ANSWERS 1 Physics and physical Measurement Chapter 1.1 Many of the calculations in the problems of this, chapter have been performed without a calculator and are estimates. Your answers may differ. 3.3 x10" s. 3.6 x 10". 3.3 x 10%. 6.4 x 10". 6.7 x 10". 1.0 x 10%, 9 2.0 10”. 10 3 x 10” 11 4x 10" kgm 12 8.3 min. 13 16 000 (assuming a 4000 kg elephant). 14 Assume a 200 m? house with 100 m? on each floor (10 x 10). Take the height of a floor to be 3 m. Divide each floor into four rooms. The, wall area is thus 10 x 3 x 6 x 2 = 360 m* Subtract about 80 m? for windows and doors and we are left with 280 m? of wall area. Assuming a brick of size 20cm x 5m, i.e. of area 10"? m?, gives as the number of bricks 2.8 x 10*, No corridors etc. have been taken into account. 15 (a) 5.356 x 10~* m; (b) 1.2 x 10°" m; (©) 34% 107 m, 16 (a) 4.834 x 10° J; (b) 2.23 x 107? J; (©) 3.64 x 10" J. 17 (a) 4.76 x 10° 5; (b) 2.4 x 107 s; (©) 8.5 x 10" s. Answers to questions 18 19 20 21 2 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 33 Chapter 1.2 1 2 3 1.792 x10? ms (a) 4x 10-” J; (b) 54 ev, 2.2 x 10m’, 8.4 x 10” m. 32 fs? (a) 200 g; (b) 2 kg; (c) 4008. 100 000 years. 5 x 10 kgm”. About 0.7. 2x10". 2x 10-7N. 4x 10° 243 250 ar (b) 2.80 x 1.90~ 3 x2=6; ) 312 x 480 3x10 «5x10 60 15x10" (q) 8:99. 10? x7 x 10 x7 (Bx 1037 10 x 10” x 5 x 10% x 5x10 be 64x 10" 25x 107 3x 107; 4 x 10 6.6 x 10°" x 6 x 10" (4 x 10) 7 x 10-" x 6 x 10" (6x 10) 40 x 10” weet ees 36 x 10" (e) 10. No. Systematic. The line of best fit intersects the at about 4m, which is within theAnswers to questions 789 eee in the current. A line within the error bars can certainly be made to pass through the origin. 4 The line of best fit intersects the vertical axis at about 10 mA, which is outside the uncertainty in current. A line within the error bars can be made to pass through the origin. 5 The line of best fit intersects at 12 mA. The extreme line within the error bars intersects at 6mA. So no line can be made to go through the origin for this data. A systematic error of about 12 mA is required. 6 24ms;3.1mst Chapter 1.3 1 16 atm 2 Increases by a factor of 4. 3 v2. 44 times as large. 5 (a) 4; (b) increased by a factor of 2 6 Increase by a factor of 9. 7 By a factor of 4, 8 Decreased by a factor of 16. 9 16. 10 2.83 yr. 1 (a) 1.00 m; (b) 0.7 Hz; (c) 0.30 m. 12 (a) 1/2 against 1/b; (b) intercept equals 1/f. 13 (a) A straight line through the origin; (b) a straight line intersecting the temperature axis at -273. 14 RB 15 A straight line through the origin, with slope ma. 16 (a) From the negative of the vertical intercept; {b) from the slope; (c) they are parallel Chapter 1.4 1 See Figure Al. Figure Al. 3 (a) A+B: magnitude = 18.2, directio 49.7°; (b) A— B: magnitude = 9.2, —11.8°; (¢) A= 28: magnitude direction = —52.0° 47.79 km at 34.5 5 (a) 5.7 cmat 225°; (b) 201 km at 52"; (©) 5: mat —90°; d) 8 N at 0.0 6 (a) A: magnitude 3.61, direction 56.3°; (b)_B: magnitude 5.39, direction 112°; (c) A+ &: magnitude 8.00, direction 90° (a) A— B: magnitude 4.47, direction -26.6%; (e) 2A — B: magnitude 6.08, direction 9.46 7 € = (-4.00, 1.00). 8 (2,6), | 9 Magnitude 14.1 ms~', direction south-west | (225°). | 10 Ap=V2- V3p=0.52p. | 19) b= x ye WF 1b) O41 — AG = HE | (Ve tM. 12 (a) 8ms" at 0.0"; (b) 5.66 ms" at 135°; | (0) 5.66 ms“ at 45°. Itis the sum of the answers to (a) and (b).. 13 (a) 704 ms~" in magnitude; (b) zero. 14 (a) (-7.66, 6.43); (b) (8.19, -5.74);(c) (3.75, =9.27); (d) (7.43, ~6.69); (e) (~5.00, 8.66), 15 Chas magnitude 6V3 ~ 10.4 and direction 270° to the positive x-axis. 16 (a) 25.1 N at 36.2° to the positive x-axis; (b) 23.4 N at 65.2" to the positive x-axis; (©) 25.0 N at direction 3.13° to the positive x-axis. Chapter 1.5 1 Circle. 2 Sphere. e (a) 55 V; (b) 6.9 5;(c) R=2MQ. 2(1 — =), 3.4. Logarithm of y against x? Sum = 180 + 8 N; difference = 60 +8 N. 10 (a) 2.0 + 0.3; (b) 85 + 13; (c) 24 2; (4) 100+ 6;(e) 2547.5. WF =(7£2)x10N. 12 (1.8 + 0.4) x 10*kg mr. eevous13 (a) 18-£2.cm*;(b) 15. Tem 14 (a) (6.5 + 0.1) x 10? cm? (b) (4.9 © 0.1) x 10% cm’, 15 Area = 37 + 3 cm’; perimeter = 26 + 1 cm. 16 Increases by V2. 17 1%. 18 1.7%. 2 Mechanics Chapter 2.1 1167 ms" 2 15kmh 3 (a) 1.67 kmh; (b) 1.2 km hr" at 34° east of south. 4 See Figure A2. Figure A2. 5 (a) 88 m; (b) 68 m; (c) speed = 8.33 ms~; velocity = 5.0 ms-. 6 (a) 30 km; (b) 60 km. 7 (a) vt;(b) dVN. 8 (a) 130 kmh”; (b) 130 kmh. 9 (a) -2ms-; (b) —5 ms 10 8 ms" to the right. 11 @@) 1.75 ms"; (b) -6.0 ms". 12 (a) Speed = 4.0 ms"; (b) velocity = 0 ms. Chapter 2.2 13.0ms?. 2 60.0ms"' 340s. 4 126m 5 -l6ms?. 6 80s, 7 8 9 0 3.08. 278 ms. (a) 220 m; (b) 200 m; (c) 20 m; (A) less. (a) 1.2 5; (b) 3.6 5; (c) 21.6 m;(d) 9.0 ms"; (e) 28.8 m. 11 (a) 4.32 5; (b) 33.2 ms"; (c) 60m. 1 12 (a) 1.79 5;(b) 22.9ms"'. 13 0.324 s, 14 -15ms" 15 (a) 12.7 ms"';(b) 1 16 25m. 17 (a) 20ms". 18 20ms~. 19 See Figure A3.Answers to questions 791 mmm! 22 See Figure A6. | ¥ ts a 05 T 15 Figure A9, @ 05 1 13 cpa Figure A6. 26 See Figure A10, 23 See Figure A7. tts T a Figure 10. 27 See Figure A11 | | Figure A7. | aa 24 See Figure AB. ‘ Figure A11. | 28 See Figure A12 tts o 0s 1 15 2 Figure A8. 25 See Figure A9. Figure A12.29 See Figure A13. Figure A13. 30 5.0s. 31 (a) Negative; (b) zero; (c) positive; (d) positive. 