Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
PROGRAMME UNDER
CARRIED OUT AT
PRESENTED BY
JIMOH ABDULRAHMAN A
U13ME1040
TO THE
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, KADUNA
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR
DEGREE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.
(ASCL).
Signature Date
CERTIFICATION
Engineering has been read and approved as meeting the requirements for the
This SIWES report is dedicated to Almighty Allah who in his infinite mercy always
been there for me throughout the training program. My beloved parents Alhaji
Jimoh O. Hadi and Hajiya Amina Jimoh, and my siblings for their love, care, prayers
and support.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I remain thankful to Almighty Allah, who out of his infinite mercy has made it
possible for me to take part in this SIWES, and carryout this work successfully.
The prayers and support of my family members cannot be over emphasized and I
wish to acknowledge all their tremendous and financial support, advice and
Ajaokuta and also for squeezing out time from his busy schedule to guide and
My profound gratitude goes to my SIWES supervisors Dr. S. Umaru, for all his
encouragement, and who tirelessly listen to me and whose high availability has
especially those of JPCC; Job Planning and Coordination Centre, for taking their
time to take me through the whole processes involving engineering works in the
Buhari, Abdulsalam Hamza and the entire workshop staff of M&TS; Machine And
Tools Shop, it was a most thrilling experience working with you all.
ABSTRACT
(ASCL) in kogi state. It contains information about the various work shop I have
equipments and parts, starting from forge, fabrication ,foundry and pattern making
Page
CHAPTER THREE............................................................................................. 25
ORGANIZATION .............................................................................................. 25
CENTRE(JPCC)................................8
3.2.8 Steps involved in the moulding of the spacer bar are: ....................... 37
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Student Industrial Work Scheme (SIWES) was initiated by the industrial
training fund (ITF) in 1973, to serve as a medium through which theoretical and
program designed to expose and prepare students of tertiary Institutions for the
industrial work situation they are likely to meet after graduation. The scheme
also affords the students the opportunity of familiarizing and exposing themselves
SIWES started in 1974 with 748 students from 11 institutions of higher learning.
however, withdrew from the management of the scheme in 1979 due to logistic
funded the scheme through National University Commission (NUC) and National
Board for Technical Education (NBTE) who managed SIWES for five years
(1979-1984). The supervising agencies (NUC & NBTE) operated the scheme in
decree no 16 of August 1985 which required that ‘all students enrolled in the
same vein, the ITF was directed by federal government to take and resume
agencies i.e. NUC, NBTE and National Commission for College of Education
the scheme has witnessed rapid expansion. Between 1985 and 1995, the
57433 respectively. Between 1995 and 2003, a total of 176 institutions and
institutions which took part in SIWES rose to 204 while the number of students
Creative Arts and Designs, Computer studies and home economics are eligible.
SIWES PROGRAM
function is not the sole responsibility of the coordinating body ITF, hence its
operation, management and functionality depends greatly on the effectiveness of
all collaborating body in the discharge of their statutory roles and responsibilities.
Hence, adequate interaction between the various tertiary institution and all
stakeholders will go a long way in achieving the optimum goal of the program.
(ITF 2002)
The Institutions
The Employers
The Students
The federal Government funds the SIWES program. The funds are provided
contravention by a corporate body attracts a fine of five thousand naira in the first
instance and subsequently ten thousand naira. Where the involved persons are the
principal officers of the company, a fine of one thousand naira or a two years
program through;
attachment.
Receiving and processing master list and placement list forwarded from
the institution.
review meeting.
the scheme.
SIWES
Nigeria include the NUC, NBTE and NCCE. These, in the parlance of SIWES
are collectively known as the supervising agencies because they oversee the entire
operations of SIWES and direct to the ITF for execution. Details of their
include:
courses.
technological development.
Regularly reviewing courses qualified for SIWES in collaboration with
other bodies.
employers.
logbooks.
students.
program.
Ensuring payment of outstanding allowances and rendering all
Submitting all completed ITF form eight to the nearest ITF area
office.
for industrial attachment. Apart from accepting the students, the employers have
the following functions to perform towards the effective execution of the SIWES
program;
end through the reports in the logbook and ITF form eight.
Providing facilities for the students training and allowing access to the
To complete SPE-1 form and get it endorsed by their employers who will
To prepare students for the work situation they may likely meet after
graduation.
equipment, tools and machinery that are not available in their University.
