chapter0 - Page 6
CDMA-2000
It is an extension of narrowband CDMA (IS-95)
z CDMA one, integration of IS-95 in 1997, 8 voices, 64K
bps/channel
z CDMA-2000 1X, wideband service, 307K bps in 1.25M Hz
BW
z CDMA-2000 3X, wideband service 2M bps in 5M Hz BW
z CDMA 2000 1X EV-DO, 2.5M downlink /307K uplink bps in
1.25M Hz BW
FJU-EE – YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications– Chapter0 - Page 7 FJU-EE – YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications– Chapter0 - Page 8
0.3 3G development history 0.3 3G development history
TD-SCDMA
It is the combination of TDMA system and synchronization
CDMA, which is proposed by the Simens (Germany) and
Datang (China) in 1999.
3G Telecommunication licenses
z Taiwan : A,B,C,D for W-CDMW at 2G Hz and E for CDMA2000 at 800M
Hz.
z Japan: 2 for W-CDMA and 1 for CDMA2000
z Korean: 3 for W-CDMA and 1 for CDMA2000
FJU-EE – YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications– Chapter0 - Page 9 FJU-EE – YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications– Chapter0 - Page 10
FJU-EE – YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications– Chapter0 - Page 13 FJU-EE – YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications– Chapter0 - Page 14
FJU-EE – YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications– Chapter0 - Page 15 FJU-EE – YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications– Chapter0 - Page 16
0.4 International Telecommunication Union 0.5 4G possible techniques
FJU-EE – YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications– Chapter0 - Page 17 FJU-EE – YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications– Chapter0 - Page 18
FJU-EE – YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications– Chapter0 - Page 19 FJU-EE – YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications– Chapter0 - Page 20
Ch1: Basic digital communication concepts 1/20
Reference
y (t ) = s1 (t ) + n(t ) or s2 (t ) + n(t )
n(t ) ∈ N (0, N 0 / 2)
z Error probability :
Send s1 (t )
T
v(T ) = ∫ ( s1 (t ) + n(t ))( s2 (t ) − s1 (t ))dt = E12 − E1 + W
0
Send s2 (t )
T
v(T ) = ∫ ( s2 (t ) + n(t ))( s2 (t ) − s1 (t ))dt = E2 − E12 + W
0
where
T
E12 = ∫ s1 (t ) s2 (t )dt
0
T
Ei = ∫ si2 (t )dt , i = 1, 2
0
T
W = ∫ n(t )( s2 (t ) − s1 (t ))dt ∈ Gaussian, with
0
E[W] = 0,
T T
E[W 2 ] = E[ ∫ n(t )( s2 (t ) − s1 (t ))dt ∫ n(q )( s2 (q ) − s1 (q ))dq ]
0 0
N0 T N0
=
2 ∫ 0
( s2 (t ) − s1 (t )) 2 dt =
2
( E1 + E2 − 2 E12 )
1 1
k = ( so1 (T ) + so 2 (T )) = ( E2 − E1 )
2 2
and
d /2 E1 + E2 − 2 E12 E + E2 − 2 E12
Pe = Q ( ) = Q( ) = Q( 1 )
σn 2σ n 2N0
Define
( E1 + E2 ) Eb
z= =
2N0 N0
2 E12 E
R12 = = 12
E1 + E2 Eb
Then
Pe = Q ( z (1 − R12 ))
z Example:
z Bandwidth:
S ( f ) = A2Tsinc( fT )
A2T
Sm ( f ) = {sinc[( f − f 0 )T ] + sinc[( f + f 0 )T ]}
2
2
BWRF =
T
2.5
BWRF =
T
z Bandwidth efficiency:
R 1
η= , R=
BW T
⎧1 for baseband signal
⎪
η = ⎨1/ 2 for ASK,PSK
⎪1/ 2.5 for FSK
⎩
z ASK :
z Bandpass filter : correlator receiver or matched filter with cos(.) and sin(.).
z Envelope detector : square law detector.