32 Make graphs of displacement against time; the graphs must cross. 35 (a) 3.2 m from top of cliff; (b) 3.56 s; (©) -27.6 ms"; (d) 41.4 m;(e) average speed = 11.6 m s~; average velocity = —9.83 ms". 36 (a) 60 m; (b) 40 ms". 37 (a) 70m; (b) 10.7 s from the start. (©) See Figure A14. fm s-1 Figure A14. 38 (a) 115 ms"; (b) 660 m; (©) -60.5 ms Chapter 2.3 1 See Figure A15. Figure A15. 2 See Figure A16. Figure A16. 3 See Figure A17. Figure A17. 4 See Figure A18. R Figure A18. 5 See Figure A19. w Figure A19. 6 They are the same. 7 143N. 8 See Figure A20.‘Answers to questions 793 9 See Figure A21 rR T ftw Figure A21. 10 See Figure A22. Tr ® » ak Joe wemciona ee Chapter 2.4 1 (a) 30 Nto the right; (b) 6 N to the right; (©) 8 N to the left; (d) 15 N to the right; (6) 10 N down; ) 20 N up. 2 28Nup. 3 7.6N at 58 4 The weight cannot be balanced. 5 (a) Top; (b) bottom. 6 5.57 Nat 162 7 489N. 8 62.5N. 91.2 kg. 10 T, = 50N; T; = 70.7 N; Tf) = 50N. 11 20.2 N and 47.1. N. 12 1343 N. 13 (a) 25 980 N; (b) 25 585 N. mg 2keos 0” chapter 2.5 1 (a) Decreasing mass; (b) increasing mass. 2.0425 ms? 3:1.00ms"'. 47ms?and3ms*. 5 (a) mg; (b) mg; (c) mg — ma; (d) 0; the man is hit by the ceiling, 6 (a) mag; (b) mg; (c) greater than mg; (d) less than mg; (e) mg. 8 96N. 10 210N. 11 They experience the same force. 12 B00N. 13 Apart from weights and vertical reaction forces we have: 16 N left on the 2 kg as a reaction from the 3 kg mass; 16 N right on the 3 kg as a reaction from the 2 kg and 10 N left as a reaction from the 5 kg mass; 10 N right on the 5 kg as a reaction from the 3 kg mass, 14 100N. 15 200 N. 16 On the 10 kg mass: weight 100 N down, reaction from bottom block 100 N up. On the 20 kg mass: weight 200 N down, reaction from top block of 100 N down and so reaction of 300 N up from table. 17 Onthe 10 kg mass: weight 100 N down, external force of 50 N down, reaction from bottom block 150 N up. On the 20 kg mass: weight 200 N down, reaction from top block of 150 N down and so reaction of 350 N up from table. 19 5ms* 20 (a) 15.N; (b) yes. 21 40N, 22 3ms*. 23 20N;2ms”, 24 (a) 40 N (b) 56 N; (c) 60 N in (a) and 84 N in (b). Chapter 2.6 1 6.00N. (a) -0.900 N 5; (b) 7.20N. Zero. 7.00 ms 1.04 m. (a) 1.41. Ns away from the wall 7 (a) —5.00 N 5; (b) -25.0N. 10 (a) Yes; (b) no. 11 (b) The order of magnitude is about 10°? m. 12 (a) 96 Ns; (b) 32 ms"; (c) -32ms" 13 50.0 kg. 14 7.0 ms“ to the right. 15 0.46 ms™ in the direction of the 1200 kg car. 16 5.05 Ns at 56.3 aueen: 6.80 ms 18 (a) 2ms". 19 (a) 50 kg; (b) 15. ms"; (c) 0.8 s;(d) 0.80 m (note that the net impulse is exactly 200 Ns) 20 (b) 20.3 N. 22 (a) 2.5 ms; (b) 12.5 ms"; (c) 1ms?; (d) 18.8 ms" 23 (a) 0.83 ms"; (b) 0.77 ms". 24 (a) 11s; (b) about 50.N s; (c) about 50 N. Chapter 2.7 11.2% 107) 2-77). 33.5% 10%), 4 (a) Work done by weight and reaction force is zero. Work done by F is 240 J and by friction is 168 J. (c) The kinetic energy increases by 72.0 J. (a) ~1900 J; (b) +1900 J; (c) zero. 7.3N 0.16 J. 0.49 ms". (@) 8.9 ms"; 6.3 ms"; (b) 8.0 ms; 10.2 ms". 10 7.75 ms"; 11.8ms* 11.22N. 12 2.45 ms"! 2.35 ms, eavou 13 (a) See Figure A23; (b) 66 J; (c) 8.1 ms. Figure A23. 14 See Figure A24 (below). 15 305 W. 16 3240. 17 (a) 0.21ms". 18 (a) 60 W; (b) 0.75; (c) 250 s. 19 Fav, 20 3750N. 21 (a) The potential energy the mass has at the is converted into kinetic energy. As the mass lands, all its potential energy has been converted to kinetic energy. (b) Some of the initial potential energy has been converted to kinetic energy. The kinetic energy remains BA Ba * 000 000 «00 000 4000 4000 2000 2000 0007 Am igrig 20 40 ep aa * so00 00 000 000 000 000 2000 2000 PecMoe ey se OF T_ 2 aaconstant during the fall. The remaining potential energy decreases as the mass falls and gets converted into thermal energy. As the ‘mass lands, all the initial potential energy gets converted into thermal energy (and perhaps a bit of sound energy and deformation energy during impact with the ground). (c) The kinetic ‘energy remains constant. The potential energy is increasing at a constant rate equal to the rate at which the pulling force does work. 23 (a) 2900 N; (b) 5.8 KW; (c) 500 N; (@) 2.0 KW; (e) 700 N. 24 27.4) 25 13.5). 26 (a) 2.42 ms"; (b) 93%. 27 5.77ms". 28 See Figure A25. kinetic potential 200) B: ts ° 0 2% 3 4% 1 mot 00 kinetic 400 200 potential + us ° Meee ay ee Figure A2s. 30 Light to heavy = 31 (a) T = mgsin@; (b) W= mgdsino; (©) W= —mgdsin 9; (d) zero; (e) zero. 32 30.7 N. 33 (a) 1.36 m 5-7; 0.51 ms. (c) The ratio of the accelerations is the ratio of the forces (i.e. 2.67). The ratio of the average speeds when squared becomes 2.62. This suggests that the force is proportional to speed squared; Answers to questions 795 ——ae (d) 218 m; 135 m; (e) 3.8 x 10°); 8.5 x 10°). 34 (a) 200 Nm". 35 (a) 15.5 mst; (b) 16.4ms; (d) See Figure A26. fm st 1s as 10 1s \ ee \ af + him o 5 0 is 2% Figure A26. 36 (b) 38 400 N on both; (c) 4800 N 5; (@) the force would be larger but the impulse would be the same; (e) 4000 J; the final kinetic energy is 10000}, 38 The 8.0 kg mass moves at 5.45 m s~'; other rebounds at 4.55 m 5"! 