August/September 2004 £1.

20 Issue 48

How do we know
it's true?
Inside this issue
Atlantic Adventure

Student Life - enjoy it

while it lasts

How did I end up here?

When I consider your heavens, The lost message of
the work of your fingers. Jesus

A not so subtle message

Kenya - land of contrast

How do we know it's

true?
Atlantic Adventure
At the May holiday weekend the senior group of the Carloway
Campaigners enjoyed a fantastic camping trip to the
Frontline
One of my lasting memories from Euro
2004 (sorry if I’m bringing back painful
memories anyone) was of 6ft 7in Jan
Koller of the Czech Republic sitting
on the ground in the penalty area at
the end of the match. His boots were
Contents
2

3
Atlantic
Adventure
Frontline

off and it was like he’d been hit by a

4 How do we know
uninhabited island of Taransay which is off the coast of Harris.
We were taken to Taransay by speedboat and landing craft, (an punch in the stomach. He looked utterly itʼs true?
adventure in itself), and camped on the amazing sand dunes of dejected; and well he might. Favourites
the Corran Raa beach. (by that stage) to win the tournament
6 Student Life -
they had been hit by a ‘silver goal’. And enjoy it while
Most of the trip was taken up with walking around the rugged all was lost. give the impression that faith is cool,
that we don’t want to get too worked
it lasts
island, climbing up Ben Raa to see the views of the Harris For some of these players it was their
Mountains, and of the Southern Isles. The boys spent most of best opportunity to win; for some it up about it, that we’re pretty laid back 8 How did I end up
their time on the white sandy beaches, scavenging and beach was their last opportunity; for some it about it all.
combing and they found some really unusual stuff. Faith isn’t cool - it’s hot; we’re asked
here?
was probably their only opportunity.

From the Editor

To come close, to fail and to know that to fan into flame our gifts, to argue 10 Changing Places
One of the most incredible things we saw was a huge natural persuasively for the truth and to throw
the chance may never come again is to
arch, carved out by the Atlantic Ocean on the south west of ourselves into the race of life. And yes 12 Favourite Bible
experience great disappointment. It’s
the island - a truly awesome sight. Seeing the vastness of the if we fail at some point (which we will)
Atlantic ocean from the top of Ben Raa, and viewing its power
only a game, but the body language of Passage
the tallest player in the tournament said it is right to show our frustration and
in carving out the rock of Taransay gave us all a sense of the express our grief. But while the loser in
power of God in creating such beauty. it all - it hurts all the same. 13 Bible Readings
the football match may have little to
When someone strains every fibre of
console them, the person with faith in
with Trevor Low
their body to achieve a goal, and fails,
then their despair - like their effort - is Jesus Christ knows that does not leave 14 Bible Readings
not trivial. And although we may not us alone in the middle of the field of
broken dreams. Rather he is the restorer
with Trevor Low
share their enthusiasm we must admire
their commitment and sympathise in of souls, who spreads a table of delight 15 The lost message
their frustration. to refresh the weary and provides them
with joy that knows no end. of Jesus
Now if you think all this is about
football - you would be absolutely 16 A not so subtle

Colin
wrong. It’s not about football at all - it’s message
about how much you care about what
you do. These guys were passionate 18 Kenya - land of
about winning and when they didn’t
contrasts
they were devastated. We should be
passionate too. Sometimes we try to 20 The Back Page

In the next issue

How to give away your Keep in
faith
Christian music touch
How you can get involved WRITE to the Editor:
Colin Morison,
in church 47 Bruceland Road, Elgin,
Morayshire IV30 1SP
Acknowledgements E-MAIL him at:
The editor wishes to acknowledge all those who have helped in the colin.morison@currantbun.com
production of this issue and to thank in particular:
The annual subscription for FREE
D J Macleod, Ian Cooper, John Ford, Heather Dunlop, Kerrie is £9.50. If you wish to get a regular
Bavidge, Marie Catherine Martin, Chisholm Urquhart, Trevor Low, subscription write to:
David Meredith, Mark Greene, Chris Smart and David Higham. FREE, Free Church Offices,
The Mound, Edinburgh EH1 2LS
Deadlines
The deadline for the Oct/Nov issue is 18 August 2004
The deadline for the Dec/Jan issue is 9 October 2004
2 FREE magazine FREE magazine 3
Ian Cooper
Henry Faulds is a name you won’t hear much when enquiring
How do we know
about the history of fingerprint identification but his
contribution helped to establish fingerprints as the primary
means of identifying criminals for the best part of 150 years
until DNA became the big thing in criminal investigation.
When he developed his system for using fingerprints in solving
it’s true?
crimes, he offered it to Scotland Yard, who politely declined it
And the Psalmist,
speaking of the
awesome grandeur of
God’s creation, cried ‘when
Curiously enough, it was I consider the work of
a Church of Scotland Your fingers’.
missionary to Japan who,
in the late 1800’s, made
and it was not until some years later when another scientist
significant advances in put forward the idea that it was seen as the breakthrough law
enforcement agencies had been looking for. A fingerprint is
the use of fingerprints as a unique mark made by the ridges and furrows of the skin at
the fingertips. Once left at a crime scene, it provides a sure
indicator of the identity of the offender.
a means of establishing In the gospel of Luke (ch 11:20) Jesus makes a rather startling,
yet tremendously significant statement. Having just witnessed
identity in legal or Jesus driving a demon out of a man, the crowds accuse Jesus
of being a ‘prince of demons’. Jesus’ reply was striking as He
claimed that His power to drive out demons was by the ‘finger
criminal cases of God’. ‘That being so’, He said, ‘then the Kingdom of God has
come to you’. In other words, His actions bore the very mark of
God Himself - God’s own fingerprint! This is a figure of speech
used on only two other occasions in the whole Bible, but each
occasion is of great significance. Pharaoh’s magicians cried ‘this
is the finger of God!’ when God struck the land with terrible
plagues. And the Psalmist, speaking of the awesome grandeur
of God’s creation, cried ‘when I consider the work of Your
fingers’. In each case the term points us to what is obvious and
undeniable, that God has left His mark for all to see - nowhere
is that more true than in the person of the Lord Jesus Christ.
In Colossians 1:15 Paul writes that Jesus is the very ‘image’
of God. The word for image actually means the exact likeness,
in the same way that a fingerprint is the exact likeness of
the finger that made it. In John 14:9, Jesus said ‘if you have
seen me, you have seen the Father’. Such a claim was sheer
blasphemy if it was not true, no one would dare claim to be the
visible manifestation of God, but Jesus made that kind of claim
repeatedly.
4 FREE magazine
When we think about Jesus, we have to ask ourselves, who
was this man? We know He is an historical character who lived,
walked and talked in Palestine 2,000 years ago, but what do we
make of the things said about Him in the Bible? When we read
of Him turning water into wine, healing the sick, driving out
demons, speaking to the sea, feeding thousands from a few bits
of bread and even raising people from the dead, what do we
think then? If these are stories thrown in to make Jesus seem
more than He actually was, then we must be the victims of an
awful hoax. Some people try to ignore these miraculous events
and attempt to single out Jesus’ teaching. But if His life is
a deception, why not His words also? And what do His words
mean without the power of the miracles?
If the stories about Jesus are a fabrication, then why did Peter,
Paul, Silas and others (who certainly knew the truth) gladly
go to prison and even give up their lives for the ‘pretend’
Jesus? Why did John suffer exile, why did Stephen kneel
down and endure the agony of rocks and stones thrown by his
countrymen because of his testimony about Jesus? Perhaps
we should also ask about the resurrection of Jesus. Was that
an historical fact or just another fiction?
Matthew, Mark and John, who all knew the truth,
give compelling testimony of it. Early historians record that
Thomas (the doubter!), James and Bartholomew all suffered
horrible deaths because they declared Jesus to be the Son of
God, risen from the dead. Peter writes passionately about the
resurrection in his letters and Paul starkly declares that without
it, there is no hope for anybody and that Christians are the
most miserable creatures on earth if Jesus is not raised from the
dead.
We also have to come to terms with about three hundred
prophecies in the Old Testament Scriptures which pointed to
the Messiah, and which found their perfect fulfilment in Jesus
Christ. What do we make of that? The mathematical ‘chances’
of that number of prophecies being fulfilled in one person are
astronomical. We must then explain how it is that there is more
reliable documentary evidence for the life of Jesus than we even
have for Julius Caesar? How is it that many historians who lived
at or close to the time of Jesus felt it necessary to mention him
in their texts and unconsciously confirm what the Bible declares
to be the truth?
When we think - really think about Jesus we can see that
everything about Him bore the fingerprint of God. Each prophecy,
fact, record and miracle is a ridge or furrow in the finger of God
Himself, and the birth, life, miracles, death, resurrection and
ascension of Jesus are the matching print, which demonstrates
beyond all doubt that Jesus is exactly what He claimed to be -
none other than the very Son of God - God, the Son.
FREE magazine 5