z FSK:
z DPSK:
Transmitter
A2 T A2T
2 ∫0
= cos(θ i − θ i −1 ) dt = cos( Δθ i )
2
Pe = Q ( z )
b) Optimum Rx
r (t ) = A cos( wc t + θ i + φ ) + n(t )
T AT
xi = ∫ A cos( wc t + θ i + φ ) cos( wc t )dt = cos(θ i + φ )
0 2
T AT
yi = ∫ A cos( wc t + θ i + φ )sin( wc t )dt = − sin(θ i + φ )
0 2
A2T 2 A2T 2
y = xi xi −1 + yi yi −1 = cos(θ i − θ i −1 ) = cos( Δθ i )
4 4
1 −z
Pe = e
2
Given a finite set of signals {si (t ), i = 1" M ,0 ≤ t ≤ T } , find orthonormal basis function
{φi (t ), i = 1" K ,0 ≤ t ≤ T }, K ≤ M by
v1 (t )
a) v1 (t ) = s1 (t ), φ1 (t ) =
v1
v2 ( t )
b) v2 (t ) = s2 (t ) − < s2 ,φ1 > φ1 (t ), φ2 (t ) =
v2
v3 ( t )
c) v3 (t ) = s3 (t ) − < s3 ,φ1 > φ1 (t )− < s3 ,φ2 > φ2 (t ), φ3 (t ) =
v3
d) Continue until all signals have been used.
Where
T T
< x, y >= ∫ x (t ) y * (t )dt , x = ∫ x (t ) x* (t )dt = < x, x >
0 0
K K
sn (t ) = ∑ < sn ,φi > φi (t ) = ∑ Sinφi (t )
i =1 i =1
sn (t ) = Φ (t )S n
If s j (t ) is transmitted, then
r (t ) = s j (t ) + n(t ) = Φ (t )S j + n(t )
T T T
Z = ∫ r (t )Φ H (t )dt = ∫ Φ H (t )Φ (t )S j dt + ∫ n(t )Φ H (t )dt =S j + N
0 0 0
Or
Z i = Sij + N i
T
N i = ∫ n(t )φi* (t )dt
0
z Statistics of Z i , N i
a) N i ∈ Gaussian, so is Z i
b) E [ N i ] = 0, E[ Z i ] = Sij
T T N0 T N0
c) cov( N i , N j ) = E [ N i N *j ] = E[ ∫ n(t )φi* (t )dt ∫ n* (τ )φ j (τ )dτ ] = ∫ φi* (t )φ j (t )dt = δ ij
0 0 2 0 2
N0
it is uncorrelated Gaussian, with σ 2 =
2
N0
d) cov( Z i , Z j ) = E[( Z i − Z i )( Z j − Z j )* ] = E [ N i N *j ] = δ ij
2
1 ( Z i − Sij )2
K K − −
e) f ( Z / s j (t )) = ∏ f ( Z i / s j (t )) = ∏ (2πσ ) e 2 2 2σ 2
i =1 i =1
−
K K ( Z i − Sij ) 2 −
K
1
exp( ∑ −
2
= (π N 0 ) 2
) = (π N 0 ) 2
exp( − Z−Sj )
i =1 N0 N0
2 Es
si (t ) = cos( wc t + θ i ), 0 ≤ t ≤ Ts , i = 1" M
Ts
2π (i − 1)
Where θ i = , Es is symbol energy
M
⎡ 2 2 ⎤
si (t ) = Es ⎢ cos(θ i ) cos( wc t ) − sin(θ i ) sin( wc t ) ⎥
⎣ Ts Ts ⎦
= Es [ cos(θ i )φ1 (t ) − sin(θ i )φ2 (t )]
If only two neighboring symbols are considered, e.g. s1 (t ), sM (t ) , then the BER is
computed by
π
Es sin( )
P2 ( sM / s1 ) = Q ( M ) = Q ( 2 Es sin( π ))
σ N0 M
2 Es π 2 Es π
Q( sin( )) ≤ Ps ≤ 2Q ( sin( ))
N0 M N0 M
2 Es
si (t ) = cos( wc t + (i − 1) Δwt ), 0 ≤ t ≤ Ts , i = 1" M
Ts
1
For continue-phase FSK, Δw ≥ . We define basis as
Ts
2
φi ( t ) = cos( wc t + (i − 1) Δwt ), 0 ≤ t ≤ Ts , i = 1" M
Ts
Then we have
si (t ) = Es φi (t )
M M
2 Es 2
Ps = P ( s2 " sM s1 ) ≤ ∑ P2 ( si s1 ) = ∑ Q ( ) = ( M − 1)Q ( Es N 0 )
i =2 i =2 σ
1.3.5 QAM
2
si (t ) = ( Ai cos wot + Bi sin wot ) = Aiφ1 (t ) + Biφ2 (t ), 0 ≤ t ≤ Ts
Ts
2( M − 1) 2
Es = a
3
1 ⎡ 2a 2 2a 2 2a 2 ⎤ 1
Ps1 = ⎢Q( ) + Q( ) + 2Q ( )( L − 2) ⎥ = 2(1 − )Q ( 2a 2 N 0 )
L⎣ σ σ σ ⎦ L
1
Ps = 1 − Pc = 1 − (1 − Ps1 ) 2 ≈ 2 Ps1 = 4(1 − )Q ( 2a 2 N 0 )
L
R
η=
BW
z M-PSK,M-QAM,M-DPSK
2
BW =
Ts
1
R= log 2 M (bps )
Ts
R log 2 M
η= = = 0.5log 2 M
BW 2
