Body of The Thesis

College for Research and Technology
of Cabanatuan
Beedle St. Padre Burgos, Cabanatuan City
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land
which is usually dry. The European Union (EU) Floods
Directive defines a flood as a covering by water of land not
normally covered by water. In the sense of "flowing water",
the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide.
Flooding may occur as an overflow of water from water
bodies, such as a river, lake, or ocean, in which the water
overtops or breaks levees, resulting in some of that water
escaping its usual boundaries, or it may occur due to an
accumulation of rainwater on saturated ground in an areal
flood. While the size of a lake or other body of water will
vary with seasonal changes in precipitation and snow melt,
these changes in size are unlikely to be considered
significant unless they flood property or drown domestic
animals.
Floods can also occur in rivers when the flow rate
exceeds the capacity of the river channel, particularly at
bends or meanders in the waterway. Floods often cause damage
DEVELOPMENT FALLACIES IN TERMS OF FLOOD
CONTROL IN SAN JUAN ACCFA 1

of Cabanatuan
to homes and businesses if they are in the natural flood
plains of rivers. While riverine flood damage can be
eliminated by moving away from rivers and other bodies of
water, people have traditionally lived and worked by rivers
because the land is usually flat and fertile and because
rivers provide easy travel and access to commerce and
industry.
In many countries around the world, waterways prone to
floods are often carefully managed. Defenses such as
detention basins, levees,[29] bunds, reservoirs, and weirs
are used to prevent waterways from overflowing their banks.
When these defenses fail, emergency measures such as
sandbags or portable inflatable tubes are often used to try
to stem flooding. Coastal flooding has been addressed in
portions of Europe and the Americas with coastal defenses,
such as sea walls, beach nourishment, and barrier islands.
In the riparian zone near rivers and streams, erosion
control measures can be taken to try to slow down or reverse
the natural forces that cause many waterways to meander over
long periods of time. Flood controls, such as dams, can be
built and maintained over time to try to reduce the

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occurrence and severity of floods as well. In the United
States, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers maintains a network
of such flood control dams.
In areas prone to urban flooding, one solution is the
repair and expansion of man-made sewer systems and
stormwater infrastructure. Another strategy is to reduce
impervious surfaces in streets, parking lots and buildings
through natural drainage channels, porous paving, and
wetlands (collectively known as green infrastructure or
sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS)). Areas identified
as flood-prone can be converted into parks and playgrounds
that can tolerate occasional flooding. Ordinances can be
adopted to require developers to retain stormwater on site
and require buildings to be elevated, protected by
floodwalls and levees, or designed to withstand temporary
inundation. Property owners can also invest in solutions
themselves, such as re-landscaping their property to take
the flow of water away from their building and installing
rain barrels, sump pumps, and check valves.
Statement of the Problem


of Cabanatuan
The main problem of the study is the Developmental
Fallacies in terms of Flood Control in San Juan Accfa,
Cabanatuan City
Flooding has many impacts. It damages property and endangers
the lives of humans and other species. Rapid water runoff
causes soil erosion and concomitant sediment deposition
elsewhere (such as further downstream or down a coast). The
spawning grounds for fish and other wildlife habitats can
become polluted or completely destroyed. Some prolonged high
floods can delay traffic in areas which lack elevated
roadways. Floods can interfere with drainage and economical
use of lands
Flood control refers to all methods used to reduce or
prevent the detrimental effects of flood waters. Flood
relief refers to methods used to reduce the effects of flood
waters or high water levels.
The research paradigm uses the dependent and independent
variables in which the independent variables of the study
are Developmental Fallacies in Terms of Flood Control in San
Juan Accfa, Cabanatuan City. , the problems encountered and

of Cabanatuan
the dependent variables is the Motor vehicle in the
Cabanatuan City its effectiveness to the traffic rules and
regulations
Objectives of the Study
Specific objectives
The following are the specific objectives of the study:
1. To describe the different developmental fallacies in
terms of flood control in San Juan Accfa , Cabanatuan City.
2. To assess the different problems exist in the flood
control program of the Barangay?
3. To suggest alternative solutions to further improve the
developmental fallacies in terms of flood control in San
Juan Accfa , Cabanatuan City.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLES
1. Developmental Effective Flood