To provide students an opportunity to apply theoretical knowledge in a
real situation there by bridging between the Universities work and the
actual practice.
To make the transition from the University to the world of work easier and
To expose students to the right and proper altitude and the disciplinary
measures to work.
organizations.
CHAPTER TWO
LIMITED
It has been said that any nation that overlooks steel development does so at her
dumping ground for developed economies of the world. This realization by our
policy maker prompted them to develop indigenous steel industry. Hence, the birth
of Ajaokuta steel company limited. Ajaokuta steel company limited (ASCL) is the
second largest steel industry in the whole of Africa; after that of Liberia. It is indeed
oil sector of the Nigerian economy. It will accrue much higher revenue and provide
Ajaokuta steel company limited is an integrated steel complex located at the Eastern
flank of the central senatorial district of Kogi state of Nigeria. It started in the 2nd
republic of Nigeria under the administration of the then civilian president, Alhaji
Shehu Usman Shagari who initiated and fully installed all the heavy equipment and
machineries through foreign expatriates in the year 1979 and the establishment of
national iron ore mining company (NIOMCO), Itakpe following the discovery of
large deposits of iron ore at Itakpe in 1972 by the soviet aero-magnetic survey team.
By the time of its commissioning in 1983, the project had achieved 95 per cent
completion. However, since its inauguration in 1983, the plant has been embroiled
in managerial inaptitude and controversies ranging from allegation of obsolete
machines and outdated blast furnace model. Despite its initial completion, the plant
The execution of Ajaokuta steel plant was signed between the federal republic of
Nigeria and USSR on July 13, 1979. As an integrated steel project, ASCL was
designed to produce cast steel using the blast furnace technology. The raw materials
it requires are iron ore, coking coal, limestone, scraps, bauxite, dolomite, refractory
clay and manganese. There are four rolling mills within the plant designed to
produce saleable billets, beams, channels, angle bars, and broad flanges, round bars,
hexagonal, strips, wire rods and reinforced rods. It is worthy of note that the
production of flat steel was incorporated into the second stage of the project. The
benzene, toluene, naphtha etc. In addition to the main products and by-products; the
steel complex has a captive thermal power plant (TPP), which has the capacity of
generating 100MW of electric power. Ajaokuta steel company limited also boasts
of engineering complex comprising of eight (8) shops, namely, foundry and pattern
making, forge and fabrication, machine and tools, power equipment repairs,
Ajaokuta is located on the west bank of the river Niger. It is surrounded to the south
by Ajaokuta village (from where its name was derived) and to the east, by hills. It
covers an area of approximately 24000 hectares out of which the steel plant itself
The principal plant units in Ajaokuta steel company limited as contained in the
design:
e. Rolling mills
Ajaokuta steel company limited is headed by a Sole Administrator (S.A) and it has
departments are further divided into several subsections headed by the assistant
general managers (AGM) and all of them are reported to the Sole Administrator
overall head of the company. The main sections under him are company
administrative activities of the company. The sections under this department are
(SIWES).
3. Financial department: they are in charge of all the financial aspect of the
for the company and the sales of goods produced by the company. The sections
sections are iron making, steel making, lime calcinations plant, coke ovens and
repairs of power equipments and parts. The sections are engineering work shops
i.e. forge, fabrication, foundry and pattern making, plant maintenance and
transport.
7. Power department: for generating the electric power, the two ways by which
power is generated for the company use are PHCN and GENERATOR
(Thermal power plant and turbo blower station). Sections under it are TPP/TBS
water the steel plant mainly for cooling. The sections are water intake
9. Real estate department: they carried out civil works such as construction of
houses, roads and dams and also take care of their maintenance. The sections
SOLE
ADMINISTRATOR
ENGINEERING HUMAN
WORKS RESOURCES
DEPARTMENT Admin block DEPARTMENT
CHAPTER THREE
ORGANIZATION
Functions:
applications.
The act of recording jobs in two registers - one for internal jobs from within
the company, and the other for external jobs from outside of the company.
calipers.
cause the material to change shape while in the solid state. It means deformation of
structure. Various kinds of machine parts, of different shapes and sizes, are made
by forging or stamping operations. Thus the most important parts of machines, such
as shafts, cranks, drums, flanges, etc., are manufactured either by hammer forging
forgings, forging processes are classified as hammer and die forging (stamping or
semi-stamping).