z Coherent M-FSK
The minimum frequency spacing to maintain orthogonality is 1 2Ts
1 M −1 1 M + 3
BW = + + =
Ts 2Ts Ts 2Ts
1
R= log 2 M (bps )
Ts
R 2log 2 M
η= =
BW M +3
z Noncoherent M-FSK
The minimum frequency spacing to avoid the cochannel interference is 2 Ts
2
BW = M
Ts
1
R= log 2 M (bps )
Ts
R log 2 M
η= =
BW 2M
z Es N 0 vs. Eb N 0
Ts = Tb log 2 M
Es = Eb log 2 M
E s Eb
= log 2 M
N0 N0
z Ps vs. Pb
Ps
Pb ≈
log 2 M
for M-FSK
MPs
Pb ≈
2( M − 1)
∑
N
Scattering (indirect path) k =1
Ak cos( wc t + θ m (t ) + ϕ k )
z Scattering effect
sr (t ) = ∑ k =1 Ak cos( wc t + θ m (t ) + ϕ k )
N
sr (t ) = R cos( wc t + θ m (t ) + φ )
Where
r2
r −
R= X +X 2 2
∈ Rayleigh distribution, f R ( r ) = e 2σ 2
σ2
I Q
Where
r1 r12 + A2 Ar1
R1 ∈ Rician distribution, f R1 ( r1 ) = exp(− )I0 ( ), r1 ≥ 0
σ 2
σ 2
σ2
I 0 (•) is modified bessel function of order zero
z Consider the coherent receiver (the frequency and phase of the received signal are known)
T 2
yD = ∫ [ R cos( wc t + θ m (t ) + φ ) + n(t )] cos( wc t + φ )dt
0 T
T
=R cos(φm (T )) + W
2
T N
where R cos(φm (T )) indicates the signal term and W ∈ N (0, 0 ) is the noise term.
2 2
Further, the amplitude of cos(φm (T )) for BPSK, FSK, and DPSK is unity. Then we can find
Eb R 2T
z= =
N0 2 N0
1 z ⎡ R 2T ⎤
f ( z) = exp(− ), z ≥ 0, z = E ⎢ ⎥
z z ⎣ 2 N0 ⎦
Pe ( z ) = Q ( 2 z )
∞ ∞ ∞
1 t2 1 z
Pe = Pe ( z ) = ∫ Q( 2 z ) f ( z )dz = ∫ ∫ exp(− )dt exp(− )dz
0 0 2z 2π 2 z z
Define
∞
1 t2 1 z
u= ∫ 2π
exp(− )dt , dv = exp(− )dz
2 z z
2z
1 z
du = − e − z dz , v = − exp(− )
2π 2 z z
Therefore
∞
z ∞ z 1
Pe = −Q( 2 z ) exp(− ) − ∫ (− exp(− ))(− e − z )dz
z 0 0 z 4π z
∞
1 1 1 1
= −
2 2 π ∫
0 z
exp{− z (1 + )}dz
z
Let
dz
w = z , dw = ⇒ dz = 2wdw
2 z
Pe becomes
∞
1 1 1 1
Pe = − ∫ w exp{− w (1 + z )}2wdw
2
2 2 π 0
∞
1 1 1
= − ∫ exp{− w (1 + z )}dw
2
2 π 0
Let
1 x2 1
x = 2 w2 (1 + ), or = w2 (1 + )
z 2 z
Then
∞
1 1 x2 1
Pe =
2
−
π ∫ exp{−
0
2
}(
2(1 + 1 z )
)dx
∞
1 1 1 x2 1 z
=
2
−
(1 + 1 z ) 2π ∫ exp{−
0
2
}dx = (1 −
2 1+ z
)
z Coherent FSK
Pe ( z ) = Q( z )
1 z
⇒ Pe = (1 − )
2 2+ z
z DPSK
1
Pe ( z ) = exp(− z )
2
∞ ∞
1 1 1 z
Pe = Pe ( z ) = ∫ exp(− z ) f ( z )dz = ∫ exp(− z ) exp(− )dz
0
2 0
2 z z
∞ ∞
1 1 1 1 1
= ∫
2z 0
exp{− z (1 + )}dz =
z 2z
(−(1 + )−1 ) exp{− z (1 + )}
z z 0
1
=
2( z + 1)
z Noncoherent FSK
1 z
Pe ( z ) = exp(− )
2 2
∞ ∞
1 z 1 z 1 z
Pe = Pe ( z ) = ∫ exp(− ) f ( z )dz = ∫ exp(− ) exp(− )dz
0
2 2 0
2 2 z z
∞ ∞
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= ∫
2z 0
exp{− z ( + )}dz =
2 z 2z
(−( + ) −1 ) exp{− z ( + )}
2 z 2 z 0
1
=
z +2
Reference
2.1 Introduction
z The modulation and demodulation of spread spectrum technique must have the following
characteristics
a) The transmitted signal energy must occupy a bandwidth which is much larger than the
information bit rate and which is approximately independent of the information bit rate.
