Assignment-1

Advanced Power System Protection

 For Single Line to Ground Fault:

Fault Current:
Fault on time: 0.1s; Fault duration: 0.4s

 Since the system is at no load before fault, the current is zero.

 During fault, the fault the current is 6KA with a peak value of 8.5KA. The zoomed view
of peaks are shown below:
 The amount of fault current decreases with increase in zero sequence impedance. Thus
the fault current has been limited to 6KA using the neutral reactance of Y side of
transformer.
 The corresponding value of reactance = 0.94869mH
 Sequence Currents:

I+ = 2.00 <120.4deg

I- = 2.00 <120.4deg

I0 = 2.00 <120.4deg.

It can be seen that the positive negative and zero sequence currents are exactly equal.
This confirms our theoretical understanding.
 The fault current = 3* I0 = 3*2.00 = 6KA , which is same as our limiting value of fault
current.
 Sequence Voltages:

V+ = 2.19<-149.6deg
V- = 2.19<-149.6deg
V0 = 2.19<-149.6deg

It can be seen that for an SLG fault, the sequence voltages are equal.
For LLG fault:

Fault current has been limited to 6KA using neutral reactance of 0.488546 mH.

Fault current:

Zoomed View:

It can be seen that the fault current has been limited to 6KA i.e, 8.5KA peak using neutral
ground reactance.
For LLG between phase B,C and ground:

Phase B current:

It has been inferred that though the fault current is limited using neutral reactance, the phase
currents are still very high. In this case it is around 60KA.

Sequence currents LLG:

I+ = 24.662 <129.9deg

I- = 22.6972 <-49.25deg

I0 = 1.99605 <-59.66deg

It has been observed that in this case also the fault current is three time the zero sequence
currents. Also, positive sequence current equals the sum of negative and zero sequence
currents.
Sequence Voltages LLG:

V+ =1.21 <18.96 deg

V- = 1.12 <41.8 deg
V0 = 1.14 < 31.43deg

LLLG fault:

Fault current:

The fault current in case of LLLG is very high compared to LLG and LG fault currents. In
this case the fault current is 68KA peak.
Zoomed view:

Sequence Currents LLLG:

I+ = 47.3578 <130.3deg

I- = 0

I0 = 0;

It is observed that though the fault is a ground fault, the response is identical to LLL fault in
the terms of sequence currents.

Also the fault current equals to the zero sequence currents.

Sequence Voltages:

V+ = 0.47 < -48.61

V- = 0;

V0 =0;

It is observed that the negative and zero sequence voltages are absent for a symmetrical fault.

LL fault:

In this case the phase b and phase c are shorted and observed.
Zoomed view:

Sequence currents for LL fault:

I+ = 24.0327 <124.7 deg

I- = 24.033 < -53.33 deg

I0 = 0

For LL fault, the sum of positive negative sequence currents is zero.

The zero sequence currents are equal to zero.

Sequence voltages for LL fault:

V+ = 1.21 <24.36 deg

V- = 1.19 <35.75 deg

V0 = 0

It is observed that the zero sequence currents and voltages in an LL are zero.

LG fault:

For LG phase A to ground fault on Y side, the fault line currents on the delta side:

Line A current:
Line B current:

Line C currents:

It is important to note that though the line currents on unfaulted phases of Y side are zero
during fault the corresponding delta side line currents are not zero. Also the line currents on
delta side much less than the fault current on the Y side. For a fault current of 6KA on line A
the line A current of delta side is around 1 KA.
 Sequence currents on delta side for LG fault on Y side:

I+ = 0.7 <-89.71 deg

I - = 0.66 <-26.64 deg
I0 = 0

It can be observed that the zero sequence currents are absent on the delta side for an LG fault on the Y
side.