Student Life -
enjoy it while it lasts!
University and College life presents all kinds of challenges and
opportunities. This leads to numerous choices, for instance
courses, friends, church life, etc. With this wide range of
choices comes a wide range of responsibilities.
Undoubtedly everyone has different expectations for University
and College life. Some are excited about the prospect of leaving
the mother ship while others may be anxious about the new
surroundings. Nevertheless, most prospective students would
confess a variety of worries. So remember - you are not alone.
In my experience settling into a church fellowship is of primary
importance to both sustain and develop your relationship
with God. Your place of study will be close to a number of
different churches. But how do we decide which church? Key
characteristics are: a biblical church; one we can worship God
in; and one where there are opportunities to be involved. There
is a temptation for students to attend the same church that
our Christian friends attend without ever being a part of it. It
does take effort to participate in the life of the church, but
these efforts have priceless rewards.
In addition to finding a local church, it is important to establish
the correct friendships, in order to maintain a healthy spiritual
life. This is often one of the main concerns of new students. And
perhaps they are justified, in that our friendships often dictate
how our time is spent. As the writer of Proverbs tells us: “A
righteous man is cautious in friendship, but the way of the wicked
leads them astray” (12:26). The Bible tells us to think carefully
about friendships, as we are susceptible to being led astray in
6 FREE magazine
the wrong friendships. You will meet countless students - in your
halls, course and societies. However, it is your choice with whom
you spend more time.
What kind of friends do we choose then? First and foremost it
is vital to establish a solid foundation of Christian friends. As
the sage in Proverbs explains: “As iron sharpens iron, so one
man sharpens another” (27:17). Without these friendships
we miss out on opportunities to grow in faith and are left
vulnerable to backsliding. This will involve making the effort
to meet Christians at Church (or even the Christian Union).
Secondly, we must seek to build friendships with non-
Christians - it is unhealthy to have just Christian friends.
University and College is an exceptional time to tell fellow
students about the good news of Jesus Christ.
It is also crucial to foster friendships with people whose
company we enjoy. In the first weeks of term there is a
temptation to force friendships by acting like we would not
normally. It is not worth compromising our faith for friends.
University and College is an excellent opportunity in life to
take part in a church family; establish meaningful Christian
friendships; and spread the good news - but this takes effort.
Finally, it is important to note that the habits you make during
your time at University or College will be with you for the
rest of your life - good or bad. So make the effort to establish
good habits of daily Bible reading, prayer and regular church
attendance, which will prepare you for God’s plans for the future.
John Ford is a medical student from Coatbridge, Scotland
Having just graduated I suppose my biggest piece of advice to
first years would be to enjoy it while it lasts! Make the most of
your first year as it absolutely flies. Try to get to know people
in your accommodation and class. If not you will later realise
that this was the greatest opportunity you had to tell and
show others of God’s love and you missed it! Although you
may be daunted with the prospect of new surroundings, people
and situations, remember God is with you through it all. Your
time at university will be a learning experience in so many
ways. If I think back to the person I was in those first few
it is important to establish the correct friendships,
in order to maintain a healthy spiritual life.
weeks and compare that to now, I’ve changed so much. I’ve
learnt to depend so much more on God for everything and I
can only achieve all things through him. “I can do everything
through him who gives me strength” Philippians 4:13.
You may already know which church you are going to attend
but if not, visit a few and see what you think. Try and settle
in a church quickly; remember that no church is perfect. It’s
so important to have Christian fellowship and accountability
with other Christians. Small groups and prayer triplets
especially are a great way to get to know older Christians,
learn and pray together. You will probably have less work
in first year so use the free time that you have now to get
involved in church, clubs and Christian Union. Also if you find
yourself missing home keep yourself busy and you will soon
grow to feel more at home where you are. I really want to
encourage everyone to go along to their university Christian
Union and meet other Christians in their course or campus.
My time in the Christian Union enabled me to get to know
Christians from so many cultures, countries and churches and
work together for God in our university. Also there are so
many opportunities for you to bring along your new non-
Christian friends.
Before even going to university I’m sure your Mum will be
trying to teach you to cook and although you might not
appreciate this advice at the time it will come in useful later!
Learn to cook a couple of simple dishes at least and start
to look at the prices of food, as your student loan definitely
doesn’t last forever. A simple cookbook is also useful if
you want to be more adventurous or alternatively to avoid
starvation learn to follow the cooking instructions on the
packet! Also in many cases supermarket brands are just as nice
as the more expensive alternatives. Washing and ironing are
pretty easy once you learn the two golden rules - don’t mix
colours and whites and if you dry all your clothes flat you will
have to do little if any ironing. Finally just enjoy and make
sure you make the most of this four year mission time ahead.
Heather Dunlop is from Northern Ireland and did a degree in
Nutrition and Dietetics. She was the president of RGU CU in her
third year.
FREE magazine 7
“How on earth did I end up here?”
Kerrie Bavidge
In Asociacion San Lucas, Moyobamba, Peru
My taxi-driver was turning on all the charm - he was looking
for a Scottish wife apparently - but it was really the scenery
that blew me away. There were so many trees and plants
- all more green than I could ever have imagined - sprinkled
generously with bright dashes of orange, yellow and red
flowers, with no hint of the tarantulas that I was dreading. I
had arrived in the selva, or rainforest region, of Peru, after an
eighteen-hour flight to Lima, broken up by a lovely hour-long
stop in the Caribbean, then another one-hour flight over the
Andes to get here. However, why was I here of all places?
All final year medical students get the opportunity to study or
work anywhere in the world in a healthcare setting. I wanted
to get a small taste of what life as a medical missionary could
be like. Originally, I was going to go to India, but thought
better of that idea after India and Pakistan threatened nuclear
warfare. Just a few days later, a missionary working in Brazil
came to speak at our church prayer meeting. As soon as she
discovered I was a medical student, she demanded to know if
I had sorted my medical elective ...
HOT, NOISY AND DUSTY
Lima was very hot, very noisy, and very dusty. After swimming
in the Atlantic Ocean the week before while on my GP
placement in the South of Harris, I just had to go paddling
in the Pacific (not surprisingly, just a wee bit warmer!) I was
