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Isomerism
Isomerism is the phenomenon whereby certain compounds, with the same
molecular formula, exist in different forms owing to their different organisations of
atoms. The concept of isomerism illustrates the fundamental importance of
molecular structure and shape in organic chemistry.
Saponification
Usually, a process by which triglycerides are reacted with sodium or potassium
hydroxide to produce glycerol and a fatty acid salt, called 'soap'. When sodium
hydroxide is used, a hard soap is produced. Using potassium hydroxide results in a
soft soap.
b.
Chlorobenzene
Cumene
3,3-dimethyl-l-butyne
1,2-dimethylcyclopentance
1-penten-3-yne
c. Name and draw the structural formula of the product formed
when propyne is hydrated
d. Name the structural formula of the product formed when
2.
a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons which is present in suitable rock strata and can be extracted
and refined to produce fuels including petrol, paraffin, and diesel oil; oil.
Here are some of the products of petroleum refining and their uses:
Gasoline - used to power automobiles, planes, boats, and many other forms of
transportation
Diesel Fuel - used for powering automobiles
Kerosene - used in lighting and cooking
Heating Oil - used to provide houses with necessary warmth
Lubricating oil - keeps machinery cool
Grease - necessary in automobile repair, train tracks, machinery upkeep, etc.
Tar - used in construction
c. What are the major problems of petroleum production.
4. With the aid of hydrocarbons phase envelope, discuss the following terms
i. Bubble point
The point at which the first few molecules leave the liquid and
form a small bubble of gas is called the bubble point.
iii. Cricondemtherm
The highest temperature on the saturation envelope is called the
cricondentherm – (point M on the phase envelope).
iv. Cricondenbar
The highest pressure on the saturation envelope is called the
cricondenbar – (point N on the phase envelope).
v. Critical point
The upper limit of the vapour pressure line is the critical point