In hammer forging, the shape of the metal is changed by pressing it between the
dies of a hammer or a press. In doing this, the flow of the metal (i.e. the changing
of its dimensions and shape) is controlled with the aid of various blacksmith’s tools.
In drop forging or stamping, the flow of metal is limited by the surfaces of the
recesses in the dies, in which the metal takes its predetermined shape and dimension.
All kinds of forging processes are carried out in the Ajaokuta Steel Company’s forge
shop, however, during my stay in the shop; I was only privileged to witness the hot
The process may either be classified as drawn out (length increases, cross-section
as cogging.
Re-heating furnaces, two-tonne and one-tonne air steam drop hammers, Pneumatic
Tools used in the shop: Tongs, chisel, breaker, cutter, sledge, etc.
Production work witnessed while in the shop: The forging of I-bolts, shafts and
flanges.
The type of furnace used in forge shop is the reheating furnace. Reheating furnace
are used for reheating of billets to a temperature of around 12500C which is suitable
for plastic deformation of the billet, hence for forging in the forge shop. The
furnance is designed to use natural gas or fuel oil, but natural gas is mostly used in
running the furnace. Heat is transferred to the billet via convection and radiation
from the burner gases and the furnace walls. This combustion of the gas generates
heat which rises the temperature in the furnace.Thermocouples are connected to the
avoid explosion and also to smooth furnace run. The furnace is ignited through the
ignition window with the aid of torch attached to a long rod. The furnace is lined
with refractory bricks.The floor of the furnace is made of monolithic material while
the furnace body (walls and other parts) are made fire clay bricks and high alumina
bricks to prevent the metal frame work and support of the furnace. There are green
pipes around the furnace body and also run through the whole body of the
furnace.This green pipes convey industrial water for cooling the furnace.
The main function of re-heating furnace is to raise the temperature of the billets
typically between 900 -12500C until is plastic enough to be forged to the desire
size or shape.
After job orders and necessary drawings from the Job Planning and Coordination
Centre (JPCC) were received by the Forge Shop, the senior technicians in the shop
carried out series of analysis and calculations in order to avoid material waste.
Such analysis and calculations had to do with the amount in length and mass of
The furnace is preheated for about 2-3 hours, before the charging of the billets. This
reduces the heating time of the billet and thereby limits the amount of iron-oxides
layer (scale) formed. Hence, material lost is minimized. The billet is charged in the
furnace with the aid of an over-head crane due to the heavy weight, it is charged
into the furnace through the furnace entrance, the furnace is then closed and the
The heating of the billet continued until there is a change in its temper colour (due
to blackbody radiation) through brown, dull red, bright red, dark yellow, bright
yellow to white. This is called visual detection of forging temperature. Since good
forging temperature is about 60% of the melting point of a metal, for steel, the colour
limit is between bright red and bright yellow, which matched with the temperature
temperatures, the billet is removed from the furnace and taken to the air steam two-
tonne drop hammer, with the aid of an over-head crane. The billet is cut into several
pieces (based on earlier calculations) by series of blows from the hammer and the
aid of blacksmith’s tools. The pieces are recharged into the furnace to re-attain the
forging temperature.
After attaining the forging temperature, the pieces were removed with the aid of
tongs and formed, to shafts of about 100-150 mm diameters and about 200-300 mm
long, and flanges of about 200 mm diameter and 50 mm thick. These are achieved
with the aid of various blacksmith’s tools as listed above. After the forging is
completed, it is called a blank i.e a name given to a forged product. Blank cannot
realy be used as a finished product, cleaning and finishing still have to be carried
Figure
3.1.2:
metal forming process. Though the Fabrication Shop not fully in session while in
attendance, I learned about the different processes and machines used in fabrication,
Materials selection.
equipment, radial drilling machines, gulletin machines for bending and shearing of
plates and rods, electrodes preheating and storage oven, working beds, etc.
