Scantlings determination for frp-structures

Markku Hentinen 2016

(Karl-Johan Furustam)

P f AR1
tp s
a
 ISO 12215
• An international standard for boat
structures, combined of seven
(harmonised) parts:
– ISO 12215-1 Materials - Thermosetting
resins, glass fibre reinforcements and
reference laminate.
– ISO 12215-2 Materials - Core materials for
sandwich construction, embedded materials.
– ISO 12215-3 Materials - Steel, aluminium,
wood, other material.
– ISO 12215-4 Workshop and manufacturing.
 – ISO 12215-5 Design pressures, allowable
stresses, scantling determination.
– ISO 12215-6 Structural arrangement and
Details
– ISO 12215-8 Rudders
• New parts coming:
– ISO 12215-7 Scantling determination of
multihulls
– ISO 12215-9 Appendages (kölit ym.)
– ISO 12215-10 Rig loads and attachments
 Design pressures for powerboats
according to ISO 12215-5
Design pressure P is determined according to the calculatory vertical
acceleration ncg and design category:

0,1 mLDC 0, 5
PBMPBASE (1 k DC ncg )
LWL BC
2
LWL V 2 BC
ncg 0,32 ( 0,084) (50 0, 4 )
10 BC mLDC
In any case, nCG need not be taken > 7

Table 2 — Values of kDC according to design category

Design A B C D
category
Value of kDC 1 0,8 0,6 0,4
 Allowable stresses
• Design methods usually determine
allowable stresses in relation to the
breaking (ultimate) strength.
• Factors of safety vary between different
simplified methods
– shall not to be regarded as “real” factor of
safety, because the method may have been
adjusted to use certain safety factors
– FE-analyses may require different safety
factors
 Allowable deflections
• Typically 1/60 - 1/100 of span.
• May be dominant criteria (as in
ABS/ORC).
• May be left free for panels (as in ISO
12215).
• Allowing large deflection exploits full
strength of materials, but requires tough
materials and good detail design
 Most common material values needed
for scantlings determination
• Tensile strength and stiffness
• Compressive strength and stiffness
• Bending strength and stiffness
• If laminate theory and FEM are used, material
values for each lamina and orientation are
usually needed
• In-plane shear strength
• Core shear strength in sandwich structures
 Methods to determine the material values

• By testing
• By calculation
• Using literature values
 Table 4 — Minimum mechanical properties of reference laminatea

Property Test method Requirement

Ultimate tensile strength ISO 527-1, ISO
527-4 80 MPa
Tensile modulus ISO 527-1, ISO
527-4 6 350 MPa
Ultimate flexural strength ISO 178 135 MPa
Flexural modulus ISO 178 5 200 MPa
In-plane shear ASTM D 4255 50 MPa
Apparent interlaminar shear strength ISO 14130 15 MPa
(short-beam shear)
a The reference laminate shall consist of glass chopped-strand mat and resin
with a glass content not exceeding 30 % by mass of the fully cured laminate.
b The test data shall be achieved after a post cure schedule of max. 24 h at max.

50 ºC.
 Structural modelling
• Plates (panels): Shell, bulkheads, decks
• Beams: Stiffeners; stringers, frames
• Rods: Rig attachment, shrouds
• Buckling struts: Columns, masts
• Torsion parts: Rudder and propeller shafts
 Plates (panels)
Adequate panel thickness shall ensure that the stress in the material does
not exceed the allowable stress (taking into account fatigue, manufacturing
faults etc., i.e. suitable factors of safety), and that the deflection of the
panel does not exceed the allowable deflection:

P f AR1
tp s Strength criteria

P k f AR 2
td s 3 Deflection criteria
E
Sandwich panels
Sandwich panels
Sandwich panels
 Aspect ratio effect

Assuming that lateral pressure is the dominant loading,

•Stresses larger in the shorter direction (b-b) fiber orientation 0 /90
•If a b, 45 the best orientation
 Beams (frames, stringers etc)
Beams are dimensioned so that the stress in flange does not exceed
allowable tensile or compressive stress. Additionally, it shall be
checked that the deflection is not larger than the allowable deflection.
If the height of the beam is large, the shear stress in the web shall be
checked.

P s l2 3
SM i mm
12 a
 Significance of structural arrangement

• Alternative A. Thick base laminate – imperfect

stiffener arrangement can be allowed
• Alternative B. Thin base laminate – effective
stiffener arrangement needed
• Designing a light structure requires
understanding of the behaviour of the structure
• Logical structural arrangement is easier to
analyse better end result
Example: Bottom structure of
a powerboat

Frame Bulkhead
 Loading areas
A = loading area for panel
B = loading area for stringer
C = loading area for (web)frame/bulkhead

Hard chine
Longitudinal
stringer

Keel

Transverse frame
(web frame)
 Non-rectangular or very wide panels
Real panel shapes often need
interpretations how to assess
the dimensions for the
equations
 Design example
• Planing hull powerboat for fast cruising, design cat. B
Lh =9 m
Lwl = 7,5 m
Bch = 2,5 m
mLDC = 4000 kg
V = 40 kn laipio

ß = 18 kylki

=18°
pohja

palle

• Bottom panels and stiffeners

00
20
320
b = 320 mm
450
l = 2000 mm
s = 450 mm
Mixed mat, roving & multiaxial GRP, fibre content 30 %MASS
 Design pressure
2
L V 2 BC V
ncg 0,32 ( WL 0,084) (50 0, 4 ) (1) or, if (1) results to ncg>3,0 : ncg 0,5 0 ,17 (2)
10 BC mLDC mLDC

7,5 40 2 2,5 2 40
ncg 0,32 ( 0,084) (50 18) 9,8 ncg 0,5 4,9
10 2,5 4000 40000 ,17
0,1 mLDC 0 ,5
PBMPBASE (1 k DC ncg ) kDC = 0,8 (design cat. B)
LWL BC

0,1 4000
PBMPBASE (1 0,80,5 4,9) 114,5kPa
7,5 2,5
0 ,15
k R 0,1 mLDC kR = 1,0 (planing craft bottom)
k AR 0, 3
AD

1 0,1 40000,15
k AR 0,522
2 6 0, 3
2,5 320 10

PBMP PBMPBASE k AR k L 114,5 0,522 1,0 59,8kPa

 Laminate thickness
where
P k2 • b is the short dimension of the panel in millimetres;
t b kC mm • kc is the curvature correction factor for curved panels
1000 d given in Table 6;
• P is the design pressure (bottom, side, deck, etc.) of the
panel in kilonewtons per square metre;
• k2 is the panel aspect ratio factor for bending strength
given in Table 5;
• d is the design stress for FRP plating, which is 0,5 uf
(half of the minimum ultimate flexural strength), N/mm².
 P k2
t b kC mm
1000 d
Laminate thickness (2)

59,8 0,5
t 320 1,0 mm 6,3mm
1000 0,5 152
t = minimum thickness of the structural laminate without gelcoat or topcoat
Stiffener dimensions
 Stiffener dimensions (2)
1 0,1 4000 0,15
k AR 0,32 P PBMPBASE k AR k L 114,5 0,32 1,0 36,6 kPa
2 6 0 ,3
0,33 2000 10
5 36,6 450 2000 6 2
AW 10 cm 5,2cm 2
0,5 63
83,3 1,0 36,6 450 20002
SM 10 9 cm 2 129cm3
0,5 85

bb = 130 mm, tp = 6,3 mm

Suitable dimensions:
H 135 mm
tW /2 = 2,34·wf =0,3)
tW /2 5 mm