Fallacies in Terms Control
of Flood Control in
San Juan Accfa,
Cabanatuan City.
2. The
DEVELOPMENT problems
FALLACIES IN TERMS OF FLOOD
encountered
of Cabanatuan
Figure 1
Paradigm of the study
Scope and Delimitation
This study is all about the determination of the
Developmental Fallacies in terms of Flood Control in San
Juan Accfa, Cabanatuan City. The respondents of the study


of Cabanatuan
were the barangay officials of San Juan Accfa andresidents
that will be selected through the use of simple random
sampling techniques. questionnaire will be the main tool in
obtaining the data needed in the study and will use
descriptive types of study .This study will be conducted
this second semester SY 2016-2017 at Cabanatuan City.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The following individuals benefit the present study:
The Community. The study is beneficial to the community so
that they may be knowledgeable regarding the eagerness of
the government regarding the flood control program in the
Barangay and they can extend help in order to the program to
become more effective
CRT Students. This study will help the students to be more
knowledgeable in the effort of the local officials and the
government to safeguard their lives as well as their
property in times of calamity .
Barangay Official of San Juan Accfa. The study will give
them opportunity to give their side and programs to the


of Cabanatuan
community so that the community will be aware on the
possible help and assistance that they need in case of
flood.
Definition of Terms
To understand and clarify the terms used in the study, the
following are hereby defined:
Capability . as used in the study it refers to the
capacity of the municipality to respond in times of crisis
like floods in the area.
Disaster the term refers to the serious disruption
of the functioning of a community or a society
involving widespread human, material, economic or
environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability
of the affected community or society to cope using its own
resources.
Disaster Preparedness it refers to the knowledge
and capacities developed by governments, professional
response and recovery organizations, communities and
individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, and
recover from, the impacts of likely, imminent or current
hazard events or conditions.


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Disaster Response. The term refers to the capability of
the municipality to apply actions to save lives and property
in times of disaster.
Disaster Response Mechanism. The term refers to the
systematic actions given to the community in times of
disaster
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management - the term
refers to the systematic process of using administrative
directives, organizations, and operational skills and
capacities to implement strategies, policies and
improved coping capacities in order to lessen the
adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of
floods.
Mechanism. The term refers to the one by one actions to
be implemented in times of disaster , this will include the
use of other resources of the government and agencies to
respond the crisis
Planning. The term refers to the action to be
undertaken by the municipality of Sta Rosa in times of
crisis or disaster, this can be in the form in paper or
event that should be followed.

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Profile. The term refers to the distinctive
characteristics of the respondents like their ages , gender
and others that the researchers thought had an advantages to
the study.
Risk. it refers to the combination of the
probability of an event and its negative consequences.
Risk Management it refers to the systematic approach
and practice of managing uncertainty to minimize
potential harm and loss.
Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature and Studies
This chapter presents the review of related literature
and studies made by the foreign and local writer in which
the researchers believes has bearing in the problem under
study.
Foreign Literature

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An elaborate system of flood way defenses can be found
in the Canadian province of Manitoba. The Red River flows
northward from the United States, passing through the city
of Winnipeg (where it meets the Assiniboine River) and into
Lake Winnipeg. As is the case with all north-flowing rivers
in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, snow melt
in southern sections may cause river levels to rise before
northern sections have had a chance to completely thaw. This
can lead to devastating flooding, as occurred in Winnipeg
during the spring of 1950.
To protect the city from future floods, the Manitoba
government undertook the construction of a massive system of
diversions, dikes, and flood ways (including the Red River
Flood way and the Portage Diversion). The system kept
Winnipeg safe during the 1997 flood which devastated many
communities upriver from Winnipeg, including Grand Forks,
North Dakota and Ste. Agathe, Manitoba.
In the United States, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
is the lead flood control agency.[7] After Hurricane Sandy,
New York City's Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA)

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initiated multiple flood barrier projects to protect the
transit assets in Manhattan. In one case, the MTA's New York
City Transit Authority (NYCT) sealed subway entrances in
lower Manhattan using a deployable fabric cover system
called Flex-Gatea system that protects the subway entrances
against 14 feet (4.3 m) of water Extreme storm flood
protection levels have been revised based on new Federal
Emergency Management Agency guidelines for 100-year and 500-
year design flood elevations.
In the New Orleans Metropolitan Area, 35 percent of
which sits below sea level, is protected by hundreds of
miles of levees and flood gates. This system failed
catastrophically, with numerous breaks, during Hurricane
Katrina (2005) in the city proper and in eastern sections of
the Metro Area, resulting in the inundation of approximately
50 percent of the metropolitan area, ranging from a few
inches to twenty feet in coastal communities.
The Morganza Spillway provides a method of diverting
water from the Mississippi River when a river flood
threatens New Orleans, Baton Rouge and other major cities on