39 The 6.0 kg ball moves at 4 ms-! and the 4.0 kg ball rebounds at 1 m s~'. Collisions take place at the vertices of a regular pentagon inscribed in the circle; the initial position of the 6.0 kg mass is a vertex of this pentagon. voy VM Sib) = : 40 (a) 53) mem 41 (a) 50m; (b) 90 m; (c) 15 s from start; (d) See Figure A27,(@) See Figure A28. 0 25 30 75 Figure A2s. (0) from 5 s on; (g) 22.5 W; (h) 45 W. 42 (b) The arrow is equivalent to a vector drawn from the tip of iy to the tip of p. Itis equal in magnitude to py. 43 (a) (i) 2.00 ms"; (i) 0.840 N; (ii) 1.20 ms, upwards; iv) 0.698 m; (v) 2.01 ms™ after falling 0.366 m, (b) See Figure A29. 100125 150.175 hm 1 20) os o Ol 02 03 04 05 06 of Figure A29. Chapter 2.8 1 (@) 7.20 ms* north-west; (b) 8.0 ms. 2 (a) 10.Nj(b) 2.83 ms“; () 0.80 m, 321.4 pm. 5 (a) 29.9 kms; (b) 5.95 x 10°? ms; (©) 3.56 x 10? N. 6 (a) 5.07 s-';(b) 0.81 Hz. 71.18 x 10? ms 8 84.49 min 9 (@) 30s; (b) 13.42 ms 10 3.6 x 10? N. 11 0.02169 ms, 0.097°. | = 13 (a) 594 N; 523 N; (b) 3.16 ms; (c) 23.7%. 12 14 A: 5m s~ at 278.13°; B: 5m s~ at 261.875, 15 (a) 48.99 ms; (b) 1800 N; () 30ms%, 16 (a) 6.3 ms~; (b) 20ms~; (d) 150N, 17 3.2 x 10?ms*. 18 About 12. 19 48.2". Chapter 2.9 1 (a) 1.99 x 10°°N; (b) 4.17 x 10? N; (©) 1.0 x10" N fe) Gq) Gmlem+ M) 2 (a) Zero; (b) zero; (e) Fars (d) 3 1/81. 412. 5 3. 6 Twice as large. 709. 8 Pig =0;Q:g= 141 x 10*Nkg” 9 To the left Chapter 2.10 1 (a) 5.0.cm; (b) 200 ms". 2 1.02 m. 3 (@) 0.77 5; (b) 9.22 ms". 4 (a) 2.0 5;(b) 12.8 ms; (©) -51.3% (d) 21.5 ms" at ~68.2". 5 1.48 m. 6 5.66 ms. 7 316.2 m. 8 1/2. 97.59 m 10 See Figure A30 (opposite page) 11 0.33 m. 1253.2 below the horizontal. 13 See Figure A31 (opposite page). 14 See Figure A32 (opposite page). 15 Unfortunately the monkey gets hit (assuming the bullet can get that far). 16 (a) 10 ms"; (b) the weight, vertically down. (©) See Figure A33 (page 798). 17 (a) v= 30ms"', v, = 20s"; (b) 34%; (©) 8 = 20ms~; (@) horizontal arrow for velocity, vertical for acceleration; (e) range and ‘maximum height half as large, as shown in in Figure A34 (page 798). 18 18 ms"! at 58. 19 40 ms"! at 70° below the horizontal. (b) Speed is less and angle is greater. 210.45 m. 22 36° at 34 ms"vy Ans 1s 125} > us ‘Answers to questions 797 @ es so us oilsrl 9 The normal reaction force from the 5 20$—+ | floor is zero. & 11 The work required to move the mass on 1s. $1 which the force is acting from r = ator=b : + 12 (a) 1.5 x 10% kg; (c) 3.2 x 10° ms; 10- . (d) 6.0 x 10" J; (e) 2.4.x 10%ms"'. 3 13 (a) 9:1; (b) 3.6 x 10°ms"'. fe 14 -5.29 x 10” J. = 15 (a) B; (b) A; (c) A. 5R tim | 17 0 10 20 2 Figure A33. GMa) GME 32 inte 18 (a) R TR = 232k s a 22 (a) 2. 2 + 25Gm ‘ i i 24 (b) a : 25 (c) About 4, 3 itt He 26 (c) 3.1 x 10° m. F ae cme 2 27 (a) F= SOT = 7.8 hy; 1 (GI 1.7 «10° } yr; (@)6 x 10" yr +H 29 (a) g = 4.7 Nkg™; (b) g = 0; (c) 9.0. o” ° % om 1 " Figure A34. 3 Thermal properties of matter Chapter 2.11 Chapter 3.1 3.7.61 km s“'; 94.6 min, 4 About 35 870 km (ie. about 42 250 km from the earth’s centre) 5 (a) ~7.63 x 10% J; (b) =1.04 x 10* )kg™; | (© 1019 ms" 6 See Figure A35. EBA2x10" 1 0 02. 040i T -s Figure A35. | 7 (a) -1.25 x 107 Jkg-'; (b) —6.25 x 10°) 8 Orbit 1 is not possible, orbit 2 is. 3 (a) No; (b) 300K; (©) 4x 10°}. 4 (a) 3.72 x 10° m?; (b) 3.04 x 10 mi; (©) 1.22 x10 5 (a) 4.5 x 10% kg; (b) 6.0 x 10% m”. 6 (a) 1.0 x 10° kg; (b) 8.4 x 10° m>, Chapter 3.2 2 S13 Skg'K'. (a) 1.18 x 10°}; (b) 87.4 min ae 32.2 kI kg'; 13.3 min. 358. 3.73 x 10°) 16.4%. 83.6 min. 10 (a) 2.2 x 10°; (b) 3.3 x 10°); (¢) 4.2 x 104 Wiig. 12 94.8°C. 13.2880 Jkg-! K-! 14 4200)kg1K"'. 15 (a) 0.015 kg; (b) 0.012 m’. 16 (a) 2.76 x 10°; (b) 6 x 10-*Ks* waNnause‘Answers to questions 799 OO 18 0. 19 0.935. 20 Increases by a factor of 2. Chapter 3.3 12411. 16.0 atm. 0.33 L. By a factor of 8. 1.46 x 10° Pa. 87.98. 10.1 min. See Figure A36. eNauson Figure A36. 9 (a) AtB, 1200 K; at C, 600 K; at D, 150 k; (b) AtB. 10 10 atm. 11 €@) 1.0 x 10? Pa; (b) 1.2 x 10”; (9 7.3x 107m. 12 56 g; 0.045 m’. 13 (a) 7.24 x10; (b) 8.38 x 10"; (0) 3585 K. 14 (a) 1.74 atm; (b) 15.35 mol 151.04 x 10° Pa, 16 (a) 0.030; (b) 1.81 x 10”; (©) 0.87 g. 17 (a) 22.39 L; (b) 0.179 kgm; (©) 1.43 kgm, 18 (a) Helium: 3.72 x 10° m’; water: 2.99 x 10°" m?; uranium: 2.11 x 10-% m?; (b) 3.34 x 10°? m; 3.10 x 10°” m; 2.77 x 10" m. 19 1.35 kgm”. Chapter 3.4 1 380) 2 (a) 6500 J removed from the gas; (b) less than 6500 J. > Eee ar gasX positive zero 2er0 asY zero positive asZ posi posit positive 7 (a) 2.40 X 10° J; (b) 900 K; (c) 6.00 x 10°} supplied. 9 (a) Work is done on the gas; (b) thermal energy is taken out of the gas. 10 Gas X. 11 Gas ¥. 13 (a) Ts = 3200 K, Te = 1600 K, To = 400 K; (b) Quo= 300 Kj (supplied), Qyc = ~120 KI (removed), Qeo = -50 KJ (removed), Qa = 30 kJ (supplied) 4 Oscillations and waves Chapter 4.1 8 (a) 5.0 mm; (b) ~3.7 mm; (0) 0.99 5; (@) £4.0 mm. 9 (a) 8.0 cos(28 x0); (b) y=-4.7 cm, v .6 x 10? ms 10 v=14mst;a= 4.2 x 10'ms? 11 (a) 520 Hz; (©) 6.0 mm; (d) 1.0 m; (@) 4.2 mm. 12. A, right and long; B, right and shorter; C, zero; D, left and shortest. 13 (a) a= 1.0 x 10* ms®, (b) v= 21 ms; (©) F= 2.5 x ION. 14 (a) 0.51 cm; (b) twice the amplitude; (©) -0.26 sin(5 0. 15 See Figure A38. 7 mst,16 (b) 1.6 5; (0) v= 0.40 ms; (@) F=0.24 N; (e) E= 0.012). 