FRACTURES & JOINTS Dept.

of Geology

IV Fractures
 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS Dept. of Geology

PRIMARY STRUCTURES
- Sedimentary Structures
- Joints in Igneous rocks; Sheetting, Collumnar etc.

SECONDARY STRUCTURES
- Beddings, Fractures, Joints, Faults, Folds, Cleavages
CONTACTS
- Intrusions, Unconformity etc.

IV Fractures
Collumnar Joints Dept. of Geology

IV Fractures
Collumnar Joints Dept. of Geology

IV Fractures
 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS Dept. of Geology

FRACTURES & JOINTS

- Genetics ; Tension & Shear Fractures
- Origins; at most geologic events e.g. coolling, uplift,
deformations, faulting and folding
- No singnificant displacement
- Associated with other structures; faults (zone) and
folding.

IV Fractures
FRACTURES AND JOINTS
Dept. of Geology

IV Fractures
FACTURES & FOLDS
Dept. of Geology

IV Fractures
ROCK FAILURE Dept. of Geology

IV Fractures
EXPERIMENT ROCK DEFORMATION Dept. of Geology

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

IV Fractures
 FRACTURES FORMATION Dept. of Geology

Fracture Types

A. Extension (Mode I) B. Shear (Mode II) C. Shear (Mode III)

IV Fractures
JOINT/KEKAR
Dept. of Geology

IV Fractures
 SYSTEMATIC JOINT/KEKAR
Dept. of Geology

Narr (1999)
IV Fractures
COLUMNAR JOINT/KEKAR KOLOM
Dept. of Geology

IV Fractures
NON‐SYSTEMATIC JOINT/KEKAR
Dept. of Geology

IV Fractures
VEIN/GASH FRACTURES
Dept. of Geology

IV Fractures
FRACTURE TYPES  ‐ JOINTS
Dept. of Geology

PLUMOSE STRUCTURE

IV Fractures
CRACK PROPAGATION Dept. of Geology

PLUMOSE STRUCTURE

IV Fractures
SHEAR FRACTURES/KEKAR GERUS Dept. of Geology

IV Fractures
Dept. of Geology

IV Fractures
TENSION FRACTURES
Dept. of Geology

IV Fractures
SHEAR FRACTURES
Dept. of Geology

IV Fractures
CRACK PROPAGATION AND NUCLEATION
Dept. of Geology
Mohr Diagram and Fracture Types

IV Fractures
Anderson’s Dynamic Fault Classification
Dept. of Geology

IV Fractures
Relationship Between Fault Plane and
Orientation of Principal Stress (S)
Dept. of Geology

Smax = σ1

SInt = σ2

Smin = σ3

σ1<σ2<σ3

Lowell (1985)

IV Fractures
 FAULT ATTRIBUTES
Dept. of Geology

-s lip
Strike
Oblique
Di -s lip
p-
sli
p
e
ul t pla n
Fa

m pone nt
Hor izon ta l co Vertical
comp onent
Throw Di O bliq ue
p- -s li p
sl
ip
p
He a -s li
ik e e nt
ve S tr p on
c om

IV Fractures
 FAULT GEOMETRIES AND CLASSIFICATION
Dept. of Geology
• Anderson’s Dynamic Fault Classification

• Separation Classification

• Slip Classification

Dip-slip Hanging wall Hanging wall

faults block block

Dip-slip
faults

Foot wall
block Foot wall
block
A. Normal B. Thrust C. Right-lateral, or dextral D. Left-lateral, or sinistral
Oblique- Rotational
slip faults
faults

E. Sinistral-normal F. Sinistral-reverse G.

IV Fractures
 Stresses and Faulting
Dept. of Geology
Stress required to initiate sliding on faults
σs = υ σn θ = 45 - φ / 2
φ = angle of frictional sliding
φ = tan-1 υ
υ = 0.75 (Amonton’s Law)

Mohr diagram for showing failure envelopes for intact

rock and for reactivation of a pre-existing fault.

Theoritical diagram of predicted fault orientations

Sibson (1973) for triaxial stress system (Krantz, 1988)

IV Fractures