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1. The following statements refer to cholesterol. Which of the statements in (A) through (D) is
INCORRECT ?
A. It has three 5-membered rings and one 6-membered ring fused together.
B. It contains an –OH functional group on one of the rings.
C. Cholesterol provides the chemical backbone for Vitamin D biosynthesis.
D. Liver is the major site for cholesterol biosynthesis.
E. No statement in (A) through (D) is incorrect.
2. From the list below, select the sequence of steps involved in cholesterol biosynthesis. ( Not
all steps are included.)
A. 3-5-2-1-6-4
B. 3-2-5-1-6-4
C. 3-2-5-6-1-4
D. 2-3-5-1-6-4
E. 2-3-5-6-1-4
4. The following statements in (A) through (D) all apply to HMG CoA reductase EXCEPT
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5. The cyclization and hydroxylation reactions in cholesterol biosynthesis require ___________
and ____________. These reactions occur in the _____________.
7. The following statements refer to glycogen degradation. Which statement in (A) through (D)
is CORRECT?
8. Gluconeogenesis
A. Occurs in all tissues of the body since it is essentially the reversal of glycolysis.
B. Occurs in liver and muscle along with glycogen degradation.
C. Occurs in liver along with glycogen degradation.
D. Occurs in liver and adipose tissue when fatty acids are oxidized.
E. Occurs in kidney along with the urea cycle.
9. Which of the following in (A) through (D) can NOT provide carbon skeletons for
gluconeogenesis.
A. acetyl CoA
B. lactate
C. alanine
D. α-ketoglutarate
E. All of the above can provide carbon skeletons for gluconeogenesis.
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10. The following statements refer to Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) Which
statement in (A) through (D) is INCORRECT?
A. High acetyl CoA, NADH, and ATP/ADP from -oxidation inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase
and prevent the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA.
B. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is phosphorylated and activated.
C. Pyruvate kinase is inactivated by phosphorylation.
D. Pyruvate carboxylase is activated by high acetyl CoA.
E. ATP and GTP are consumed in reactions of gluconeogenesis because high energy
bonds are made.
13. Mutations in glucose-6-phosphatase exist in the human population. How can this affect
metabolism?
A. The person would be hypoglycemic and unable to maintain glucose levels adequately
during an overnight fast.
B. Glycogen would not be degraded.
C. NADPH could not be produced.
D. Selections A and B would apply.
E. Selections A and C would apply.
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Questions 14 and 15 refer to the following enzymes:
A. PFK-2
B. Glycerol kinase
C. FBPase-2
D. Lipoprotein lipase
E. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
14. ______ This enzyme is important for both triglyceride biosynthesis and gluconeogenesis.
15. ______ This enzyme is less active due to phosphorylation in response to a decrease in the
insulin-glucagon ratio.
A. Albumin
B. ATP
C. Carnitine
D. CTP
E. None of the above; they are hydrophobic and freely diffuse through the membrane and
all of molecules listed in A –D are polar or charged.
17. From the items 1-6 listed below, select the sequence of 4 reactions in the -oxidation of a
saturated long chain fatty acid? (Not all selections will be used.)
A. 1-3-2-5
B. 6-1-2-4
C. 5-2-3-4
D. 3-2-5-4
E. 1-3-2-4
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18. How is fatty acid oxidation regulated?
19. Ketosis can develop from a diet very low in carbohydrate but otherwise sufficient in calories.
This is due to:
A. Inhibition of gluconeogenesis
B. Inhibition of transport of fatty acids into mitochondria.
C. Low insulin in the circulation.
D. Feedback inhibition of fatty acid synthesis by high levels of acetyl CoA.
E. None of the above
A. The first 2 reactions involved in ketone body synthesis are identical to those used to
synthesize cholesterol.
B. Ketone bodies can increase blood pH.
C. Ketone bodies are produced in the liver following fatty acid oxidation.
D. The NADH/NAD+ ratio is important for the regulation of ketone body synthesis.
E. No statement (A) through (D) is incorrect.
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Part 2: Integration Questions:
1. Which of the following DOES NOT have an important role in the regulation of glycolysis?
A. ADP increases.
B. The proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane decreases.
C. The activity of the electron transport chain increases to restore the proton gradient.
D. The activity of the TCA cycle enzymes increases to provide more NADH.
E. All of the above would occur.
5. Glucose-6-phosphate has different pathways that it can enter in liver during the fed state. All
of the following are possible EXCEPT:
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6. During prolonged exercise, such as a marathon, all of the following enzymes in (A) through
(D) would be altered as indicated to meet the body’s demands EXCEPT for:
7. Which of the following metabolic changes in (A) through (D) would NOT be induced during
the early phases of a low carbohydrate diet?
A. There is a decrease in the energy charge and the cell needs to synthesize ATP.
B. PFK-1 would be activated and glycolysis would increase.
C. Isocitrate dehydrogenase would be activated and the TCA cycle would increase.
D. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex would be activated.
E. All of the above would happen.