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SEMICONSERVATIVE REPLICATION OF DNA

Living organism perpetuate their kind through reproduction. This maybe simple duplication
(cell fission) as in bacteria or complex modes of sexual reproduction as in higher plants and
animals. In all cases, however, reproduction entails the faithful transmission of the genetic
information of the parents to the progeny. Since the genetic information is stored in DNA, the
replication of DNA is central to all of biology.

Organisme hidup mengabadikan jenisnya melalui reproduksi. Ini mungkin duplikasi


sederhana (fisi sel) seperti pada bakteri atau mode kompleks reproduksi seksual seperti pada
tanaman dan hewan yang lebih tinggi. Namun, dalam semua kasus, reproduksi memerlukan
transmisi setia informasi genetik orang tua kepada keturunannya. Karena informasi genetik
tersimpan dalam DNA, replikasi DNA sangat penting bagi semua biologi.

When Watson and Crick proposed the double helix structure of DNA with its complementary
base-pairing, they immediately recognized that the base-pairing specificity could provide the
basis for a simple (superficially simple, at least) mechanism for DNA duplication. If the two
complementary strands of a double helix separated (by breaking the hydrogen bonds of each
base-pair), each parental strand could direct the synthesis of a new complementary strand
because of the specific base-pairing requirements (Fig 5.12). That is, each parental stand
could serve as a template for a new complementary strand. Adenine, for example, in the
parent strand would serve as a template via its hydrogen-bonding potential for the
incorporation of thymine in the nascent complementary strand. This mechanism of DNA
replication is called semiconservative replication, since each of the complementary strands of
the parental double helix is conserved (or the double helix is “half-conserved”) during the
process.

Ketika Watson dan Crick mengusulkan struktur DNA heliks ganda dengan pasangan basa
komplementernya, mereka segera menyadari bahwa spesifisitas pasangan dasar dapat
menjadi dasar mekanisme duplikasi DNA sederhana (paling sederhana). Jika dua untai ganda
heliks ganda dipisahkan (dengan memutus ikatan hidrogen masing-masing pasangan),
masing-masing untai induk bisa mengarahkan sintesis untai komplementer baru karena
persyaratan pasangan pasangan spesifik (Gambar 5.12). Artinya, setiap stand orangtua bisa
dijadikan template untuk untai komplementer baru. Adenin, misalnya, dalam untai induk akan
berfungsi sebagai template melalui potensial ikatan hidrogen untuk penggabungan timin
dalam untai komplementer yang baru lahir. Mekanisme replikasi DNA ini disebut replikasi
semikonservatif, karena masing-masing helai komplemen heliks ganda orang tua dilestarikan
(atau heliks ganda "setengah dilestarikan") selama proses berlangsung.

In considering possible mechanisms of DNA replication, three different hypothetical modes


are apparent (Fig 5.13). In addition to (1) semiconservative replication, one can propose (2)
“conservative” replication in which the parental double helix remains intact (is totally
conserved) and somehow directs the synthesis of a “progeny” double helix composed of two
newly synthesized strands, and (3) “dispersive” replication in which segments of parental
strands and progeny or nascent strands become interspersed through some kind of a
fragmentation, synthesis and rejoining process.
Dalam mempertimbangkan kemungkinan mekanisme replikasi DNA, tiga mode hipotetis
yang berbeda terlihat (Gambar 5.13). Selain replikasi semikonservatif, seseorang dapat
mengajukan replikasi "konservatif" di mana heliks ganda orang tua tetap utuh (benar-benar
dilestarikan) dan entah bagaimana mengarahkan sintesis heliks ganda "progeni" yang terdiri
dari dua helai yang baru disintesis. , dan (3) replikasi "dispersif" di mana segmen untaian
induk dan keturunan atau keturunan baru lahir menjadi diselingi melalui proses fragmentasi,
sintesis dan penggabungan.

The “Meselson-Stahl Experiment”

The result of the first critical test of Watson and Crick’s proposal that DNA replicates
semiconservatively were published in 1958 by M. S. Meselson and F. W. Stahl. Their results
showed that the chromosome (now known to contain a single Watson-crick double helix of
DNA) of the common colon bacillys Escherichia coli replicated semiconservatively.

Hasil uji kritis pertama dari proposal Watson dan Crick bahwa DNA bereplikasi secara
semikonservatif diterbitkan pada tahun 1958 oleh M. S. Meselson dan F. W. Stahl. Hasil
mereka menunjukkan bahwa kromosom (sekarang diketahui mengandung satu heliks ganda
Watson-crick dari DNA) dari bacillys kolon umum Escherichia coli yang direplikasi secara
semikonservatif.