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the lower Mississippi. It is the largest of a system of
spillways and floodways along the Mississippi. Completed in
1954, the spillway has been opened twice, in 1973 and in
2011.
In an act of successful flood prevention, the federal
government offered to buy out flood-prone properties in the
United States in order to prevent repeated disasters after
the 1993 flood across the Midwest. Several communities
accepted and the government, in partnership with the state,
bought 25,000 properties which they converted into wetlands.
These wetlands act as a sponge in storms and in 1995, when
the floods returned, the government did not have to expend
resources in those areas.
In India, Bangladesh and China, flood diversion areas
are rural areas that are deliberately flooded in emergencies
in order to protect cities.
The consequences of deforestation and changing land use
on the risk and severity of flooding are subjects of
discussion. In assessing the impacts of Himalayan

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deforestation on the Ganges-Brahmaputra Lowlands, it was
found that forests would not have prevented or significantly
reduced flooding in the case of an extreme weather event.]
However, more general or overview studies agree on the
negative impacts that deforestation has on flood safety -
and the positive effects of wise land use and reforestation.
Many have proposed that loss of vegetation
(deforestation) will lead to an increased risk of flooding.
With natural forest cover the flood duration should
decrease. Reducing the rate of deforestation should improve
the incidents and severity of floods
In Egypt, both the Aswan Dam (1902) and the Aswan High
Dam (1976) have controlled various amounts of flooding along
the Nile river.
Following the misery and destruction caused by the 1910
Great Flood of Paris, the French government built a series
of reservoirs called Les Grands Lacs de Seine (or Great
Lakes) which helps remove pressure from the Seine during
floods, especially the regular winter flooding.[18]

of Cabanatuan
London is protected from flooding by a huge mechanical
barrier across the River Thames, which is raised when the
water level reaches a certain point.
Venice has a similar arrangement, although it is
already unable to cope with very high tides. The defenses of
both London and Venice will be rendered inadequate if sea
levels continue to rise.
The largest and most elaborate flood defenses can be
found in the Netherlands, where they are referred to as
Delta Works with theOosterschelde dam as its crowning
achievement. These works were built in response to the North
Sea flood of 1953, in the southwestern part of the
Netherlands. The Dutch had already built one of the world's
largest dams in the north of the country. The Afsluitdijk
closing occurred in 1932.
The Saint Petersburg Flood Prevention Facility Complex
was completed in 2008, in Russia, to protect Saint
Petersburg from storm surges. It also has a main traffic
function, as it completes a ring road around Saint

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Petersburg. Eleven dams extend for 25.4 kilometres (15.8 mi)
and stand 8 metres (26 ft) above water level.
Foreign Studies
Records of loss of life and damage caused by floods
worldwide show that these have continued to rise steadily
during recent years. Understandably, the response has been
to call for increased efforts to protect life and property.
However, given the density of population and level of
investment on flood plains, such protection can only be
achieved at great cost and often at the expense of denying
the productive use of flood-prone land. Furthermore, small
and medium sized floods can be a vital source of freshwater
and can bring other benefits to the community and the
NATURAL environment.
At the same time, the sustainable and effective
management of water resources demands a holistic approach -
linking socio-economic development with the protection of
natural ecosystems and appropriate management links between
land and water uses. It is recognised that a river basin is
a dynamic system in which there are many interactions

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between land and water bodies. In the light of this,
attempts are needed and should be tried to improve the
functioning of the river basin as a whole rather than simply
fixing local problems.
This has called for the Integrated Flood Management
(IFM), a new approach in which consideration is given to the
positive as well as the negative aspects of flood waters and
to the valuable resource that is represented by the flood
plains that these waters occupy on occasions.
Floods are the leading cause of NATURAL disaster deaths
worldwide and were responsible for 6.8 million deaths in the
20th century. Asia is the most flood-affected region,
accounting for nearly 50% of flood-related fatalities in the
last quarter of the 20th century 1,2,3 . The Center for
Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) defines a
flood as “a significant rise of water level in a stream,
lake, reservoir or coastal region” 4. More colloquially,
flooding is the “presence of water in areas that are usually
dry” 1. The events and factors that precipitate flood events
are diverse, multifaceted, and interrelated. Weather factors
include heavy or sustained precipitation, snowmelts, or