17 (a) 9.94 mm; (b) 2.35 N. 18 (a) 70 kg; (b) 7.1 m. 19 (a) mass = (+) 3 (b) force = GMm (4) period = 2m = ; (e) 85 minutes; (f) same. mL 20 () 2x 24 (a) A = 0.360 m, f= 1.08 Hz, T= 0.924 s; (b) 5.39 J; (©) 4.74 J, 0.650 J, 25 (a) 0.57 s. 26 (a) 27.0 m; (b) 34.2 ms®; (c) 3.28 5; (d) 17.7 m. 29 (a) Yes, the ratio is 0.61; (b) 37%. Be (b) x = (4x? PP Lk ~ 4?mP, Chapter 4.2 3 (a) 1.29 m; (b) 1.32 x 10-7 m. 5 25.3ms'. 6 (aba ) the same. 7 lav ib) T=15 f = 0.667 Hz; (c) & 5m; 12 cm. 8 (a) A = 0.66 m; (b) 2.98 m. 9 3.16ms". 11 d= 2400 m; 4 = 0.050 m; number of waves = 30. 12 From left to right: down, down, up. 13 From left to right: up, up, down, 14 See Figure A39. 15 7 1 10 " 16 See Figure A40. -II | | Il Figure A40. Chapter 4.3 (a) 0.6 cm; (b) 4.0 m; () 5.0 ms” (d) 1.25 Hz; (e) no. TTT (a) 850 Hz; (b) (i) 0.30 m, (i) 0.10 m; (©) (i) 0.10 ms, (i) 0.69 ms. See Figure A42, Figure A42. See Figure A43 Figure A43, See Figure A44 (opposite page) See Figure A45 (opposite page). (a) 22.9; (b) 1.89 108 ms"; (2) 43x 107 m (@) 1.0 x 10° 5;(b) 6 x 10°. 1.06 cm. See Figure A46 (opposite page). 130° See Figure A47 (opposite page).Answers to questions 801 rr t= 10s tess 1 See Figure 4.2 on page 239. 2 See Figure 4.1 on page 238. 3 Reflection and diffraction of sound. Absence of these for light. By using a mirror at the corner. 480m. 5 400 m. 6 0.83 m. 7 (a) The path difference is two wavelengths, so the observer hears a loud sound because of constructive interference. (b) The path difference is one and a half wavelengths, so sem [i 1215 ms dom dem | Wem 26m, t=3ms 12em iL sem Figure 447. the observer hears no sound because of destructive interference. 8 See Figure 4.10 on page 241. Chapter 4.5 1 The car receives a higher frequency because it is approaching. The car now acts as a source.802 Answers to questions ee ee Since the source is approaching, the (©) See Figure A50. frequency received will be even higher. 2 Itis approaching. 4570 Hz. rs 5 440 Hz. si 6 490 Hz. pats 7 iB 860 9 850. 10 489.3 t0 511.2 Hz. 840 13 (©) () v= 0.36 ms". 830. 14 43.8 GHz. fe 15 (a) Single frequency, first higher then lower Rig than 500 Hz a (b) Above 500 Hz to above 1000 Hz, ‘ 1 2 3 ’ followed by below 500 Hz to below 1000 Hz. | Figure ASO. (©) From 20 kHz to below 20 kHz, followed by above 20 kHz to 20 kHz. : 16 (b) 3.69 x 107 ms" and 7.99 x 10° ms". 17 (a) See Figure A48. 18 (a) 32 ms"; (b) (i) 0.64 m, ; 19 (b) 9.3 x 10° ms" imegsity Chapter 4.6 7 354 Hz. 8 0.500. 9 548 Hz. 10 (a) 225 Hz; (b) 1.47 m, | 12 0.81 m; 1.35 m. | 13 a) 321 ms!) 14cm, 14 (a) 2.75 m;(b) n= 5 and 15 (a) 0.12 kHz; (b) 12m. time Figure A48, 16 (b) v=0.18 ms" 18 (b) 8.0 m; (0) m, y= 5.0 costaSant + 1) = -5.0 cos(45n0) (b) See Figure A49. v_ 330 19 The frequency is f = f= 7 = 194 Hz. Siz The maximum kinetic energy is ) 880 1 Enux = SMA‘? f? = 5.7 x10 J. 870 2 a 20 (a) = 4.0 m; (0) yo = A cost2aft + x) = -2.0 cos(60xt, 850 (ii) ye =A cos(2z ft) = 2.0 cost60x0; 4.0 x10" 840 = 1 3.33 x 103 O48 MS 830 x10 2010" = 024ms; ma rs 8.33 x 10 0 1 2 3 4 © (CVG) P Vinax = 0.75 m s"', Figure A49. (i) Q Vnne = 0.38 m st.‘Answers to questions 803 Se — Chapter 4.7 138.9 2 5.0 cm. 3 (a) 1.556; (b) 13 maxima. See Figure A51 4 1.746 cm; microwave. Chapter 4.8 1 No; can resolve 3.6 cm. 2-115 km. 3 (a) 1.5 x 10~* rad; (b) 58 km. 4 (a) 3.4 x 10° rad; (b) cannot resolve, as 3.4 x 10° > 4.1 « 10° rad. 5 3.3 x 10 < 0.088 rad, so seen as extended object. 6 2.5 x 10" m. 7 (a) 2.8 x 10° rad. Chapter 4.9 4 (b) 82%, 6h 74 8 128 additional polarizers. 10 45° 11 21% 12 (b) Yes, 4; (c) no light transmitted. 13 (b) 54.5%; (c) 355°. 14 (a) 53.1°; (b) 36.9". 5 Electricity and magnetism Chapter 5.1 BS -2¢. 4 (a) 29 N; (b) 7.2N. 5 90 Ntto the right. 6 (a) 3.22 cm from the left charge; (b) unstable, 7 73.N at 225° to the horizontal 8 29.9 N north-east. 9 (a) 8.0 x 10”? C; (b) 5.0 x 10" electronic charges. 11 (a) 2 x 10; (b) 10°” N. (¢) One assumption is that the body consists entirely of water, but a more significant assumption is the use of Coulomb's law for bodies which are fairly close to each other and are not point charges. (d) The net charge of a person is zero because of the protons that have been neglected in this estimate. This leads to zero force. Chapter 5.2 4 (a) 8.0 x 10°" N; (b) 8.0 x 10°" N; (©) 8.0 x 10°" N; (d) 4.8 x 10-7 J. 1.60 x 10-7” N left; 1.76 x 10 ms 6.0NC* 3.84 x 10° NC to the right. 5.77 x 10° NC at 3.2° below the horizontal. (@) 500 J; (b) 1000 |}; (€) 500 J (a) 5.93 x 10° ms°!; (b) 1.38 x 10° ms“! 11 170 N C~' at 137.4° to the horizontal for each. 12 (a) Zero; (b) zero; (c) 1.60 x 10° NC'; (@) 9.0.x 10° NC 13 (a) Positive; (b) E ="; (d) period is the same. 14 (a) E =0. (b) The net force takes the particle back towards its equilibrium position. (©) In general no, but if the displacement is very. small, then they are approximately SHM. {d) No oscillations will take place. 16kQq 15 (a) F=-— Seevea {c) There will be SHM oscillations with _ amplitude A and period T = 3/2 Chapter 5.3 2 (a) 2.55 x 10° V; (b) E =0. (a) #25; ) zero. =15 KV. 3.6 x 10” J. 1.44 x 107 J 5.93 x 10° ms Nouse8 (a) 11.8 Nat 75.4° below the horizontal; (b) 5.1 x 10° (© 5.1.x 10" 9 (a) 3.875 x 10-"" m; (b) zero; (1.24 x 10 Nm. 10 (a) 0.8 uC (small sphere) and 1.2 uC; (b) 6.37 x 10° C m= (small sphere) and 4.24 «10° Cm (©) 7.2.x 10° NC (small sphere) and 4.8 x 10° NC". 