then sent on my way with reminders not to drink the water
and to be wary of amorous Peruvians! After the three hours
of avoiding marriage proposals (the fact that he didn’t speak
8 FREE magazine
English and that my Spanish was fairly basic sadly did not
deter him!), we arrived in Moyobamba. First impressions were
again hot, noisy and dusty. The temperature all year round is
about 30˚C, ‘dropping’ to 15-18˚C at night. The noise never
seemed to stop - crickets chirruping incessantly, dogs barking,
and roosters singing their hearts out - all at night! I stayed
with a Peruvian family. An English missionary, Martin Bone,
had his meals in the house - very useful for when I got stuck
with the Spanish! As for the language, sometimes not being
able to speak it fluently helped, for example when I knew
what someone was saying but didn’t want to understand!
Asociacion San Lucas (The Luke Society) is a Christian
organisation working to improve both the physical and
spiritual health of the people of Moyobamba. The work is
divided into two main sections, improving water sanitation,
community health (including sexual health, preventing and
treating HIV/AIDS, paediatrics, and obstetric care, through the
training of community health advisers from the villages), and
agriculture and farming for some of the poorest villages of the
Department of Moyobamba.
RAINFOREST
For one of the villages, Nuevo Milagro (New Miracle), a new
water supply has been found on the land of the local shaman.
Locals told us that he goes down into this cave to consult the
devil, but, praise God, because he is willing to allow San Lucas
to use this supply if it turns out to be uncontaminated. The
Amazon rainforest is not called the rainforest for nothing - it
had been raining, pouring, all day so we had to tramp through
a foot of mud and muddy water to get there! When we did get
there, the five men (I wasn’t allowed to go down because I
was a girl!) disappeared into a cave about 20 feet below the
ground. Being abandoned in a rainforest wasn’t much fun,
but it got worse when a little stream above the cave burst
its banks and started flooding the cave! I have never been
so scared in my life! After 45 minutes of praying desperately
for them, the men suddenly struggled through what was now a
raging waterfall and scrambled up the side of the cave!
MEDICINE ON THE FRONTIER
The Clinica San Lucas employs two doctors (a gynaecologist and
a physician), two nurses, one pharmacist and two laboratory
technicians and works rather like a General Practitioner here.
I like to think of GP training in Harris of having been good
preparation - it was also in the middle of nowhere where I
didn’t really speak the language!). There are no such things as
prescriptions - you can just wander into your local corner shop
and pick any of the vast arrays of medicines you would like!
A main work is identifying children with cleft lip and palate
and visiting them in their homes, which could be up to five
hours walk from the nearest road. These children are often
ostracised by their family (especially by their fathers who see it
as a slight on their masculinity to have a ‘deformed’ child) and
school friends. Some of the older ones no longer go to school
because their teachers have sent them home, saying that they
can’t speak properly, no one can understand them, and they
are too difficult to teach. All of the families we met were living
in incredible poverty with no running water, no electricity,
no toilets, no beds, and with the nearest medical help several
hours walk away. There was no doctor free to go and visit these
children, so I was sent to do the medical part of the job! It
was quite scary having to make diagnoses on the spot
- everyone here (including me!) has parasites, so I just went
ahead and treated them, but I had to diagnose ear infections on
the basis of pulling the kids’ ears and asking if it hurt!
There is no real version of the National Health Service in
Peru, patients pay for each consultation and for every single
investigation. Examples include 35 nuevo soles (about £6)
to see the doctor and 10 nuevo soles (about £1.70) for every
single blood test. My favourite part of the price list was in the
Obstetric section - “Delivery - 1000 nuevo soles” (about £171),
followed by “Delivery without pain - 1500 nuevo soles”! The
average wage in Peru is only 345 nuevo soles each month.
I assisted at an operation at six in the morning because it was
the only time that the anaesthetist could come. Even then
the tiny operating theatre was baking and understanding the
muffled orders of surgeons is difficult enough in English - never
mind in Spanish! Speaking Spanish all the time was incredibly
tiring combined with the unrelenting heat! Some days, I just
wanted to escape into a world where everyone spoke English,
so it was lovely when I was given translating to do. One of the
letters included the phrase, “In the city of Wales, England”. (!) I
also had to try to explain that Scotland is also a country in its
own right, and, no, it’s not part of America either!
12 WEDDINGS AND NO FUNERAL
On Sundays, I really enjoyed going to the Iglesia Evangelica
Presbiteriana en Moyobamba’. At 8am, there were discussion
groups on such diverse topics as the Person of Christ and
cloning. Then, at 9am, all-age Sunday school. The actual church
service would start at 10am with an hour of singing, followed
by the hour-long sermon. Even after all this, church might not
be finished. On one of my last Sundays, there were twenty-
two baptisms, mainly new adult believers and then the Lord’s
Supper! Another Sunday night, there were twelve weddings!
And it was all broadcast on local television and radio! The
congregation met twice a week for house groups, with one set
aside for prayer and the other for Bible study. We also had Teens
Group and the Young Adults group. I even went to the Bible
Study for young single people - but I promise I was taken there
under false pretences!
After my first week, I helped with a Sunday school in one of the
poorest areas of Moyobamba. (The perils of smiling and nodding
when you don’t quite understand - apparently, I agreed to help
every week while I was in Moyobamba.) It was great fun - lots
of games, stories and songs - but most of all, it was amazing
to see how eager these street children were to learn about the
Lord and to see that many of them have become Christians
themselves.
Overall, this was an amazing experience; I was so stressed and
worried before going over to Peru. After all, I was going on
my own, I didn’t really speak the language, and, worst of all,
they have huge spiders in the jungle! However, it taught me to
be completely reliant on the Lord. He knows already what will
happen to all of us and will give us the grace and strength to
deal with anything if we confess our weakness to him.
For more information about Martin Bone’s work in providing clean
water his website is www.geocities.com/martinboneperu/main
For more information about San Lucas the website is www.
lukesocietymoyobamba.org
FREE magazine 9
Mairi-Catherine Martin “Dad’s accepted the call” has become a dreaded and relatively
frequent phrase in our house. Being ‘a child of the manse’ I’ve
had to adapt (often unwillingly!) to many changes already
during my 17 years in the world. I’ve been in 6 different schools
in various places around Scotland and have now lived in 8
undivided attention. Having now been in Lewis for just over 9
months, I feel no anger towards God for ‘dragging me here’ as
seemed to be the case at the time, but instead I’m thankful to
God for reminding me that He’s the centre of my life and that
He puts us in different situations for a reason. I’m also thankful for

