//TOGGLE SWITCH OR LED

int led_state=0; // JUST AN INDICATOR OF WHETHER THE LED IS 'ON' OR 'OFF'

void setup() {

pinMode(5,INPUT);
pinMode(8, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {

if(digitalRead(5) == LOW){
delay(10);
while(digitalRead(5) == LOW);
delay(10);
if(led_state == 0) {
digitalWrite(8,HIGH);
led_state=1;
}
else {
digitalWrite(8,LOW);
led_state = 0;
}
}
}

//vary brightness of led

#define pwm_pin 9

void setup() {
pinMode(pwm_pin, OUTPUT);

void loop() {
for(int i=0;i<255;i++){
analogWrite(pwm_pin, i);
delay(20);
}
for(int j=255;j>=0;j--){
analogWrite(pwm_pin, j);
delay(20);
}

// TO VARY BRIGHTNESS OF LED USING POTENTIOMETER OR LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR

#define pwm_pin 9
#define analog A0 // connected to potentiometer or LDR

void setup() {
// put your setup code here, to run once:
pinMode(pwm_pin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(analog, INPUT);

}
void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
int rd = analogRead(analog);
rd = map(rd,0,1023,0,255); // to map 0-1024 val(10 bit i/p of potentiometer) into
0-255 range(8 bits of arduino); rd= value to be mapped
analogWrite(pwm_pin, rd);
}

//SERIAL MONITOR

#define pwm_pin 9
#define analog A0

//serial: a class

void setup() {

pinMode(pwm_pin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(analog, INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600); //std baud rate; it establishes a serial communication with
the pc
}

void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:

int rd = analogRead(analog);
rd = map(rd,0,1023,0,255);
analogWrite(pwm_pin, rd);
Serial.print("Analog value: ");
Serial.println(rd);
//delay(1000);
}