12 (a) 0.30 x 10” J; (b) 0.30 x 10” J; (©) =0.60 x 107 J. 13 (a) -7.19 V; (b) =1.6 x 10°" C. 14 (@) Gaggia vertically down; (b) 2% horizontally to the left. ada 15 225 up. 16 (d) 17 Wa #2 =14x 10°), Chapter 5.4 5 Decreases by a factor of 4. 6 5.9 x 10" m*. 7 43x10%m 8B (a) 3.6 x 10* C; (b) 2.2 x 10” electrons. 9 (a) Yes. 10 14V. 11 No. 229. 13 14.72. 14 402 15 (a) 8 V for the 4@ resistor and 12 V for the 62 resistor; (b) 16 V; 16 V; 4 V. 16 (a) See Figure A52. (b) 8.5.V Rv 35V Figure A52. 17 (a) 0.27 A; (b) 0.136 A, (c) 15 W. 18 (a) 403.32, (b) 57 cm. 19 (a) 0.1 Wh; (b) 3.6 x 10° J 20 Cost is the same. Chapter 5.5 1 2.79; 1249; 1.02. 2 38.752. 3 409. 4 0.01 2, 1002. 5 R/4. 6 See Figure A53, 28V 138A Figure AS3. 7 202. 8 The same. 9 (a) 5.45 Aand 2.27 A; (b) 1.7 kWh. 10 See Figure A54. 008A 008A 0.04.4 0.04. 0.08.4. a ms 004A power =096W Figure AS4. 11 (a) 9.09 A; (b) 24.22; (0) 315 5; (d) $0.01 12 (a) 0.14 A and 0.17 A; (b) Costs more at 220 V by a factor of 4, 13 No, 14 No. 15 (a) 30k; (b) 0.20 mA.16 The power in the lamp will increase by a factor of 2.4. 17 (a) 4.4 kW; (b) 19 min. 18 6.48 V. 19 18.5 W; 14.8 W. 20 293. 21 (a) 4 V; (b) 40 mA; (c) 6 V, 30 mA. 22 5.0A 23 (a) 15.94 W; (b) 598 J 24 (a) Aand B are the same, C is brighter by a factor of 4; (b) the same; (c) A goes out, C stays the same. 25 (a) 0.5 V (3 kA), 1.0 V;(b) 0.25 V. 26 See Figure A55. | stope=-r vertical intercept = emf Figure ASS. 27 R(1 +3). 28 6.0A. 29 (a) Same; (b) 16 times as bright. 30 2.0.2. 31 (a) P; (b) 2P; (c) 4; (d) 32 12V. 33 6.0. 34 (a) 1.2 9; (b) 12. 35 28. 36 (a) 16 V; (b) 3.25 @ 37 (a) 4.2 A; (b) 1.1A. 38 The brightness of A will decrease and that of B will increase. 39 (a) 40 9; (b) 5.5 V. 40 (a) 4.0 V; (b) 20 9; (c) 1.6 V; (d) 0.080 A. 41 (a) 2.00 V; (b) 2.06 V. pter 5.6 2 (a) B into page; (b) F into page; (c) B out of page; (d) force zero; e) force zero. 35.4 x 10 T into page. ‘Answers to questions 805 pa 4 P:3.75 x 10~* T out of page; Q: zero; R: 2.67 x 10~* T into page. (a) Force down; (b) force right (a) Into page; (b) zero; (c) force up. No. Out of page; out of page; left; left. 10 3.0 x 10-7 Nup. 11 (a) AB: F = 0.02 N into page; BC: F = CD: F = 0.02 N out of page; DA: F = 0; (b) net force = 0. 1227.1 m. 13 P: out of page; Q: into page. 14 (a) 8.0 cm from 2 A wire, in between wires; (b) 40.0 cm above 2 A wire. 15 (a) 0.012 T into page; (b) yes; (©) no. 16 (a) No; (b) yes, it will rotate counter- clockwise. 17 2.25N. 18 Will attract. 19 See Figure A56. wane Figure A56. 20 f= 3%. 21 (b) 2.71 cm; (c) 7.62 x 10° per second; (d) 7.5 x 10° ms“; (e) 0.098 m. 22 5.96 x 10°" s. 23 2.67uT up. 24 2.86 x 10°? T at 2.8" to the horizontal 25 28.28uN m”! at 225° with the positive 26 28 (a) B= (+ B= 2 (an - aia) 29 (d) 1.40 x 10" per second; (e) 3.84 x 10° J 30 0.05 Nm", left. 31 (a) Out of paper; (b) left. 32 (a) 1; (b) 4.Chapter 5.7 1 See Figure A57. emi 0 2 4 6 & 10 tims Figure A57. 2 See Figure A58. emiV oa 4 6 8 10 ee Figure AS8. 3 (a) See Figure A59. ‘flux Wo, 2 aT 4 0 4 8 12 time/s Figure A59. 4 Counter-clockwise. 5 (a) Clockwise, then zero, then counter. clockwise; (b) counter-clockwise, then zero, then clockwise. 6 (a) Counter-clockwise, then zero, then clockwise; (b) clockwise, then zero, then counter-clockwise. 7 (a) Force is upward; (b) force is upward 8 Right end is positive. 9 (a) Clockwise; (b) counterclockwise. 10 0.0592 V. 12 twill move to the right. ’ 13 Part A: (a) flux = BA cos6; (b) emf = BL vcos (6) counter-clockwise as we look down on the loop from above; (d) F = =“, hor to the right; (e) vy = oo Part B: the dependence of velocity on time is v= EE IT — expe sree 1]. As time gets large the velocity approaches the value found in (e). 14 (a) Clockwise, /= Bav/R where v is the speed of the loo} (b) acceleration = g ~ B%a*v/(mR). 15 (a) Points on the rim; (c) clockwise looking. the diagram. Chapter 5.8 1 (a) 88 V; 50 Hz; (b) 10.5 A. 2 (a) 23.4%; (b) 15%. 30.0825 T. 44.9% 10°V, 5 (a) 30%; (b) 1.2%. 7 (a) 2A; (b) 5 V; (©) 1/5; (d) see Figure A60. Pw 80 40 20 0 05 1 15 2 Figure A60. 8 (b) The graph for flux is the same as Figure 8.12 on page 366. (a) and (c) The em double the amplitude at the high speed the dependence on angle is otherwise: same. See Figure A61 (opposite page). that no numbers have been put on the: axis as we do not know the rate ofAnswers to questions 807 917.59 MeV. 10 8.9 x 10” yr. 1117.5 Mev. emt © angleiad | Chapter 6.4 | 1) 724 10" He | 2b) 0671 v, | 3 (b) 1.6 x 10°* A; (c) 0.20 eV; (d) 2.1 eV; (©) 3.2 10-A. Figure A61. 4 (b) 2.7 107 m 5 (b) 3.90 ev. 6 (a) 16 min. ‘ 7 (a) 5.0 x 10" Hz; (b) 2.08 eV; 6 Atomic and nuclear physics (©) 1.25 eV; (d) the graph is parallel to the original graph. 8 (a) 2.65 x 10-* m Chapter 6.1 9 (b) 1071 ms 1 (a) 2.29 x 10" kg m™; (b) 2.9 x 10" times 10 (b) V8 = 2.83; (¢) 7.6 x 10" m. larger; (€) 14.3 km. Wb 1=15 Wm; 6 0; 2; 20; 128, (0 =3.0 x 10 mr 7 2Ie, (@) There are fewer photons incident on the 12 &=4x 10% surface per second and so fewer electrons : are emitted. Chapter 6.2 (©) One assumption is that, at both 1 Plot d against wavelengths, the same percentage of 2 Plot In Fagainst x. photons incident on the surface cause 3.0.5 mg. emission of electrons. 