Changing Places
How one person reacted to those stressful life experiences - moving
house and leaving friends and all with a feeling of being carried
along a route you’d rather not go...
different houses. Most recently the ‘big change’ was moving the Christian friends I’m getting to know here. God always provides;
from our home of 6 years, in Aberdeen, back to the sunny not only for our physical needs; to the point where we take things
Isle of Lewis after dad accepted the call to be the minister in for granted, but more importantly for our spiritual needs.
Stornoway Free Church. I felt gutted when told we had to up
When it comes to something as life-shattering as the death of
and leave. Again. It didn’t seem real and I didn’t want to face
someone close to us, we ask ourselves deep and challenging
saying goodbye to people and places I’d grown to love. Most
questions and doubt creeps in about so many things including
uncomfortable of all was the thought that I was completely out
the very existence of a loving God. However I’m often amazed
of control of what was happening; it seemed at the time, as
at the number of Christians who have lost someone close to
can often be the case, that it wasn’t fair and I shouldn’t have
them but react with peace and acceptance to a situation which
to move. Sounds childish but so also does the thought “Why
to some would cause unending grief. I’m not only talking about
doesn’t dad just move by himself? HE’S the minister; it’s HIM that’s
elderly people who have lost loved ones who were Christians,
been called, not us!” These are all questions that were asked or
but also younger people who have to encounter the death of
thought about at the time and although questions that arise during
someone close to them for maybe the first time. We should
unsettling times may seem petty or humorous when we look back
be so incredibly thankful that, as Christians, we have a loving
on them, they all come from a sense of anger which arise from the
God who holds our head above the water until we reach the
situations and very often we tend to vent our anger on the closest
shore and see the positive aspects of our experiences; however
people to us at the time, or worse: on God.
difficult they may seem. No obstacle is too big for us to climb
It was so difficult to accept the ‘impending doom’ that was over, especially with God lifting us from the other side.
having to leave Aberdeen, my friends and some of my immediate
One of my favourite passages in the bible is from Isaiah ch43;
family. It was difficult to try and look at the situation with a
starting at the end of v1 to v4:
view to God’s plan for my life. In 1st John 2:17 it says “The
world and its desires pass away, but the man who does the “Fear not, for I have redeemed you;
will of God lives for ever”. My desire to stay in Aberdeen was
I have summoned you by name; you are mine.
a natural one and it wasn’t wrong to want to stay; we are all
made in the image of a loving God and so we naturally have a When you pass through the waters,
longing to stay with the friends God has lovingly placed in our
I will be with you;
lives wherever we happen to be. But the challenge from God
is to reach out past what we know and are comfortable with And when you pass through the rivers,
and to go into the unknown to search for his purpose for our
They will not sweep over you.
lives; even though we might be afraid of change. So whether it
seems to be the case that you’re dragged into the unknown by When you walk through the fire,
your dad, “just because he’s a minister”; or if you go through
You will not be burned;
the strength of a God-given curiosity or calling, God knows our
every move before we do and He promises to bless us when we The flames will not set you ablaze.”
try (with the strength of the Holy Spirit) to do everything to
I think it’s brilliant because it seems to cover all levels of
His eventual glory. I’m not trying to say that I decided to move
difficulty of situations. From “passing through water” to
and therefore am a better Christian than everyone else; If it
“walking through fire” God has a way of getting us through the
had been up to me, and if it hadn’t been obvious that God’s
difficulties of life; no matter how tough they seem! Let’s also
will was for our family to move then I would still be
never forget that Jesus has ‘been there, done that’; He knows
in Aberdeen now! I’m not the world’s best at being
EXACTLY what it feels like to suffer. His life on earth was
confident for God but we need to carry on learning
plagued with persecution and He had enemies on every side
lessons through our doubts and failures and trust
looking for a chance to get rid of Him. If we think we have it
more in our creator.
rough, we should take a good look at His life and
It’s obvious that in the grand scheme imagine the terrible difficulties
of things moving house isn’t such a big He went through as a real
deal but it’s something that I’m sure human being, as well as being
many people can relate to as being quite God’s beloved son.
a challenge to our way of life; sometimes
Through many situations
at a moment when we ARE lapsing into a ‘comfort
in life, along with our worry
zone’ or when we seem to be living in a bubble of
can come a strange sense of
complacency. Changes, however big or small they are,
excitement when we realise
can be seen as God’s way of gently shaking us until
and are reminded that we
we wake up and think again about why we are where
we are, and what God wants us to do in the ‘here
have no idea what God’s big
picture is and all we can really
and now’. He puts us in situations where it looks like
He’s taken everything from us; so that we’re forced
do, as created beings far from
perfection, is to look to God
to question ourselves as to where our lives are going.
and work through the trials and
It’s then that He speaks to us; when we give Him our
triumphs He leads us through.