Meselson and Stahl grow E.coli cells for many generations in a medium in which he heavy
isotope of nitrogen, 15N, had been substituted for the normal, light isotope 14N. The purine and
pyrimidine bases in DNA contain nitrogen; thus, the DNA of cells grown on medium
containing 15N will have a greater density (weight per unit volume) than the DNA of cells
grown on medium containing 14N. Since molecules of different densities can be separated by
a procedure called equilibrium density-gradientcentrifugation, Meselson and Stahl were able
to distinguish between the three possible modes on DNA replication by following the changes
in the density of DNA of cells grown on 15N medium and then transferred to 14N medium for
various periods of time (so called density transfer experiments).

Meselson dan Stahl menumbuhkan sel E.coli untuk beberapa generasi dalam media di mana
dia isotop nitrogen berat, 15N, telah diganti dengan isotop cahaya normal 14N. Basa purin
dan pirimidin dalam DNA mengandung nitrogen; Dengan demikian, DNA sel yang tumbuh
pada media yang mengandung 15N akan memiliki kepadatan lebih besar (berat per satuan
volume) dibandingkan DNA sel yang tumbuh pada medium yang mengandung 14N. Karena
molekul kepadatan yang berbeda dapat dipisahkan dengan prosedur yang disebut densitas
ekivalen-gradiententrifugasi, Meselson dan Stahl dapat membedakan antara tiga
kemungkinan mode pada replikasi DNA dengan mengikuti perubahan kepadatan DNA sel
yang ditanam pada medium 15N dan kemudian dipindahkan. ke medium 14N untuk berbagai
periode waktu (disebut eksperimen transfer densitas).

Meselson and Stahl took cells that had been growing in medium containing 15N for several
generations (and thus contained “heavy” DNA), washed them to remove the 15N-containing
medium, and treansferred them to the medium containing 14N. After allowing the cells to
grow in the presence of 14N for varying periods of time, the DNA was extracted and analysed
in CsCl equilibrium-density gradients. The results of their experiment (Fig 5.15) are only
consistent with semiconservative replication, excluding both conservative and dispersive
models of DNA synthesis. All the DNA isolated from cells after one generation of growth in
medium containing 14N had a density halfway between the densities of “heavy” DNA and
“light” DNA. This intermediate density is usually referred to as “hybrid” density. After two
generations of growth in medium containing 14N, half of the DNA was of “hybrid” density
and half was “light”. These results are precisely those predicted by the Watson and Crick
semiconservative mode of replication (Fig 5.15). One generation of semiconservative
replication of a parental double helix containing 15N in medium containing only 14N would
produce two progeny double helices both of which had 15N in one strand (the “old” strand)
and 14N in the other strand (the “new” strand). Such molecules would be of “hybrid” density.

Meselson dan Stahl mengambil sel-sel yang telah tumbuh dalam media yang mengandung
15N selama beberapa generasi (dan dengan demikian mengandung "berat" DNA), dicuci
mereka untuk menghilangkan medium yang mengandung 15N, dan membawa mereka ke
medium yang mengandung 14N. Setelah membiarkan sel tumbuh di hadapan 14N untuk
periode waktu yang bervariasi, DNA diekstraksi dan dianalisis dalam gradien densitas
ekuilibrium CsCl. Hasil percobaan mereka (Gambar 5.15) hanya konsisten dengan replikasi
semikonservatif, tidak termasuk model sintesis DNA konservatif dan dispersif. Semua DNA
yang diisolasi dari sel setelah satu generasi pertumbuhan medium yang mengandung 14N
memiliki kerapatan setengah jalan antara kepadatan DNA "berat" dan DNA "ringan".
Kepadatan menengah ini biasanya disebut sebagai kerapatan "hibrid". Setelah dua generasi
pertumbuhan medium mengandung 14N, setengah dari DNA adalah kerapatan "hibrid" dan
setengahnya "ringan".

Conservative replication would not produce any DNA molecules with “hybrid” density; after
one generation of conservative replication of “heavy” DNA in “light” medium, half of the
DNA would still be “heavy” and the other half would be “light”. If replication were
dispersive, Meselson and Stahl would have observed a shift of the DNA from “heavy” toward
“light” in each generation (i.e., “half heavy” or “hybrid” after one generation, “quarter
heavy” after two generations. Etc). Meselson and Stahl’s results are clearly inconsistent with
either of these possibilities.

Replikasi konservatif tidak akan menghasilkan molekul DNA dengan kepadatan "hibrida";
Setelah satu generasi replikasi konservatif DNA "berat" dalam media "ringan", separuh DNA
masih akan "berat" dan separuh lainnya akan "ringan". Jika replikasi menyebar, Meselson dan
Stahl akan mengamati pergeseran DNA dari "berat" ke arah "cahaya" pada setiap generasi
(yaitu, "berat setengah" atau "hibrida" setelah satu generasi, "seperempat berat" setelah dua
generasi. Dll). Hasil Meselson dan Stahl jelas tidak sesuai dengan salah satu dari
kemungkinan ini.

