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𝒏 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, … . , 𝑵 𝒏 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, … . , ∞
N-coupled oscillators & a vibrating string
N-coupled oscillator Vibrating string
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
𝑛=2 𝑛=2
….and so on ….and so on
𝒑 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝒙
𝐴𝒑𝑛 = 𝐶𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑛 𝑥 = Cn sin( )
𝑁+1 𝐿
General Motion of a coupled oscillator
Normal Modes are not the only possible motions of a coupled oscillator
𝑥1 𝑡 = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝐼 𝑡 + 𝜙 + 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝐼𝐼 𝑡 + 𝛿)
𝑥2 𝑡 = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝐼 𝑡 + 𝜙 + 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝐼𝐼 𝑡 + 𝛿)
𝑛=1
𝑛=2
….and so on
Are normal modes the only possible ways
in which the N-oscillator system can vibrate ?
General motion of a vibrating string
N-coupled oscillator Vibrating string
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
+
𝑛=2 𝑛=2
….and so on
Eqn. of motion is also satisfied by Are Normal modes the only ways in
Superposing the “N” normal modes which the string can vibrate ?
General motion
superposition of ALL normal modes
General motion of a vibrating string
N-coupled oscillator Vibrating string
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
+ +
𝑛=2 𝑛=2
+ +
….and so on ….and so on
Eqn. of motion is also satisfied by
Superposing the “N” normal modes
𝜋 𝑇
𝜔𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑛=2
𝐿 𝜇
+
∞ ….and so on
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑦𝑛 𝑥, 𝑡 = Cn sin cos(𝜔𝑛 𝑡 + 𝛿𝑛 )
𝐿
𝑛=0
If we knew C′ s & 𝛿 ′ 𝑠 ,
𝑤𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑦𝑛 (𝑥, 𝑡)
Different C ′ s & 𝛿 ′ 𝑠 ,
𝑤𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑦𝑛 (𝑥, 𝑡)
Normal modes present will depend on the initial profiles (displacement & velocity)
General motion of a vibrating string
Impose initial conditions on displacement & velocity profile .
∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑦 𝑥, 𝑡 = Cn sin cos(𝜔𝑛 𝑡 + 𝛿𝑛 )
𝐿
𝑛=0
∞
𝑦 𝑥, 0
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑣 𝑥, 𝑡 = −𝜔𝑛 Cn sin sin(𝜔𝑛 𝑡 + 𝛿𝑛 )
𝐿
𝑛=0
𝑥
∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑦 𝑥, 0 = Bn sin 𝐵𝑛 = 𝐶𝑛 cos 𝛿𝑛
𝐿
𝑛=0
∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝐷𝑛 = −𝜔𝑛 𝐶𝑛 sin 𝛿𝑛
𝑣 𝑥, 0 = Dn sin
𝐿
𝑛=0
Above suggests
An arbitrary function (zero at 2 ends) can be
represented/expanded/decomposed
into
Infinite number of sinusoidal terms of different wavelengths
Fourier series
∞ ∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑦 𝑥 = Cn sin + 𝐷𝑛 cos( )
𝐿 𝐿
𝑛=0 0
𝑦 𝑥, 0
∞
𝑦 𝑥, 0
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑣 𝑥, 𝑡 = −𝜔𝑛 Cn sin sin(𝜔𝑛 𝑡 + 𝛿𝑛 )
𝐿
𝑛=0
𝑥
∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑦 𝑥, 0 = Cn sin 𝐵𝑛 = 𝐶𝑛 cos 𝛿𝑛
𝐿
𝑛=0
Lets Determine the constants
∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝐷𝑛 = −𝜔𝑛 𝐶𝑛 sin 𝛿𝑛
𝑣 𝑥, 0 = Dn sin
𝐿
𝑛=0
∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑦 𝑥, 𝑡 = Cn sin cos(𝜔𝑛 𝑡 + 𝛿𝑛 )
𝐿
𝑛=0