10 FREE magazine FREE magazine 11

 Why don’t you cut it out and put it in your Bible?

FAVOURITE BIBLE READING NOTES

Chisholm Urquhart BIBLE READING PLAN
Muir-of Ord
AUGUST 2004
BIBLE PASSAGE 1:

2:
Acts 14 v 8-20

My favourite passage in the best book in the world is in
the book of psalms:
I shall not die, but live
And shall the works of GOD discover 118 v 17
To me it spoke very clearly about the state of my life and
asked me to wake up and take a good account of myself
and follow what my heart was saying and definitely not
what my head was telling me to do.
I went through what many would refer to as a totally
mixed up time (although my wife thinks that I am always
like that).I was right; everyone else was wrong. I had a
lot going on in my life and had definitely 100% nothing
to do with church life at all but went along out of habit.
I was always too busy; I even thought God was too busy
as well! ‘What did we have in common?’ I would ask
myself. I thought 100% nothing. How wrong I was.
Got married; top of the world; building a house; good job.
I thought I had everything but in all honesty I had
nothing. I thought that by having all these wonderful
things I would feel a sense of peace but I was still searching.
What next? Some ups and downs. My mother had died from
an illness; that deeply affected my life. She was in one way
certainly an anchor and confusion was now paramount. If
there is a God where are you now? Why, why, why?
To cut to the chase: a year on I certainly felt I was in that miry
clay that is found in psalm 40. Now with 2 kids I thought surely
now I will find peace but still it did not come. One Sunday I was
heading out the door going to a communion service and totally
mixed up. ‘What am I doing?’ I thought, getting into the car. My
wife shouted ‘follow your heart, not what your head is telling you’.
I have committed my life to Jesus. I still struggle with the
pressure that every day life throws our way, but now my wife is
also a committed Christian and we know as we continually pray
to an awesome God who really is switched on to all our needs
who is (cool) that each day is a new challenge.ˇIt isˇa battle but
let me encourage those who are struggling and finding it very,
very hard - please rely on this awesome God
Psalm 25 reads ‘Show me thy ways O Lord thy paths O teach thou me.’
14 v 21-28
ACTS 14 - 17 3: 15 v 1-5
Jesus warned His followers, “In the 4: 15 v 6-12
world you will have trouble, but take RUTH 5: 15 v 13-21
heart! I have overcome the world.” He
also said, “I will build my church and The Book of Ruth is a beautiful and
6: 15 v 22-35
the gates of hell shall not overcome touching love-story. Boaz and Ruth
it.” We see these truths being fulfilled are brought together by the Mosaic 7: 15 v 36-41
in Acts 14 - 17. As the gospel message law (Lev. 19:9&10) which instructed
spreads, lives are changed by God’s 8: Psalm 70
landowners not to harvest their fields
Spirit as men and women believe in the
too carefully but to leave something
Lord Jesus Christ. But, alongside great 9: Acts 16 v 1-5
behind for the poor and the alien.
encouragements, Paul and his friends But the book is far more than a love-
10: 16 v 6-10
face great opposition. Satan works in story. Its theme is the great subject of
a variety of ways. It may be through redemption. The story has its basis in 11: 16 v 11-15
physical persecution (ch.14); it may be an ancient law which is found in Lev.
through false teaching (15:1); it may 25: 23 - 25. The next-of-kin who could 12: 16 v 16-24
be because of internal strife (15:36 redeem land was called in Hebrew a 13: 16 v 25-34
- 40). Yet the sovereign God can bring GOEL, a kinsman-redeemer. The key
good out of all such incidents. One verse is, I suggest, ch.3 v.9. What Ruth 14: 16 v 35-40
effect of the separation of Paul and here desires of Boaz is a symbolic act
Barnabas was that there were now two whereby he, as a GOEL, would exercise 15: Psalm 71
missionary teams, both led by capable his right to redeem the family’s lost
men, rather than one. 16: Acts 17 v 1-9
inheritance, and also to take Ruth as
Chapter 16 sees the gospel reaching his wife. Redemption is the supreme 17: 1 Thessalonians
Europe. The conversions of Lydia and activity of the grace of God. He created
the Philippian gaoler demonstrate us but sin entered and it all went 18: Acts 17 v 10-15
that the Spirit of God can work in wrong. But God then redeemed through
different ways. In Lydia’s case it was the Lord Jesus. To create, He merely 19: 17 v 16-21
by the quiet, gradual opening of her spoke. To redeem, He had to bleed. 20: 17 v 22-28
heart, whereas the gaoler’s conversion Redemption not only forgives our sins,
followed a dramatic earthquake and but restores and overrules all the loss 21: 17 v 29-34
near suicide. The important thing in occasioned by our sin.
each case was that they “believed in 22: Psalm 72
the Lord Jesus Christ and were saved.”
In chapter 17 the gospel progresses EZRA 23: Ruth 1 v 1-5
to Thessalonica. Read 1 Thessalonians 24: 1 v 6-13
ch. 1 carefully, to see the impact the
gospel made on the Thessalonian At the end of 2 Chronicles, we read 25: 1 v 14-22
believers, and the resultant impact that the kingdom of Judah is taken
their faith had on other people. Paul’s 26: 2 v 1-7
into captivity for 70 years. Nothing
experience in Athens shows that people more is heard of them until Ezra takes 27: 2 v 8-16
will talk endlessly about religion, but