Among the jobs recently fabricated by the shops, were palm kernel crusher,
automated sieving machine, flour milling machine, crane over hang for rolling mills,
impact crusher, etc., steel was the principal material used in the fabrication process
This section undertakes finishing operation; i.e they produce spare parts, routine
maintainance also carried out, machinig any type of component, repair and
replacement of impaired machine part. In machining and tool shop (M&TS), there
are different heavy duty machine that can be seen e.g lathe machine (i.e. face lathe,
to lathe type), Boring machine (horizontal, vertical and universal type), drilling
Plaining machine, etc but some among those machine are not in operation. The work
experienced acquainted in this section centres around the operation of lathe machine
world. It is commonly as the mother of all other machine tools. The main function
of a lathe is to remove metal from a job to give it the required shape and size. The
job is securely and rigidly held in the chuck or in between centres on the lathe
machine and then turn it against a single point cutting tool which will remove the
Obviously, the lathe machine consists of three major parts namely; the head stock,
1. The head stock consists of rotating spindle carrying the chuck for the work piece.
The head stock also carries the electric motor that moves the spindle with the aid of
belt drive. This section also harbours the gear arragement for varying spindle speed.
2. The carriage is situated between the head stock and the tail stock on the lathe
bed. The carriage bears the tool post for holding the cutting tools and it can be
3. Tail stock is positioned on the left hand side of the machine. It carries the tail
spindle for holding slender work piece to avoid dangling while machining. The tail
stock can slide on the bed and can be used to carry out some minor drilling
i. The bed is a heavy rugged casting made to support the working parts of the lathe.
ii. The Quick change gear box: this provides the feed rod and leads screw with
produce flat Surface Square with the axis. The operation involves feeding the tool
ii. Turning: Turning in a lathe is to remove the excess material from the work piece
iii. Straight turning: The work is turned straight when it is made to rotate about the
lathe axis and the tool is fed parrallel to the lathe axis. The straight turning produces
iv. Step turning: Step turning is the process of turning different surfaces having
different diameters. The work is held between centres and the tool is moved parrallel
workpiece. The form tool used for taper turning may be used for this purpose.
Chamfering is an essential operation after thread cutting so that the nut may pass
vi. Taper turning: A taper turning may be define as a uniform increase or decrease
vii. Thread cutting: Thread cutting is one of the most important operations
performed in a lathe.
viii. Parting off: Is the process of sharing/dividing a metal into two equal half.
ix. Boring: Is the process of enlarging a hole with a single point cutting tool. It is
also used to finish an off size hole for which no drill is available.
High carbon steel (HCS), high speed steel (HSS), stellite, cemented or tungsten
Three and four jaw chucks, collets, steady rests, face-plate, etc.
To carry out step cutting operation, the work piece is held on the rotating spindle
with the aid either universal jaw chuck or independent jaw chuck. The cutting tool
which is mounted on the tool post placed on compound rest is fed against a rotating
spindle carrying a work piece. As the work piece moves against the cutting tool,
which is made up of high carbon steel or active with diamond coated end to
using vernier calliper, the required diameter is maintained and the desired length is
Subsequently, at the point of step down, the tool is fed in the more to the appropriate
diameter, this dimension further contineues by moving the carriage until the end of
Failure to use coolant has an adverse effect on the metallurgical of the cutting tool.
The mechanism behind this is that in the absence of coolant, the cutting edge gets
The heat set up alters the structure of the cutting edge therefore causing damage to
the cutting edge which could be in form of fracture. Hence, coolant must be applied
In fact, the experienced has really broadened the level of reasoning which will
students.
This is the third arm of the engineering works and services and it encompasses of
the following sub-section: Moulding and sand preparation, Melting and casting
PREPARATION
The sand is first screened in the hopper and then the conveyor belt takes all the sand
to various bunkers, the bunker store the sand and another conveyor belt that has
magnetic separator to remove metallic material in the screened sand takes the sand
to the primary mixer where they are primary mixed together to form a homogenous
mixture. During the mixing, additives such as bentonite, starch and water are added
in the case of backing sand while sodium silicate and core oil, caustic soda,
bentonite, starch are added in the case of core sand in various proportion for
enchasing the properties of the moulding. After the sand is properly mixed, another
conveyor belt takes it to one of the bunker where it is stored ready to be used for
molding. The prepared sand is known as Green sand i.e sand that is used in its moist
state.