b) Demodulation must be done in part by correlation of the received signal with a replica of the
signal used in the transmitter to spread the information signal.
−∞
1 2 1 1
∫ a (t ) dt = ∫ sl (t ) dt = El
2
=
2 2 2
Therefore, we have
El = 2 Es
z A pulse-noise jammer having total averaged power J transmits pulses of bandlimited white
Gaussian noise whose PSD just covers the SS system bandwidth W (PSD= N J = J ). The
W
duty factor for the jammer is denoted by ρ , which is the fraction of time during which the
NJ
jammer is “ON”. When the jammer is “ON”, the received jammer PSD is N J' = J
ρW = ρ
⎛ T NJ ⎞
⎜ E = WN J T = WN J′ T ′ ⇒ N J′ = N J ′ = ρ ⎟⎠
⎝ T
2
exp(− x )
Using approximation in (1.19), Q( x) ≈ 2 , we have
x 2π
ρ E ρ
PE ( ρ ) ≈ exp(− b )
4πEb ρ N J NJ
z The following plot shows that the BERs of BPSK in AWGN (continuous-noise jammer) and
worse-case pulse-noise jammer.
Sd(t)
d(t)
St(t)
∞
t
d (t ) = ∑ b p (t − iT ), b ∈{±1}, p (t ) = Π ( T )
i =−∞
i 1 i 1
sd (t ) = 2 Pd (t ) cos( wo t ) = 2 P cos( wo t + θ d (t ))
∞
t
c(t ) = ∑ c p(t − iT )
i =−∞
i c : spreading code, p (t ) = Π (
Tc
), ci ∈ {±1},
1
Su ( f ) = [S v ( f − f o ) + S v ( f + f o )]
4
b) Baseband
∞
t
d (t ) = ∑ b p(t − iT ), b ∈{±1}, p(t ) = ∏ (T )
i =−∞
i i
Sb ( f ) = 1; P( f ) = Tsinc( fT )
1 2
PSD{d (t )} = Sb ( f ) P( f ) = Tsinc 2 ( fT ) D( f )
T
c) Passband
sd (t ) = 2 Pd (t ) cos( wo t )
2P
Sd ( f ) = [ D( f − f o ) + D( f + f o )]
4
1
= PT ⎡⎣sinc 2 ( f − f o )T + sinc 2 ( f + f o )T ⎤⎦
2
snew (t ) = 2 Pd (t )c(t )
S new ( f ) = 2 PTcsinc 2 ( fTc )
1
St ( f ) = PTc ⎡⎣sinc 2 ( f − f o )Tc + sinc 2 ( f + f o )Tc ⎤⎦
2
Sd(f)
St(f)
y(t)
r(t)
Sr ( f ) =
1
2
[
PTc sinc 2 ( f − f o )Tc + sinc 2 ( f + f o )Tc ]
1
+ J [δ ( f − f o ) + δ ( f + f o )]
2
1
[
S y ( f ) = PT sinc 2 ( f − f o )T + sinc 2 ( f + f o )T
2
]
1
[
+ JTc sinc 2 ( f − f o )Tc + sinc 2 ( f + f o )Tc
2
]
Sr(f)
Sy(f)
1
= 2 ∫ JTc sinc 2 ( f − f o )Tc df ≈ JTc ∫ 1df
2
JT
= c
T
z The signal power at the ideal BPF output has no changed. But the jammer power is reduced
JTc
from J to . We define the processing gain of spread spectrum as
T
T
Gp =
Tc
s (t ) = P c1 (t ) cos( wo t + θ d (t )) − P c2 (t ) sin( wo t + θ d (t ))
π 3π
θ d (t ) ∈ {± ,± }
4 4
z Receiver
s (t − Td ) = Pc1 (t − Td )cos( wo t + θ d (t − Td ) + φ )