48h. 5 tHe 7 3.6 x 10° (alpha to electron). Chapter 6.5 BIH fe+0, +4 2He. 3.11.5 eVor 1.3 eV. ONC fe B+ HN. 4 (b) (i) No excitation; (i) 4; (ii) 6 10 "Bi Seti, +%y +%Po, (b) 1.51 ev. 11 Pu fo + 28U. 12 3X 28et fat” 13 Na Ye+n+HNe. 5 6 (a) 9.14 x 10-* m; (b) 2.19 x 10° ms 7 (a) 2.03 x 10°" m; (b) 6.66 x 10°” m. 9 0 (a) 2 x 10° m; (b) 4 x 10° MeV. 15 2.88 MeV. The main difference between the two spectra is that, in Figure 5.10 (the observed Chapter 6.3 spectrum), the shortest wavelength is about 1 545.3 MeV; 8.79 MeV. 91 nm, and spectral lines are most closely 2 8.029 MeV; 12.37 MeV. spaced near this wavelength. In the ‘electron 30.783 MeV. in a box’ spectrum, the lowest wavelength 4 (a) 2.44 « 10°" m; (b) gamma ray. would be zero and spectral lines crowd near 5 3.65 MeV. this value. 6 (©) 179.4 MeV. 11 (b) 5.5 x 10" m. 7 (a) Seven electrons; (b) 207.8 MeV. 13 8 ~ 10 rad 8 183.8 MeV. | 15 (a) Top diagram; (b) bottom diagram.808 Answers to questions nee eee Chapter 6.6 1 6.6 10'ms"'. 2 See Figure A63. Figure A63. 3 (a) 3.0 x 10" NC“; (b) 0.083 m; (c) 0.091 m. 6 (a) 0.231 $5 (b) (i) 4.78 x 10° (ii) 3.79 x 10; (ii) 3.01 x 10" 7 (a) 0.5; (b) 0.875; (€) 0.5. 8 3.66 x 10" Bq. 9 1.10 x 10° Bq, 10 4.20 x 10" | 11 3.8 x 10? yr. 12 4.11 x 10” yr. 13 (b) About 7.2 min. 14 (a) 0.75; (b) 0.95; (©) 1.50. 18 (a) 1.5 x 10°" m; (b) 4000 N; (c) 230.4 N; (d) 1.86 x 10-% N; (e) 1.24 x 10% | 20 (a) Ra > *3pRa + $y; (b) 1.83 x 10-"'m, 7 Energy, power and climate change Chapter 7.1 3 (b) 7.4 x 10? J kg 4 (a) (i) 5 x 10° J; (i) 140 kWh; (ii) 0.140 MWh. (b) 1.6 x 10"), 5 (a) 2.5%. 6 (a) 1.0 x 10° W; (b) 2.4 x 10? W; (©) 1.2 x 10° kgs. 7 6.3 km. 8 7.2 x 10° kg day? 10 (a) 185 MeV or 2.96 x 10" J; (b) 6.77 x 10s". 11 (a) 8.20 x 10"? | kg; (b) 2.7 x 10° kg. 12 (a) 3.9 x 10" 5; (b) 1.5 x 10 kgs. 17 (a) 12m’. 18 6.5 m’, 19 3.6h. 20 (a) 339 K; (b) 800 W; (c) 0.40. 21 3.6 x 10") 22 (a) Increases by a factor of 4. (b) Increases by a factor of 8. (©) Increases by a factor of 32. 24 2.0 kW. 25 4.3m. 26 2.0 x 10° W. 29 (b) 5.9 x 10 W; (¢) 1.7 m. 32 (a) 14 kg; (b) 31°C; (c) 4.3 x 10°) KY; (©) 7.5 x 104 Ks; () 3.9 hrs, Chapter 7.2 1018. 2 0.6. ) 3 278K. 4 1 @ Tx) 14k, Va « 2.4 W m2. (a) (4.5 + 0.1) x 10°K. (b) Similar curve that is overall higher with peak shifted to the left. 2 9 (b) 0.29; (c) 250 W mr; (d) 258 K. 10 (a) 172 h; (b) 4.5 x 10 J K+; (0) 4 x 1075 (a bit more than a year). TH) Toeous © 263 K; Twas © 217 K. N 12 a) o( s (iG -aF w(* =); 13 (b) 10. 20 (a) 0.27. 23 Approximately 2 K increase in temperature. 29 (a) 3.3 x 10" J; (b) no. 30 0.9 m. 31.2 x 10 km’, T*, giving t= 0.63, 8 Digital technology Chapter 8.1 1 (a) 11; (b) 1010; (c) 10010; (d) 11111 2 (a) 6; (b) 12; (c) 5; (d) 30.‘Answers to questions 809 ee eee 4 The completed table is as follows: (0) See Figure A66, = 7 eS signal oa 2 010 4 02 4 100 12 03 6 110 | 10) 04 5 it 8 os, 7 1 er 6 06 a ates) chee 4 07 6 110 age 3 os 4 100 OF elukicd 3 SUIS Cd) sons 09 2 010 Figure A66. 10 ° ‘000 For the final part, join up the diagrams in the 6 Approximately 7 km (ignoring the hole at the last column in one long chain, to give the centre). complete digital signal; see Figure A64. 7 42 Mbytes Figure A64. 8 847 Mbytes. s@ 9 (©) 170.1nm | 10 (@) 1.0 x 10 ems"; (b) 1.21 cm 11 (a) 487 nm; (b) 122 nm a) es Chapter 8.2 1001 9 | 1 290 wc. 0010 cl 2 | 220A ‘0000 eae 0 3 (a) 2.0 x 10°; (b) 5 bits; (¢) 6.7 x 10% ‘0010 2 434x107"). stonah a 7 5 3.5 um. in10 pany a ia . im pel 15 | 16 No. 2 < (b) See Figure A65. 147 (a) 9.6 x 10! mr? s*; (b) 6.2 x 10" mr810 Answers to questions 18 (a) 3.6 ms. 4x 1.6 x 10-” kg = 6 x 107” kg. The: 19 79 pV. of helium nucleus is 1.2 x 10°") x 4! m 21:14x 10°. the volume is about 42 (1.2 x 107% x 4") m? i A: wave 4x 1.5 <4 x 10"° m! = 2 Option si ight and e the density of the nucleus is Bas phenomena = 3x 107 kgm”. . 43x10°m. Option A1 6 1000. 10 (a) 1.1 x 10% mm; (b) 6 = 4.6 x 10° rad; 8 Jupiter. (c) 6 =4.5 x 10% rad. 10 1.5 10"'m. 12 See Figure A1.7 on page 476. 11. 90m. 14 (a) Blue; (b) red. | 14 29.7kms™ 16 (a) Green; (b) blue. 15 1.9 x 10” kg. 17 Blue. 16 250 km s~'; 2.48 x 10" kg (mass enclosed 18 Yellow and cyan. within a radius of 28 000 ly). q 19 (a) White; (b) black. Option E2 Options A2-A6 heli OHIOH Marta ‘See questions and answers in cross-referenced 2a 19a Win aaee 3 26x 10'ly 4 (a) 256 times; (b) 1/16. - , 5 30. Option B: Quantum physics | 6 @) 260) 15 | Ry d, Options B1 and B2 | 7@) ash) Z=071 See questions and answers in cross-referenced teens chapters. 9 i iai 18 2.34 x 10” kg and 2.80 x 10° kg. Option ¢ Di gital technology 19 (a) 3.37 x 10" m; (b) 2.95 x 10” kg; Options c1-c4 (c) 1.70 x 10” kg; 1.25 x 10” kg. See questions and answers in cross-referenced 3 a ee ks ee Ses (©) See Figure A67. ; ne F fit gro —a Option D: Relativity and particle physics Options 01-D5 See questions and answers in cross-referenced chapters. ‘third diagram Option E: Astrophysics by wocatn Option £1 3 Do an order-of-magnitude calculation without calculator: mass of a helium nucleus Figure A67.24 14, 26 (a) T = 7250 K; (b) about 5 to 8 times that of the sun (by looking at the HR diagram). mn EZ 3.51 pe 0.30 areseconds. (a) 149.3 pe; (b) 257 solar radii. The distance to the star is 40 pc. Hence the star appears dimmer than a magnitude 0.8; its apparent magnitude is thus greater than 0.8. (a) 4 pc. 6.3 times. 