Moulding is carried out using moulding sand called green sand or moulding sand as
Moulding board, Moulding boxes (drag and cope), Pattern, Riser, Sprue, Rammer,
Shovel, Trowel, Locating pin, Reinforcement wire, Vent rod, Graphite powder and
it. After taking care of the position of the runner, ingate, etc. The space between the
pattern and the mould box is then filled with sand. However, the sand which is
adjacent to the pattern/mould cavity is of a different quality than the sand away from
it and near to the walls of the mould box. The inner sand called facing sand is finer
and the outer sand called backing sand is coarse. Backing is not used for facing
because it cannot develop the required surface finish and details that are of the faces
of the pattern. Graphite powder is applied on the surface of the pattern before
moulding to allow easy withdrawal of the pattern after moulding and to give smooth
and attractive look. Facing sand is also applied on the inside surfaces to obtain an
acceptable mould cavity. The sand is gentle rammed to cover all grooves and fine
patterns/slots. Rest of the volume of the drag box is then filled with backing sand
and rammed. The top surface is made level with the aid of shovel and then
The drag is inverted and the cope half of the two-piece pattern is assembled to the
drag half. Cope box is made to sit on the drag box using a locating pin. Parting
powder is sprinkled on the exposed sand surface of the drag box. Gating, sprue,
runner, riser etc. are placed at appropriate positions around the pattern. Backing
sand is again filled in the cope box and rammed to set. Vent holes are provided for
gas passage.
The drag and the cope are separated. Pattern is removed with utmost care so as not
to cause any damage to the mould cavity or any intricate profile. The cavity is
Drag and cope halves are joined and locked with the help of locating pins. Pouring
basin is placed at the sprue’s open end. Sufficient load is placed on the cope to
prevent its lifting under the action of buoyant force when liquid metal is poured.
The foundry shop has various types of furnace e.g Electric arc furnace,
induction furnac (one tonn and ten tonn), crusible furnace and the cupola
furnace. Only the cupola furnace is on operation, the rest are faulty.
A cupola furnace is a melting device that is used in foundries that can be used to
melt cast iron. The size of the cupola is expressed in diameter and it can ranges from
1.5 to 13 feet. The overall shape is cylindrical and the equipment is arranged
vertically, usually supported by four legs. It is widely used because the operating
methods are simple, economical and eco-friendly. The shell of the cupola, beign
usually made of steel, has refractory bricks lining it. The bottom is lined in a similar
manner but often a clay and sand mixture (‘bod’) may be used, as this lining is
temporary. At the bottom front is a tap hole where the molten metal is tapped and
above the tap hole is the slag hole to let the slag flow out.
to the number of melting required for the casting in other not to get excesses molten
metal. The charge material includes: coke, pig iron, cast iron, scrap iron,
after weighted in the spring balance. The scrap if they have large weight and
dimension are broken down to the required size and mass using hammer. I took part
during the charging of the material in the cupola and it was an intense labor work.
The furnace is now filled with layers of coke and ignites with wood to start the coke
burning. When the coke is ignited, air is introduced to the coke bed through ports in
When the coke is very hot, the charged material as mentioned above are then
charged into the furnace in layers through an opening in the top. Limestone is added
charged material to alter the molten iron to conform to the need of the casting at
hand.
Soon after the blast is turned on, molten metal is collected on the hearth bottom
where it is eventually tapped out into waiting ladle receiver through the ‘tap hole’.
Slag will rise to the top of the pool of iron being formed and a ‘slag hole’, located
at the side of the tap hole, is opened to let the slag flow out.
At the end of the charging campaign, charging is stopped but the air blast is
maintained until all of the metal is melted and tapped off. The air is then turned off
and the bottom doors opened allowing the residual charge material to be damped.
3.3.2 POURING
After the mold has been clapped, the molten metal which is ladled from its holding
container in the furnace is poured into the mold. Enough molten is poured to fill the
entire cavity and all channels in the mold. The filling time is very short in order to
3.3.3 COOLING
The molten metal that is poured into the mold begin to cool and solidify once it
enters the cavity. The entire cavity is filled and the molten metal solidifies, the final
shape of the cavity is formed. The cast is left unopened until the time has elapsed
which depend on the mould. Preventive measure was taken to avoid the possible
defect that may occur as a result of solidification process e.g. shrinkage, cracks,
3.3.4 TRIMMING
This is done at the fetling section where cleaning and finishing is carried out in
order to get the required dimension prior to the desired heat treatment. After the
predetermined solidification, sand mould is simply broken, and the casting removed
with the aid of knock out grid machine (i.e vibrating machine that shakes off the
cutting/sawing.