Youth Worker Wanted

up their history. Ezra, Nehemiah and
we must confront them with more Esther are the three post-captivity 28: 2 v 17 - 3 v 6
specific issues - who is Jesus? Is He the HISTORICAL books of the Old
Son of God? Did He die for sinners? Did Testament, while Haggai, Zechariah and 29: 3 v 7-18
The Western Isles Presbytery of the Free Church of Scotland is looking to appoint a full time youth worker He rise from the dead? And, if so, what Malachi are the three post-captivity
as part of its ongoing evangelistic programme. The successful candidate will be a committed Christian and a are the implications for YOUR life? 30: 4 v 1-12
PROPHETICAL books. Ezra was a priest.
communicant member of the Free Church - eager, enthusiastic, hard working, and with good communication He was therefore unable to serve during 31: 4 v 13-22
skills. A full remuneration package is offered. the captivity as the Temple had been
Apply enclosing covering letter and CV in the first instance to: destroyed. However, he gave his time
Rev M Macleod, Free Church Manse, Shawbost, Isle of Lewis, HS2 9BD, Tel: 01851 710216 to studying the Word of God (see ch.7
v.6) He was a revivalist and reformer.

12 FREE magazine FREE magazine 13

Why don’t you cut it out and put it in your Bible?

BIBLE READING PLAN

SEPTEMBER
BIBLE READING NOTES the lost message of Jesus
Steve Chalke and Alan Mann, Zondervan, 2003, 204pp £8.99 ISBN 0-310-24882-5
2004
1: Luke 6 v 12-20 The revival began with the reading of
This is a seriously scary book! Most folk in the UK know Steve
the Word of God by Ezra. It is hardly
2: 6 v 20-26 surprising therefore that the theme of Chalke as the celebrity vicar to the stars from his appearances on
3: 6 v 20-26 the book of Ezra is the Word of God.

4: 6 v 20-26
How many references to God’s Word can
you find as you read through this little
GMTV. He featured prominently in OK magazine after he conducted
book ? Perhaps a key verse is ch.9 v.4
5: 6 v 2026 where we read that people “trembled the marriage of Anthea Turner to Grant Bovey.
at the words of the God of Israel.”
6: 6 v 20
Do we have a similar reverence for
7: 6 v 21 the Word of God? (Look up 2 Timothy This book brings out so much of what we admire about Steve my own weaknesses and most helpful in their analysis. The
3:16&17) Chalke. He has a much needed message for the evangelical problem is this: the fact that so many good things are mixed in
8: 6 v 22-23 There are two major divisions in Ezra. church about our need to engage in social justice issues. Chalke with real doctrinal toxins is what makes the book scary!
The first six chapters describe the also reveals that much of what the evangelicals call ‘evangelism’
9: 6 v 24 return of about 50000 captives under has that ‘emperor has no clothes’ feel about it; he speaks about One major test of a person’s ministry is their view of the cross.
10: 6 v 25 Zerubabbel, while chapters 7 to 10 going to ‘evangelistic events’ where there simply aren’t any Steve Chalke does not believe that Jesus Christ took the wrath
describe the return of about 2000 Christians there. I found these elements of the book relevant to of God as the sinner’s substitute. He writes, ‘both people inside
Trevor Low
11: 6 v 26 under Ezra. A useful general outline is and outside of the Church have found this twisted version of
as follows: events morally dubious and a huge barrier to faith.’ (p182)
12: Proverbs 30 v 1-6 Ch. 1: Restoration of Temple by decree Chalke goes even further to the point of blasphemy when he
of Cyrus. regards the classic view of the cross as ‘a form of child abuse’.
13: Luke 6 v 27-28 He cannot bear the fact of ‘a vengeful father punishing his
Ch.2: Return under Zerubabbel.
14: 6 v 29a Ch.3: Rebuilding of Temple. Son for an offence he has not even committed’. This is the
Ch.4: Rebuilding halted by opposition. very heart of the gospel and the extent of the love of God
15: 6 v 29b-30 Chs.5 & 6: Recommencement of for us, the fact that ‘he knew no sin was made sin for us.’
rebuilding Chalke clearly finds the cross an offence and regards it as
16: 6 v 31 foolishness, does that not sound familiar?
Chs.7 & 8: Return under Ezra.
17: Ezra 1 v 1-2 Chs.9 & 10: Reformation under Ezra.
Chalke also makes serious errors in other areas, the bible
teaches that man is basically bad but Chalke maintains
18: 1 Trevor Low, that man is basically good. He has further problems with
Abbey Baptist Church, Abingdon, the fact that God is so pure that He cannot bear sin and he
19: 2 Oxfordshire gives the strong impression that we should feel sorry for God
20: 3 v 1-6 because of the hurt and pain which he feels from our sin.

21: 3 v 7-13 The final chapter is named ‘The scandal’. The bible teaches
that the scandal is the cross but Chalke thoroughly rejects
22: 4 this by saying that the scandal is the fact that Jesus was
‘tiny and vulnerable’.
23: 5 v 1-2

24: 5 v 3 - 6 v 12 We cannot recommend this book; it is one of the most

dangerous books to come out of the contemporary
25: 6 v 13-22 evangelical stable in years. The thesis is man-centred
For Further Study and the gospel is robbed of all its great power. Chalke’s
26: Proverbs 30 v 7-9 The Bible Reading Plan is taken from EXPLORE BIBLE NOTES which are message is neither new nor radical but is the tired old
published by The Good Book Company. If you would like fuller notes on the message of liberal theology which has emptied churches
27: Ezra 7 all over the world. The sad thing is that some things
readings given we would recommend the Explore Bible Notes. The Good Book
never change, Paul warned us in First Corinthians of
28: 8 Company also produce Discover Bible Notes (for ages 11 to 15) and The Ichthus
celebrity preachers who came with a false gospel. Pray
File Bible Reading Notes. These can all be ordered direct from: The Good Book
29: 9 that The Lost Message of Jesus will indeed be lost and
Company, PO Box 665, London SW20 8RU. (Tel: 020 8942 0880) or from the that Steve Chalke will get back to the biblical basics.
Free Church Bookshop, The Mound, Edinburgh EH1 2LS (Tel: 0131 718 4141).
30: 10
You could order them from your local Christian Bookshop.