Subsequent studies have verified Meselson and Stahl’s conclusion that DNA replication is
semiconservative and have extended it to many other organisms, including higher plants and
animals.
Penelitian selanjutnya telah membuktikan kesimpulan Meselson dan Stahl bahwa replikasi
DNA bersifat semikonservatif dan telah membawanya ke banyak organisme lainnya,
termasuk tumbuhan dan hewan yang lebih tinggi.

Phage ФX174 and “Rolling Circle” Replication

Bacteriophage ФX174 is representative of a group of small viruses, both bacterial and


eukaryotic, that store their genetic information in a single-stranded, circular molecule of
DNA. When these viruses infect a host cell, E.coli in the case of ФX174, the single-stranded
viral DNA (called the “positive” (+) strand) is converted to a double helical form (called the
“replicative form,” RF) by the synthesis of a complementary “negative” (-) strand. This
double-stranded parental RF then replicates several times to produce a population of progeny
RF molecules (double-stranded), which in turn replicate asymmentrically to produce a large
population of progeny viral (+) strands. The progeny strands are then incorporated into
protein complete the reproductive cycle. The replication ФX174 chromosome can thus be
divided into stages : (1) parental (+) strand → parental R (2) parental RF → progeny RFs,
and (3) progeny → progeny (+) strands (Fig 5.32). In the last stages, DNA synthesis occurs
by a different mechanism called “roiling circle” replication.

Bakteriofag ФX174 mewakili sekelompok virus kecil, bakteri dan eukariotik, yang
menyimpan informasi genetik mereka dalam molekul DNA melintang tunggal. Ketika virus
ini menginfeksi sel inang, E.coli dalam kasus ФX174, DNA virus beruntai tunggal (disebut
untai "positif" (+)) diubah menjadi bentuk heliks ganda (disebut "bentuk replika," RF )
dengan sintesis untaian "negatif" komplementer (-). RF parental ganda ini kemudian
bereplikasi beberapa kali untuk menghasilkan populasi molekul RF progeni (double-
stranded), yang pada gilirannya meniru secara asimtatif untuk menghasilkan populasi besar
untaian virus progeni (+). Tali progeni kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam protein melengkapi
siklus reproduksi. Replikasi ФX174 kromosom dapat dibagi menjadi beberapa tahap: (1)
induk (+) untai → induk R (2) RF RF induk progeni, dan (3) untaian progeni → progeni (+)
(Gambar 5.32). Pada tahap terakhir, sintesis DNA terjadi dengan mekanisme yang berbeda
yang disebut replikasi "roiling circle".

Most of the features of “roiling circle” replication are the same as those discussed earlier for
replication via the more common Ө, “eye” and Y-shaped structures. In this case, howeverm
the replicative structure is a circular DNA molecule with a single-stranded tail (Fig 5.33).

Sebagian besar fitur replikasi "lingkaran rusa" sama dengan yang dibahas sebelumnya untuk
replikasi melalui struktur Ө, "mata" dan Y yang lebih umum. Dalam kasus ini, struktur
replikatif adalah molekul DNA melingkar dengan ekor untai tunggal (Gambar 5.33).

Rolling circle replication is initiated when the sequence-specific endonuclease activity of the
phage ФX174 gene A protein cleaves the positive strand of the parental RF at the origin of
replication (Fig 5.32). This endonuclease activity is site-specific; it cuts the ФX174
chromosome at only one site, the origin of replication. It produces 3’ –OH and 5’ -phosphate
termini at the site of the cut in the (+) strand; the (-) strand remains intact. The 5’ end of the
(+) strand is unwound and “peeled off” while the (-) strand rotates about its axis (thus the
name “rolling circle”). This yields the circle with its tail (Fig 5.32 and 5.33). As initially
proposed by W. Gilbert and D. Dressler, the rolling circle model of DNA replication included
a specific enzyme, called a “transferase”, which attached the 5’ end of the (+) strand to a
specific site on the cell membrane. Although most, if not all, replicating chromosomes are
attached to the membrane, little is known about the specific nature of such attachments. In
any case, membrane attachment is not an essential feature of rolling circle replication. As the
circle rotates and the 5’ end is displaced, DNA polymerase catalyzes covalent extension at the
other (3’ –OH) end.