This section is responsible for designing of pattern for the foundry man. In casting,
a pattern is a replica of the object to be cast, used to prepare the cavity into which
The work shop encompasses different sets of machining that helps in designing of
the pattern. Those machine are: surface planner machine, sand paper machine,
jointing machine, circular saw, band saw machine, thicknesses machine, cross
Although some of those machine are faulty. Only the few are in operation.
The tools used in the shop are: Hammer, chisels, saw, gouge, marking knife,
vernier calliper, divider, ratchet brace used to drill hole, tramel, marking table, etc
are used during pattern making and the Production work witnessed while in the
Mahogany type is the most commonly used material for patterns, primarily because
of it excellent workability, durability, colour, soft, light, easy to work upon and
relatively free of voids/ wood rot. It is natural reddish in colour, very wear resistance
and may last for decades. Other type of wood which may be required during pattern
making is plywood due its tendency to reduce expansion and shrinkage during
First the job was designed with the aid of auto cad in JPPC office, the information
needed of the pattern maker was gotten from the tittle block, (i.e. material, quantity,
etc) and as well from the drawing. From the drawing, make your own working
Secondly, choose your material, (i.e. mahogany), then do your cutting list from
for any dimensional and structural changes which will happen during the casting
process is very important. A pattern is always made larger than the required size
i. Construction allowance: Most of the metals have the tendency to shrinks in size
when it cools. Shrinkage allowance gives to the pattern to compensate for the
contraction of the liquid metal on cooling. For this, the dimensions of the pattern
are made slightly oversize. The shrinkage allowance will be depends on the metal
temperature etc.
ii. Draft allowance / tapper allowance: when a pattern is drawn out of the mould
the tendency to tear away the edge of the mould in contact with the pattern is greatly
decreased, if the surfaces of the pattern are given a slight taper in a direction parallel
to which it is being withdrawn, this tapering off the side of the pattern known as
draft, is done to provide a slight clearance of the pattern as it is lifted up, i.e. for
shrinkage allowance. The amount of this allowance varies from 1.6mm to 12.5mm
which depends upon the type of casting metal, size and the shape of the casting.
After preparing the cutting list and the appropriate allowance and dimension taken
into consideration, the next step taken was the construction of the pattern with the
aid of the required machine and the tools in the pattern shop mentioned above.
My contribution during the construction of the spacer bar during the manual sand
papering of the spacer bar after body filler mixed together with hardener was rubbed
on the pattern. I helped him to smoothen the pattern with a 100 fine-grit paper to
remove the defects, problems and fillers, smoothen the surface of the pattern.
3.3.9 FINISHING
This is the final step of the pattern making that gives it a desirable characteristics.
A thinner mixed with polisher thoroughly is applied on the spacer bar pattern to
protect it from damage, dirt, and most importantly to prevent it against insect pest
and so that it can be used for several casting. The pattern is then left in the shop to
CONCLUSION/PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED/RECOMMENDATION
4.0 CONCLUSION
The students industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) has widen my knowledge
about the various shop I visited most especially in foundry shop where I acquired
and experienced Moulding process, the charging of the cupola furnace, cupola
charge calculation, metal charged, pouring of the molten metal in the mould and
making shop, machining shop and also in forge and fabrication shop. It has also
given me a great opportunity to visit some other sections such as blast furnace, light
section mill (LSM), wire rod mill (WRM), billet mill, sintering plant, power
equipment repair shop, lime calcinations plant etc. in Ajaokuta steel company
company limited is that the company is not fully in operation and some plants such
as the blast furnace had not been completed and had never been used since it was
installed in 1979.
Another problem is that the company did not provide accommodation for IT
compensate for all these difficulties and unavailability of tools for I.T students for
practice.
Some technical questions relevant to our profession could not be explained vividly
and satisfactorily. We had to cope with these situations since half a loaf is better
than none.
4.2 RECOMMENDATION
Ajaokuta steel company limited is the best SIWES place for any student of tertiary
Since the company is more or less metallurgy, I will recommend for all the students
I urge the federal government to be focus and provide all the necessary materials
for the company to embark on fully operation in order for the country (Nigeria) to
realize her potential in terms of engineering infrastructure and other key areas that
will be of benefit to all the citizens and the country at large. It also helps to solve a
I would also like to recommend that I.T.F should make provision of tools for
REFERENCES
www.ajaokutasteel.com
APPENDIX
which volume remains constant, i.e. Volume of the billet before and after
deformation of billet must be equal, V1 = V2 , and a scale factor ‘K’ =1.03 to