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Engineering Fracture Mecixmics Vol. 25, Nos S/6. pp. 729-737, 1986
Pergamvn Press Ltd.
Printed in Great Britain.
JACKY MAZARS
Laboratoire de Mixanique et Technologie. Enset/Universite Paris 6/CNRS, 61, avenue du
President Wilson, 94230 Cachan, France
Abstract-Some particularities of the microstructure of concrete are first presented: they lead us to
conclude that damage by microcracking is the main phenomenon in the mechanical behavior of the
material. An isotropic elastic damage model is then proposed by using the coupling of two damage
variables, D, (tensile effects) and D, (compressive effects). The model is built according to the
framework of thermodynamics, and then we show that it is possible to describe the birth and growth
of cracks, using a combination linear elastic damage mechanics and linear elastic fracture mechanics.
Some results attest the interest in that kind of approach.
1. INTRODUCTION
THE COMPLEXITY of the microstructure of concrete is one of the causes of the particularity of its
mechanical behavior. Concrete is a composite material composed by granulates in a brittle matrix:
the hydrated cement paste. Each of these elements has a well-defined role, one of bonding for the
cement paste and one of padding, mitigating the effects of volumetric variations (dilation and
shrinkage) for granulates.
From the mechanical point of view, there is an interaction between these two phases, and we are
going to show that the analysis of the local phenomena allows us to deduce realistic hypotheses for
the formulation of behavior models. Thus there are two steps in this study, a microscale analysis of
damage which leads to a macroscale description, and for that we will set the problems of failure and
fracture of concrete structures,
fb)
(a)
Fig. I. Different phases of microscale damage in concrete. (a) @ ~ginning of damage: microcracks grow
around the grains in a mixed mode (I + II). Cp Instability and rupture: microcracks grow inside the matrix in
mode I and lead to the creation of macrocracks perpendicular to the direction of the load. (b) (B Begirning of
damage: microcracks appear in mode II. Q Stable increase of damage: microcracks grow around the grain
in mode I. @ Instability and rupture: microcracksgrow inside the matrix in a mixed mode (I + II) and lead to
the creation of macrocracks parallel to the direction of the load.
2.2.2. ~~dros~t~ case. This kind of compressive load affects the microporous structure of the
cement matrix. It leads to the collapse of the porous regions and then to the consolidation of the
material. There is first a decrease in the stiffness followed by an increase, when the number of contacts
inside the material is important; at the same time, the volume decreases.
2.2.3. General case: c~ass~cation. The uniaxial results have pointed out the presence in
microcrack growth of mode I. Experimental and other computational results[4] show that the
existence of mode I is linked to the existence of positive strains (extensions). When mode I exists the
behavior of the material shows an instability, the importance of which is in accordance with the
intensity of tensile stresses and then there is a dissymmet~ between the uniaxial tensile and
compressive behaviors. When the load does not allow extensions, mode I does not exist and the
friction between the lips of the microcracks which grow in modes II or III leads to a ductile behavior.
We suggest then[5] the classification given in Fig. 2 which links the type of loading, the local damage
mode and the type of behavior.
I I 1 AU(MP.)
Consolidot to”
behavior: elasticity coupled with damage and respecting the dissymmetry of traction-
compression;
type of damage: existence of a threshold and isotropy.
Damage mechanics
3.1.
Introduced by Kachanov[6] and developed by Lemaitre[7], we used the damage variable
notion with the concept of effective stress:
(5: effective stress tensor; tz: usual stress tensor; D: damage variable).
Then for an isotropic linear elastic virgin material, the behavior for a given state of damage is
described by
D is a scalar whose value is in the domain [0,11; the damaged material then remains isotropic.
In the framework of thermodynamics e is an observable variable, D an internal variable and the
associated variables are respectively d and Y. If $ is the free energy, then
ati
==ae
and
Y =-=a*
aD
-f km.
By analogy with G in fracture mechanics (-Y) is called the “damage strain energy release rate”,
The use of the second principle leads to the Clausius-Duhem inequality:
E=
J p: &i= principal strain
if &i~ 0
C&i) + = &i
(4) + = O if ei c 0.
f(D) = E-K(D) = 0
“non-standard” model was necessary. The constitutive equations are then given by:
D = a,D,+a,D,.
Taking into account what we said above, a, and a, are, respectively, linked to the tensile and
compressive stresses.
a = (a)+ +(a>_
E = &,SE c
with
l+v
e, = $a)+ -itr(a),
From these considerations I have shown in [5] that a, and a, could take the following expressions:
Micro- and macroscale damage of concrete 733
with
Ei = &,i + &c-i (principal strain)
Hi= 1 if si 2 0 and Hi = 0 if si < 0.
These values respect the fact that tl, = 0 if d is only compressive and a, = 0 if d is only a tensile one.
3.5.2. Damage variables D, and D,. From experimental results we propose the next damage
evolutions laws:
h,U -4) 4
D$) = I-
i -exp
Pt(~--D,)l
ED,(~-&) 4,
D,(t) = l-
t -exp [I?$-Ed,)]
where Q,, is the initial damage threshold and A,, B,, A, and B, are characteristic parameters of the
material.
The identifications are obtained with uniaxial compressive tests for A, and B, and flexion tests for
A, and B, because of the great instability of the direct tensile test; see [S] for details of this problem.
Fig. 3. Section inside a concrete crack process zone. 0 “Virgin zone”. Q) “Damage zone”: some microcracks
appear. @ “Crack-damage zone”: the crack is visible on the surface but a part of the internal section is still
active. @ “Crack zone”: the fracture is complete.
734 J. MAZARS
D(6D) = (- Y) SD du.
sV
l The material is linear elastic perfectly brittle; when the critical load is reached the crack area
increase is 6A and then the dissipated energy is
D(6A) = G, &A.
6A=” s (-Y)6Ddu
G
C
which defines the increase of the crack equivalent to the damage increase SD. Then for a given state of
damage in a structure we can define the equivalent crack area. The consequence of such a
consideration is that, for a linear elastic material, an equivalent given state is characterized by the
same global stiffness and the same critical load of the two kinds of structures. Thus their global
behavior is the same.
5. SOME RESULTS
Two types of results are given here; one concerns the behavior of a volume element at the
macroscale, and the other the fracture of a concrete structure.
Ld
D: local domage
P P
4-Q
Fig. 4. Principle of using the combination of damage mechanics and fracture mechanics.
Model
--~
bGachon 1.’
-mm--
/
.:,.’i /
Experiments
Fig. 6. Damage and failure thresholds givenby the model in different plane (03 = constant)
ib) Ycm
(Cl ‘P kN
(a)
I/ - test
-*-*- talc
Y I
01
Openfng
I
02
A,
I _
Fig. 7. Cracking of a concrete structure: comparison of test and calculation. (a) CT specimen. (b) Evaluation
of the damage zone and path of the crack. (c) Global behavior.
see the global behavior of the plate obtained by the damage m~hanics-fracture mechanics
combination previously described. An experimental behavior confirms the interest of the
computation results. However, it must be noted that the maximum load is adjusted between the two
curves; we show in [14] that a forecast c~cu~ation is possible by using a probabilistic de~nition of the
initial damage threshold.
Micro- and macroscale damage of concrete 731
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