Rolling circle replication dimulai saat aktivitas endonuklease spesifik-urutan gen fag ФX174
Protein memotong untai positif dari RF induk pada asal replikasi (Gambar 5.32). Aktivitas
endonuklease ini bersifat spesifik lokasi; Ini memotong kromosom ФX174 di satu situs saja,
asal mula replikasi. Ini menghasilkan 3 '-OH dan 5' -fosfat termini di lokasi potongan untai
(+); untai (-) tetap utuh. Ujung 5 (untai 5 'terlepas dan dikupas) sementara untai (-) berputar
mengelilingi porosnya (dengan demikian nama "lingkaran melingkar"). Ini menghasilkan
lingkaran dengan ekornya (Gambar 5.32 dan 5.33). Seperti yang awalnya diusulkan oleh W.
Gilbert dan D. Dressler, model lingkaran bergulir replikasi DNA termasuk enzim spesifik,
yang disebut "transferase", yang menempelkan ujung 5 'untai (+) ke lokasi spesifik pada
membran sel. . Meskipun kebanyakan, jika tidak semua, mereplikasi kromosom melekat pada
membran, sedikit yang diketahui tentang sifat spesifik dari keterikatan tersebut.

During parental RF to progeny RF replication, the nascent positive strands are used as
templates for the discontinuous synthesis of complementary negative strands. In some case,
the synthesis of the complementary strand may occur discontinuously on the single-stranded
tail before synthesis of the frst strand has been completed. In such cases, a double-stranded
tail will be produced. The switch from double-stranded RF DNA synth, the synthesis of the
complementary strand may occur discontinuously on the single-stranded tail before synthesis
of the frst strand has been completed. In such cases, a double-stranded tail will be produced.
The switch from double-stranded RF DNA synthesis to single-stranded viral (+) DNA
synthesis occurs when specific proteins of the viral coat are produced in the cell. Rolling
circle replication continues, but as the viral strand is displaced, these coat proteins bind to it
and prevent the synthesis of complementary (-) strands (Fig 5.32).

Selama RF induk untuk replikasi RF progeni, untaian positif yang baru lahir digunakan
sebagai template untuk sintesis terputus-putus dari untai negatif komplementer. Dalam
beberapa kasus, sintesis untai komplementer dapat terjadi secara kontinyu pada ekor beruntai
tunggal sebelum sintesis untai frst telah selesai. Dalam kasus seperti itu, ekor double-stranded
akan diproduksi. Peralihan dari synth DNA RF beruntai ganda, sintesis untai komplementer
dapat terjadi secara kontinyu pada ekor beruntai tunggal sebelum sintesis untai frst telah
selesai. Dalam kasus seperti itu, ekor double-stranded akan diproduksi. Peralihan dari sintesis
DNA RF beruntai ganda ke sintesis DNA beruntai tunggal (+) terjadi ketika protein spesifik
dari mantel virus diproduksi di dalam sel. Rolling circle replication terus berlanjut, namun
saat untai virus dipindahkan, protein mantel ini mengikatnya dan mencegah sintesis untai
komplementer (-) 5.32).
The phage ФX174 gene A protein is a key protein in ФX174 replication. It possesses a
remarkable set of activities. (1) gene A protein possesses a site-specific endonuclease activity
that cleaves the positive strand at the origin. (2) gene A protein then maintains the energy of
the cleaved phosphodiester linkage by menas of a covalent attachment of the 5’ –phosphoryl
terminus to itself. (3) gene A protein remains bound to the 5’ –terminus of the positive strand
and to the replication fork while the fork traverses the complete circular minus-strand
template. (4) when a complete positive strand has been synthesized, gene A protein cleaves
the new origin, ligates the 3’ –hydroxyl and 5’ –phosphoryl termini, and once again becomes
covalently linked to the newly generated 5’ –positive-strand terminus. This cycle of gene A
protein activities is repeated until a population of progeny RFs (stage II) or progeny positive
strands (stage III) is produced.

Gen fag ФX174 Protein protein adalah protein utama dalam replikasi ФX174. Ini memiliki
serangkaian aktivitas yang luar biasa. (1) gen Protein memiliki aktivitas endonuklease
spesifik-situs yang memotong untai positif pada titik asal. (2) protein gen A kemudian
mempertahankan energi hubungan fosfodiester yang terbelah oleh mena dari pelekatan
kovalen dari ujung '-fosforil ke-5 itu sendiri. (3) protein gen A tetap terikat pada 5 '-terminus
untai positif dan garpu replikasi sementara garpu melintasi templat minus untai melingkar
lengkap. (4) ketika untai positif lengkap telah disintesis, protein gen A memotong asal baru,
mengikat termini 3 '-hydroxyl dan 5' -phosphoryl, dan sekali lagi menjadi terkait secara
kovalen dengan ujung ujung untai 5 'yang positif . Siklus aktivitas protein gen A diulang
sampai populasi progeni RF (tahap II) atau keturunan progeni positif (tahap III) diproduksi.

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