9 Capella by a factor of 2.75. 10 (a) Star A; (b) star A because it appears brighter even though itis further away. 11 (a) They both have the same luminosity; (b) star B appears brighter because it is closer. 13 6.3 x 10° ly (used a luminosity of 1000 solar luminosities). 14 2.37 x 10° Wm-?; 2.57. 15 (a) 1.0 x 10 Wm; (b) 0.38. 16 1.8 x 10° ly (used a luminosity of 3500 solar luminosities) 17 (a) 263 pc; (b) 4.13; (c) 17 pe. Op' ause Option £4 2 About 6. 3 Expansion of the universe; helium abundance; cosmic background radiation 4 (a) Evidence for the Big Bang; (b) the same. 5 (a) Will approach absolute zero; (b) will reach minimum and then begin to increase. 6 All of space was a point at the time of the Big Bang. 8 Open méans that the universe is expanding forever. Closed means that it will recollapse. The surface of a sphere is finite but has no boundary. The surface of a sheet of paper is finite and has a boundary. 10 The galaxies are not moving into empty space. Space is being created in between them. 14 Just above 4000 K. 15 (b) Same black-body spectrum curve with a peak that is shifted to the right (longer wavelengths) ‘Answers to questions 811 cr Option E5 2.1.37 x 10” kg. 3 (a) 6.28 x 10’ ms; (b) 21%, 4 The 1 solar mass star. The heavier the star, the faster evolution proceeds. 6 Elements heavier than iron cannot be produced in the core. 8 Most O type stars would have evolved past the supernova stage. 9 No. Elements crucial for life would not have been produced. 11 (a) 7.36 MeV; (b) 7.92 MeV. 12 Larger nuclear charge leads to larger repulsion. 17 2.2 x 10K, 18 3.4. 26 (a) 2 x 10 yr. (b) Implies quasar active life must be very short Option E6 5 6.94 Mpc. 7 (a) 1.2 x 10° ms~*; 16.53 Mpc; (b) 1.5 x 107 ms“; 208.3 Mpc; (0) 2.2 x 107 ms"'; 308 Mpc; (d) 3.9 x 107 ms-; 541.7 Mpc; (©) 6.1 x 10” ms"'; 847.2 Mpc. 8 (a) 4167 Mpc; (b) they are unobservable. (©) No, this speed is due to the expanding space between the galaxies. It cannot be used to send a signal 9 (a) 0.178; (b) 5.33 x 107 ms; (©) 741 Mpe. 10 1.96 billion years. 13 (c) R= Roexpic(t— 6)1- 19-7 x 10- kgm” 20 Small time means small @. The replacement by hyperbolic functions means that the scale factor increases forever. The parameter k is related to the curvature of space Option F: Communications Option F1 1 (a) 1000 Hz; (b) 1050 Hz; (c) 5000 Hz 4 (a) 3995 kHz, 4000 kHz and 4005 kHz.812 Answers to questions (b) See Figure A68. anplinde 3995 4000 4005 yin Figure 68. 6 See Figure A69, amplide * ptt frequency/Hz Figure A69, 7 9.0 kHz. 8 (a) 6 kHz; (b) 19.8 kHz, 19.8 kHz, 40 kHz. 10 (a) 120 kHz; (b) 10 kHz; (c) 0.6 mV. 14 (a) About 20. 15 (a) 10 kHz; (b) 1 kHz; (c) B= 5; (@) bandwidth ~ 12 kHz. 16 (a) 6.25; (b) 174 kHz. Option F2 1 (a) 111; (b) 10011; (<) 1000011. 2 (a) 9; (b) 29; (c) 21 3 (a) 5; (b) 6; (0) 7. au 5 32. 6 0.625 mv. 12 (c) (i) See Figure A70. vv 60 | 50, . . 40 30 20 10 so 0 4 8 Figure A70. (ii) It is impossible to reconstruct the si 14 See Figure A71. Figure A71. 15 001 100 001 111 100 101 100. 16 The completed table is as follows: For the final part, join up the diagrams in the last column in one long chain, to give the complete digital signal; see Figure A72. Figure A72.Answers to questions 813 sw 17 (a) ait 15, 1001 oot ‘0001 101 5 1010) 10 1100) 2 1101 3 19 (a) 40 kbit s"; (b) 25 ps. 20 (a) 1.41 Mbit s*; (b) 0.709 ps. 21 0.25 ms. 26 (a) 125~16 = 109s; (b) 6 more; (c) decrease. Option F3 1.2.07 x 10°ms" 767°. Larger than 1.74 ‘Smaller than 29.1°. (a) 1.97 x 10° ms"; (b) 40.5 ps and 40.9 ps. al 4 5 9 (b) See Figure A73. 16 10 dB. I lie Figure A73. (0) See Figure A74, Wik! signal 18 -1.58 dB. 19 (98.7 x 107 dB km. on 20 0.13 km 2 21 20. 10 221.0. 8 23 21 dB. 6 24 45.W. 4 2 Option F4 ge Tepe ime 5 (a) 6.0.dB km; (b) 30 dB; Figure A74. (©) 0.6 nw. i km; neeeiratenss | 10 (a) (0-42 000 km, (i) 6800 km; ‘ (7 x10 as 11 (a) 24°; (b) 2700 km; (c) 13 min. 5 | mn FS ; J 1 @)15.V;(b) 12. V0) -8.0V; | (d) -15V. 3 2 (b) -90nV to +90pV. f 3 200. 5 (a) Ry = 0 and R= co; (b) G= 1; (©) see next 1 problem. 6 (a) 3.0 V; (b) 2.0 V; (©) 3.0V. Of tine TT MN pananal Figure A75. taf NOISES (a) 0 V; (b) 16 nA; (c) -8.0 mV. (a) 3.0 V; (b) decrease by 9.0 V.814 Answers to questions 12 (a) -8.0 V; (b) see Figure A76. vv 80 ° time Option Fé 3 44nWm?. 6 (a) 64 kbit 7 About 20. Option G: Electromagnetic waves Option G1 1 (a) 50s. 23.14 x10"'ms. 3 Red: 53.99°, deviation = 23.99°; blue: 54.63°, deviation = 24.63 10 (a) 0.30 W m=; (b) 640 W m=, 11 (b) 1.27 x 10 rad; (€) 650 m. Option G2 6 6.0m, 8 (a) v= 20 cm; hl = 2 cm; (b) image is at infinity; (C) v= —10 em; = 4-cm. 9 v= 8.0 cm, real, inverted, image height 7.5m. 10 v= ~24 cm, virtual, upright, image height 16 cm. 12 (b) 10.1-cm + 0.3 cm. 14 (a) v= 60 cm, real, inverted, 3 times larger. 15 (a) 430 cm and 70 cm. (b) The distance 430 cm results in the larger image. 16 3.75 cm from right lens. 17 (a) 2 cm to the left of Ls; (b) —1.2; (6) inverted. 18 (a) 18.4 cm to the left of La; b) 0.55; (©) upright. 19 2.8 x 10° times more. 20 (a) 7.14 cm; (b) 10 em; (c) 0.160 rad. 22 0.02 mm. Option G3 Option Ga op 23-125. 24 (b) 18.5 cm, 25 (a) 4; (b) 0.104 rad. 26 (a) 22.3; (b) 70 cm, 27 22m. 113. 