14 FREE magazine FREE magazine 15

 The Amber Spyglass is the final volume
Mark Greene in his hugely popular trilogy, His Dark
Materials. It’s a collection that ironically
The London Institute for seems to have assured him a place
Contemporary Christianity, in the pantheon of childrens’ authors
alongside C S Lewis and Tolkien, writers
whose Christian faith he views as both
misplaced and corrosive. Indeed, he
A not so subtle
regards the Narnia books with intense
loathing:
“The Narnia books lead up to a view of
life so hideous and cruel I can scarcely
contain myself when I think of it.” (The
message
Times)
But wait for what Pullman does to the
Bible. Indeed, Pullman goes about his
assault in the most direct way - no
allegory for him, no concealing of the
identity of God behind invented names
like Lewis’ Aslan. No, the God Pullman
attacks is called “God, the Creator,
Yahweh, El Adonai, the King, the Father,
the Almighty” and rather perniciously
“The Authority.” This god is, in Pullman’s
cosmos, no god at all but the first angel
that formed from matter. God is not the
God of truth but a liar. In this god’s
universe heaven is not a place of joy and
freedom but a vast and dreary prison
Philip Pullman is, as you might expect a fine writer and he’s a fine camp where the dead are tormented by
harpies.
In the meantime he’s drawn his readers
writer with a cause. His cause, as he himself has made clear, is to (and me) into a brilliantly conceived
tale of a young, fiercely courageous and
destroy Christianity, and to liberate the world from any faith in a intensely loyal girl whose best friend
is kidnapped by agents of a malevolent
church. She sets off to rescue him.
personal God. The young girl Lyra and her young knife-
bearer friend Will are the new Eve and the
new Adam. And they
are destined for an
encounter with the
serpent who turns out
to be a lapsed nun, an
encounter on which
the future of the
multi-universe rests.
If this new Eve resists
the temptation, God
will be defeated and
it will herald a new
start, a new era of
peace in the Republic
of Heaven on earths
- in which the here
and now will be all
and death will be but
a joyous dissolution
into the universe.
But if Lyra and Will
succumb, cruelty
will go on and on.
In sum, Christ is not
the new Adam whose
atoning sacrifice
16 FREE magazine
opens the door to full humanity, rather
it is all up to our Lyra and our Will.
And they come through - displaying
splendid determination, courage,
emotional strength, as well as a laudable
selflessness that allows them to sacrifice
their great love for one another for the
good of all the multi-universes.
Their emotional strength is made all
the more remarkable by the fact that
both have been growing up without
an appropriate level of care from their
mother or father. Lyra’s parents have
abandoned her in their quest for power.
Similarly, Will’s father’s work took him
away from his family and into another
world, leaving Will to care for a mother
whose emergent mental illness made her
ever more dependent on her son. Perhaps
some of Pullman’s popularity stems
from this empathy with a generation of
children who feel themselves abandoned
- by divorce and over-work, for example
- children who must make their own way
in the world.
Curiously for an atheist, Pullman’s
universe may not have a real living god,
but it sure has all kinds of spiritual’
forces, including a curious instrument
called the alethiometer which cannot
but tell the truth and give appropriate
directions. This, if anything is the deus
ex machina, in the trilogy. There is a
force out there, and there are prophecies
to be fulfilled but what or whence this
force, and how prophecies can be given
with authority we know not. Pullman
posits a coherent multi-universe with
some purpose behind it but cannot
bring himself to go the next step to
contemplating a personal God. Still,
he denies out and out atheism in the
rather over-analytical way that some
postmoderns do:
“Atheism suggests a degree of certainty
that I’m not quite willing to accede to. I
suppose technically you’d have to put me
down as an agnostic. But if there is a God
and he is as the Christians describe him,
then he deserves to be put down.”
This strikes me as profoundly dishonest
- here’s a man who’s spent years
constructing an epic story with the
express aim of showing that there is
no God and after all that he protests
uncertainty. Me thinks he protests too
much.
Pullman is, in fact, an old-fashioned
atheist, still believing that a world
without any belief in God would be a
better place, and that humans have the
capacity to create heaven on earth.
You would have thought that anyone
who’d lived almost their entire life in
the second half of the twentieth century
would have woken up to the reality
that, whatever Christianity’s faults,
the atheist creed of communism in its
various manifestations proved far more
effective at limiting freedom of thought
and expression, and far more efficient at
enslaving people in gulags and camps and
murdering them in their tens of millions
than Christianity ever has. Furthermore,
the history of Western Europe is an
eloquent testimony to what occurs when
civilisations move away from their Judeo-
Christian base - people do not discover
joy and beauty and true freedom,
they encounter increasing alienation,
fragmentation, loss of identity and
existential angst. This was, incidentally,
also the conclusion of many of the great
non-believing thinkers and artists of the
twentieth century. God may not exist but
that is little comfort - look at humanity.
Whence now cometh our help?
I first encountered these stories through
the enthusiasm of my then 12 year old
god-daughter who admired the brilliance
of Pullman’s adventure but was able to
dismiss his anti-Christian propaganda
with the nonchalance of a donkey flicking
away a fly. “Pullman’s God,” she said,
“is nothing like the God I worship.”
Indeed he is not. But you only need to
go back to the Garden of Eden to see
how dangerous it can be when a subtle
wordsmith whispers in someone’s ear that
God is not really good, that he does not
have your best interests at heart, that he
does not mean what he says.
Indeed, Pullman’s propaganda may well
be most dangerous to children and
adults who have never known the love
of the living God. As such, Pullman may
succeed in turning many a child away
from the true God he calls `the enemy.’
Nevertheless, Pullman has laid down his
gauntlet in public, and the very success
of his books and the explicitness of his
attack may well provide Christians of all
ages with many an opportunity to present
the truth.
Certainly, we must oppose his ideas,
and he expects no less. Nevertheless,
he has left himself extremely vulnerable
- his books almost entirely ignore Jesus.
Perhaps he could find no way to twist
such loving self-sacrifice into ammunition
for the case against God. After all, a God
who will deliberately sacrifice himself
out of love is a long, long way from
the malevolent and impotent cripple of
Pullman’s imagination. Indeed, we might
pray that he soon discovers that the
door into heaven will not be cut by an
extraordinary and unique knife but has
been already been flung wide open by
the submission of the Son to some very
ordinary nails.
FREE magazine 17
KENYA - Land of contrasts
Kenya is a land of contrasts. A beautiful country and providing
the rains do not fail it is a land with an abundance of flora and
fauna that provide a wonderful array of colour. However all is
not what it may seem because the soil quality is poor and only
15% of the land is suitable for cultivation. Kenya is also a land
of poverty with only a small minority of the men who actually