− Pc2 (t − Td )sin( wo t + θ d (t − Td ) + φ )
x(t ) = 1 s (t − T )c (t − Tˆ )2cos( w t + w t + φ )
2 d 1 d o IF
z If the spreading codes are correctly duplicated, Tˆd = Td , we have c1 (t − Td )c1 (t − Tˆd ) = 1 and
c (t − T )c (t − Tˆ ) = 1 . Then
2 d 2 d
y (t ) = P cos( wIF t − θ d (t − Td )) −
2
P c (t − T )c (t − Tˆ )sin( w t − θ (t − T )) + high freq. component
2 1 d 2 d IF d d
And
∞
t
d (t ) = ∑ b p (t − iT ),
i =−∞
i 1 s p1 (t ) = ∏ (T ) s
sd (t ) = 2 Pd (t ) cos( wo t ) = 2 P cos( wo t + θ d (t ))
∞
t
hT (t ) = ∑ 2 p(t − nT ) cos(w t + φ ) , p(t ) = ∏ ( T ), where w
n =−∞
c n n
c
n is synthesized frequency
z Receiver
y1(t)
sr(t)
z The image reject filter is used to reject the image signal at frequency wn − wo .
sr (t ) = st (t − Td )
∞
) )
hR (t ) = ∑ 2 cos(w t + φ
n =−∞
n n − wnTd ) p (t − nTc − Td )
If Tˆd = Td ,
y1 (t ) = st (t − Td )hR (t )
= ∑ 2P cos(w t + w t + θ (t − T ) + φ − w T
i
o i d d i o d − wiTd ) p (t − iTc − Td ) ⋅
∑ 2cos(w t + φ − w T ) p(t − nT − T )
n
n n n d c d
= ∑{2 n
2 P cos( wo t + wn t + θ d (t − Td ) + φn − woTd − wnTd ) ⋅
= 2 P cos( wo t + θ d (t − Td ) − woTd )
z Parameter definition
z For frequency synthesizer, there are k bits per chip, and 2 k frequency subbands. The
bandwidth of FH/MFSK is equal to BW = 2 k Wd = Ws
ws
wd
Ts
Tc
T
wd
00 11 01 10 PN序列
00 10 01 00 11 10 01 01 10 01 10 00 01 10 11 0 0二進位資料
Wd
Wd
頻率
WS
Wd
Wd
T 時間
TS
TC
z Processing gain :
Jammer with power J
J E EW
If no FH, N J = , b = b d
Wd N J J
J E EW EW
If with FH, N J' = , b' = b s = 2 k b d
Ws N J J J
So we define the processing gain here as
Eb
N J′
Gp = = 2k
Eb
NJ
00 11 01 10 二進位資料
00 10 01 00 11 10 01 01 10 01 10 00 01 10 11 00 PN序列
Wd
頻率 Wd
WS
Wd
Wd
TC 時間
T
TS
z The output is demodulated by using Noncoherent MFSK. Besides, each symbol could be
detected by majority decision rule among the N outputs (N FH outputs/symbol).
z Processing gain is equal to G p = 2 k
z Receiver
st(t)
z If Tˆd = Td = 0 ,
y1 (t ) = st (t )hT (t ) = c(t ) ∑
n
2 P cos( wo t + wn t + θ d (t ) + φn ) p (t − nTc ) •
∞
∑ 2 p(t − mT ) cos(w t + φ
m =−∞
c m m )
= c(t ) 2 P ∑{cos(w t + 2w t + θ
n
o n d (t ) + 2φn ) + cos( wo t + θ d (t ))}p (t − nTc )
y2 (t ) = y1 (t ) |w = c(t ) 2 P
o ∑ cos(w t + θ
n
o d (t )) p(t − nTc ) = c(t ) 2 P cos( wo t + θ d (t ))