20.33 m. 3 85mm. 8 (a) 3.86 mm in air; (b) 2.91 mm in water, 9 105 m. 10 (a) 13.4 km; (b) 714 km, WW d=2.92A 12 See Figure A77. 15-30" Figure A77, 25" 0 13 32. 15 (a) 4.14 x 10-7 m; 4.25 x 10°? m; (b) 0.462%. 16 (a) 0.0°; 13.89°; 28.69°; 46.05°; 73.74". (b) n= 4. 1 (b) 1.85 x 10"" m. 2 (b) 1.0 x 10° ms"; (c) 7.2 x 10" Hz. 4 (a) 3.1 x 10" m; (b) 796 W. 7 4.1° and 8.2°. B 2.80 x 10m, 9 (a) 25.4%; (b) 1.1 x 107m. 10 dJ2 . 2dv5 Mn w-F n GS 0.123 wm. 103.4 nm. The separation will increase. 6 x 10° rad. aunAnswers to questions 815 ee ee Option H: Special and general telativity Option H1 BAK= 59 m; (©) x= 2.65 m, 6 Assuming the coil is at rest and the magnet moving gives exactly identical results. 10 (a) Both open 9 s later; (b) the rear door will open firs. Option H2 1 (a) 11.5 min; (b) 11,5 min. 2 (a) 1.6 x 10” 5; (b) 45.6 m. 3 (a) 50.3 yr; (b) 5.0 yr older. 4 3.205, 5 (a) 3 yr: (b) 6 yr; (0) 3 ly. 6 320.3 m. 7 (a) 8.0 years; (b) 6.0 years; (c) 72 years; (d) 48 years. B (a) 0.359¢; (b) 28 m; (c) 30m. 9 Q's clock is slow. 10 (a) 8.42 x 10° 5; (b) 3.67 x 10° s. 11 (a) 0.385¢; (b) -0.385c. 12 (a) 0.946¢; (b) -0.946¢ 13 0.915¢ 14 0.172¢ Option H3 1 939.4 MeV. 2 0.995¢ 3 0.738c. 4 (a) 1.31 MeV; (b) 0.921c. 5 1600 MeV. 6 13.9.GV. 7 It increases. B (a) 7202 x 10°°s; (b) 2.19 x 10°*s. 928x10'ms! 10 (a) 2h; (b) 6h; (C) 6h. ‘1 3h. ion H4 1 (a) 0.511 MeV; (b) (i) 1.88 x 10" ms~'; (ii) 0.999 999 87. 2 0.9959 34595 MeV". 41.17 Mev. 5 3.66 x 10°" kgms'. 6 124.9 MeV. 7 1.78 x 10-* kg, 8 (a) 0.999.999 999 987¢ ; (b) 0.999 956c. 9 0.979. 10 2412 MV. 11-5711 MeV. 12 (a) 0.079 MeV; (b) 0.66 MeV; (c) 3.11 MeV. 13 (a) 5.0 GeV; (b) 0.987c. 14 (b) 835; (€) 1.37; (¢) 1 15 (a) 0.628c; (b) 558.5 MeV. 16 (c) 2.5 MeV. 17 (©) 4.2 10°? m. 18 0.122 MeV; 0.59¢. 199. 20 10 kg, 21 (a) p= yn; (b) E = yc’. Option H5 2 In the direction of acceleration. 3. Bends toward the right. 6 (a) Yes; (b) yes. 7 3.27 He. 8 2.33 x 10° Hz. 9 (a) 500 nm; (b) 1.25 5; (c) 1.25 ms. 10 The acceleration there is larger and so by the equivalence principle it finds itself in a larger gravitational field 112.05 x 10” kg m=? 12 2.96 x 10 m. 1 z 21 A distance of r = +R, from the centre. 24 (b) 7.4 x 10° m; (d) 1.33 x 107° s; (e) 2.3 x 10" Hz. 2GM_, 167GM' 7 25 (a) =; (b) = (a) entropy. 26 (a) Ray turns around and falls into the black hole. (b) Ray bends towards the observer. Option |: Biomedical physics Option 11 1 3.14 x 10? W. 2 79.77 dB. 3 74B.816 Answers to questions 4316. 510, 6 3.16 x 10° W2, 71.58 x 10° W>, Option 12 1 (a) 4mm and 6 mm; (b) the one with HVT = 6 mm has the larger energy. 2 (a) 0.139 mm”; (b) 11.5 mm. 3 126mm. 40.794. 5 1.40. 6 (a) 112 kW (b) 0.396 kW m 7 5350 cm’ 8 0.31 mm, Option 13 1140). 2 467). 3 (a) 10 Gy of alpha particles; (b) they do the same damage. 4 166. 5 (a) 0.4 mGy; (b) 0.3 mj; (©) 3.75 x 10”. 6 15 mSv (assuming a constant activity in the 30 min interval — justified since 30 min is short compared with the half-life). 7 2.8 msv. 8 (a) 1.07 x 10° Wm; (b) 2.4 x 10° J; (©) 2.47 wGy; (d) 2.47 wSv. Option J: Particle physics Option J1 6 (b) (i) See Figure A78. Figure A78. (ii) See Figure A79. o Y Figure A79. 7. See Figure A80. y, Figure A80. 8 (a) Q = 0; (b) violates momentum conservation; (c) see Figure A81. v Y Figure A8i. 9 fad sute +i; (b) see Figure A82. Figure A82. 10 (a)u>d+er +y, ;(b) Wt; (© positron and electron neutrino. 11 (a) See Figure A83.(b) See Figure A84. 12 W- > u+d(~ hadrons); Woe +i Wo > Wt Bp. 13 (a) See Figure A87. ‘Answers to questions 817 (b) See Figure ABs. (0) See Figure A89. Figure A89. 14 For example Z—> & +e ZowtuiZorte 21 (c) The order of magnitude is 100 MeV c®, Option 2 1 (b) Total of 350 GeV. 3 (a) 2.5 x 10°” m; (b) (i) yes, (ii) no. 4 Protons, because they have a de Broglie wavelength comparable to the nuclear diameter. 12.417 13 (a) 1.8 x 10” Hz; (b) 2.75 MeV; (c) 79. 16 108 km. 17 (a) 4.5 m; (b) 7.5 x 10° s; (c) 1.3 x 10° Hz; (d) 2.7 x 10°. 18 (b) 3.4 T. 22:1.3 x 10" m. 23 1233 MeV. 25 67.5 MeV. 26 1045 MeV.1818 Answers to questions Option j3 Tala (b) p = 004, Q, = 3 as. 5-1 6 (a) Violated; (b) conserved; (c) conserved; (@) violated 7 None. 9 (a) Q=0, S= 41; (0) no. 10 (a) Q=1,5 11 (a) Conserved; (b) conserved; (c) violated; (@) violated. 12 No. 14 @) Q=0,S=-1 15 (a) 5.28 x 10° Js. 16 (a) 0or1 21 (a) W; (b) same colour. 22 Colour changes to green; flavour stays the same. 23 X=us, Y=da,Z= 24 (a) See Figure A90. Photons Figure A90. (01.8 x 10m, 26 (a) m, = 312 MeVc#, my = 314 MeV c?; (b) 626 MeV c. 27 (a) ve j (b) vp 5 (C) ¥e3 (A) Be; (€) Be and v,. 28 (a) No; (b) no; (c) yes; (A) yes. 29 See Figure A91 30 (a) Electron lepton number. (b) Electron and muon lepton number. (©) Electric charge. (d) Baryon number. (e) Energy and muon lepton number. (0) Baryon number and electric charge. Option J4 4 (a) See Figure A92. (b) There are separate diagrams for each colour, and so the total amplitude is 34. Option J5 1 (a) The order of magnitude is 10 eV. (b) The temperature at which the average energy is about 10 eV is 8 x 10* K, and: collisions are unlikely to force electrons make transitions within atoms. The collisions are therefore elastic. 2 (a) 8 x 10*K. 3 (b) 9.7 x 107 m. 4 (a) 3.9 x 10 eV; (b) 13 x 10 eV, i.e. comparable, 6 (a) See Figure A93. UNS Figure A93. (b) 10° K. 9 (a) 540 GeV; (b) 4 x 10" K.