have what can be considered a “proper job”. Some work
incredibly long hours for very little reward. There are many
entrepreneurs trying to sell their wares at the roadside.
However Kenya is a land of opportunity for the gospel, and
generally people have a great respect for the word of God. A
land were western missionaries are still welcome and needed.
Evangelistic literature will be taken and read, people will listen
to the gospel, and folk are open to discussing the Christian
faith. We begin our journey in Nairobi, capital city of Kenya.
Keith Underhill has been involved in Church Planting work
in Kenya since the early seventies. Keith was converted in
Aberystwyth and went to University there. Following his four
years at University he went to Kenya. He taught in a secondary
school near Meru in Kenya from 1968 until 1970 and then
studied at Westminster Theological Seminary, USA. He married
Priscilla and eventually they began a work in Kenya. From
1975-1977 he had a pastoring and Bible school ministry in
Thika, Kenya. In 1978 Keith began church planting in Nairobi.
Trinity Baptist Church, Nairobi, now has around forty-five
members and congregations much larger than this. The church
18 FREE magazine
is responsible for the planting and oversight of several small
congregations in other parts of Kenya. The church is also
responsible for the running of a theological training Academy
helping to train men for the pastorate of churches across
Kenya. An outreach programme to refugees from Somalia, the
Sudan and other countries. We met Philip a young man from
Sudan who has been a refugee in Kenya for the past eight
years. He has no prospects, no money, no secondary education
and dreams of being allowed to migrate to Australia!
Also the church has a growing literature programme supplying
books to Bible Colleges and individuals, and the church
members are actively reaching out with the gospel to friends
and neighbours.
In Kisumu, Western Kenya, Les and Ann Beard have been
preparation. Recently this has involved using video workshops.
working in the area for the past few years. This was the result
We had the privilege of attending a Fraternal whilst in Kisumu
of an ever-deepening interest in the work of God in Kenya.
and it was good to meet a number of the men. Many of them
This term of service was only ever a five-year commitment and
expressed their gratitude for the opportunity to meet in this
by the time you read this article they will be back permanently
way. The fellowship and the teaching they receive is of immense
in the UK. Les and Ann spent a short time in Nairobi before
benefit. Les and Ann usually would usually make two journeys a
moving to Kisumu in Western Kenya to pastor the pastors of
month to different churches in the rural areas to encourage the
the growing number of churches in that region. Kisumu is
pastors and church members and to minister the word of God.
situated on the shores of Lake Victoria and is an important
Les is often called upon to help struggling churches to help deal
town for this region of Kenya.
with problems and various matters of concern, and this can take
A pastor’s fraternal is held bimonthly in Kisumu and this has up a great deal of time and energy.
been greatly used to help the pastors in their preaching and
Three of the pastors are seeking to plant Biblical churches
within their areas, one in the Tea Plantations, one in Kericho
town and the third in Ndai, near Siaya. We had the privilege to
vist two of the churches at Siaya and Otho. William Onyango
and Roy Omondi are co.
pastors in Siaya and the
church is involved in
a number of outreach where he has been an elder alongside Pastor Sam Oluoch. They
works in the area. long to see more conversions but are thankful for two young
The church at Otho is men, Fred and Ezra, who are showing gifts of ministry and they
experiencing serious prove a real help in leading the Bible Studies with the young
problems with the people and in ministering God’s Word in the midweek meetings.
planning authorities. At present the church meets for worship in a ‘shade’ in Pastor
Following permission Sam’s front garden but this can only be temporary; they really
to build a new chapel need to be able to purchase a plot of land and build a church
the authorities have on it. Kisumu is a strategically placed church for the work in
now told them the Western Kenya and a great deal of extra responsibility has fallen
building will have upon Sam since Les and Ann left Kenya. There is, therefore, a
William
to be demolished great need for somebody to continue the work already begun
because it is sited on and to build for the future.
land designated for a
road widening project.
This can be a serious
distraction from the real
work of the gospel.
Les has also been
involved with the work
of the church in Kisumu David Higham
FREE magazine 19
The creation speaks
There was a book once, called ‘practising the presence of God’.ˇ Now, the
book may or may not be any good, and of course God’s presence is not
down to us, but the title itself reminds us of something. God is there, but
a lot of the time we might not really be aware of the reality of God - we’re
not really switched on to the fact that God is there. But the evidence is all
around.
Once, a preacher on a youth group house party said ‘when you get up in
the morning and see the sun in the sky, it is telling you that Jesus Christ
is alive’. How come? We don’t hear the sun! And we don’t usually see
writing in the sky! It is one of the psalm-writers that says
‘The heavens declare the glory of God ... Day to day pours forth speech, and
night to night reveals knowledge’ (Psalm 19.2)
The things that God has made, His creation, clearly speak about God.
Paul, writing to the Christians in Rome says
‘For since the creation of the world his (God’s) invisible attributes, his
eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly seen, being understood
through what has been made’ (Romans 1.10)
Paul says in his letter to the Christians in Colossae that the only
reason the universe stops from blowing apart or collapsing in on
itself, or just going out of control is that Jesus Christ, our God, our
Brother and our Friend, is holding it all together by his amazing
power!
‘For by him all things were created . . . All things have been created by him
and for him. And he is before all things, and in him all things hold together’
(Colossians 1.16, 17)
So the fact that the sun has risen in the morning (like you just took
for granted that it would) is really a sign of Jesus Christ being alive.
The thousands of stars that you see at night - Jesus is alive. The tiny
insect walking in the grass - Jesus is alive. The clouds, the river, the
sea - Jesus is alive. The days and seasons - Jesus is alive. The faithful
one.
So, check out what’s on TV if you want. And put on the headphones
and check out the latest sounds. But don’t forget to check out God’s
message. Yes, in the bible, but don’t forget the creation. We surround
ourselves with the creations of man and woman. Snap out of it! Go
for a walk. Look out of the window. Look up at the hills, the sky, the
stars, the trees, and think. See ‘his eternal power and divine nature’.
On the radio the other morning was a scout leader complaining that
night-time walking (night hikes) might not be allowed any more on
some land in Britain. He said that often for the young people who go,
walking under the stars at night is an intensely spiritual experience.
He’s right. Look around you next time you’re on your way to school/
college/work. Know that God is alive. Know that he is very great.
Practise the presence of God. Because he’s there.

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