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storm surges from cyclones whereas IMPORTANT human factors
include structural failures of dams and levies, alteration
of absorptive land cover with impervious surfaces and
inadequate drainage systems. Geographic regions such as
coastal areas, river basins and lakeshores are particularly
at risk from storms or cyclones that generate high winds and
storm surge 5. Environmental/physical land features
including soil type, the presence of vegetation, and other
drainage basin characteristics also influence flood outcomes
6. Floods transpire on varying timelines, ranging from flash
floods with little warning to those that evolve over days or
weeks (riverine). Flash floods, characterized by high-
velocity flows and SHORT warning times have the highest
average mortality rates per event and are responsible for
the majority of flood deaths in developed countries 1,3,7.
In contrast, riverine floods which are caused by
gradual accumulation of heavy rainfall are less likely to
cause mortality because of sufficient time for warning and
evacuation. Occasionally floods are associated with
secondary hazards such as mudslides in mountainous areas.

of Cabanatuan
Recent accelerations in population growth and changes
in land use patterns have increased human vulnerability to
floods. Harmful impacts of floods include direct mortality
and morbidity and indirect displacement and widespread
damage of crops, infrastructure and property. Immediate
causes of death in floods include drowning and trauma or
injury 1,8. Over an extended time period, there may also be
increased mortality due to infectious disease 1,9,10,11 .
The risks posed by future flood events are significant given
population growth, proximities of populations to coastlines,
expanded development of coastal areas and flood plains,
environmental degradation and climate change 12. The
objectives of this review were to describe the impact of
floods on the human population, in terms of mortality,
injury, and displacement and to identify risk factors
associated with these outcomes.
This is one of five reviews on the human impact of
natural disasters, the others being volcanoes, cyclones,
tsunamis, and earthquakes.
Floods are natural and seasonal phenomena, which play
an important environmental role, but when they take place at

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the built environments, many losses of different kinds
occur. By its side, urban growth is one of the main causes
of urban floods aggravation. Changes in land use occupation,
with vegetation removal and increasing of impervious rates
lead to greater run-off volumes flowing faster. Intense
urbanisation is a relatively recent process; however, floods
and drainage concerns are related to city development since
ancient times. Drainage systems are part of a city
infrastructure and they are an important key in urban life.
If the drainage system fails, cities become subjected to
floods, to possible environmental degradation, to sanitation
and health problems and to city services disruption.
To date, traditional drainage practices have relied on
conveyance of runoff through pipes, accelerating the speed
of runoff and bypassing the natural buffering effect of
soils and vegetation. Consequently, both volumes and rates
of runoff increase significantly after development. This can
lead to a variety of problems including flooding, soil
erosion, reduced recharge of groundwater and reduced river
base flow. Furthermore, the impermeable surfaces associated
with urban development are often contaminated by a variety

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of pollutants (such as gross pollutants, detergents, trace
metals, hydrocarbons, nutrients, pesticides and herbicides)
which are entrained in the runoff and discharge into
receiving waters, causing pollution. Sustainable drainage
systems aim towards maintaining or restoring a more natural
hydrological regime, such that the impact of urbanisation on
downstream flooding and water quality is minimised.
Storm water drainage wells are used extensively
throughout the country to remove storm water or urban runoff
(e.g., precipitation and snowmelt) from impervious surfaces
such as roadways, roofs, and paved surfaces to prevent
flooding, infiltration into basements, etc.
One of the key features of Leidsche Rijn is its storm
water management system, which is mainly made as an open
system, visible to the citizens in order to improve the
quality of life for the inhabitants. Storm water is managed
in a closed loop system intended to retain water in the
canals year round, to prevent the occurrence of flooding
incidents and with as little intake of water from the
surrounding area as possible

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Local Literature
According to the study of Dezcanso, ( 2011) Disaster
response in the Philippines is truly a multi-sectoral and
mass-based endeavor. A major contingent to the disaster
management structure is composed of civic organization, non-
government organization, people's organizations, and all
forms of religious and social voluntary groupings. Partly
because of their democratic political experience, the high
public awareness of the destructiveness of disaster, and
partly because the institutional framework for disaster
management has encouraged it, popular participation of the
Filipino people in disaster response is very broad,
sustained, enthusiastic, organized and ultimately decisive.
In the study of Guillang ( 2009) that private
organizations have filled gaps in the government response as
well as augmented strained officials capacities. These
include services such as medical care, search and rescue,
emergency housing and feeding, and many other needs.
Initiatives in resource mobilization have allowed the
country to tap aid from unaffected areas to flow to affected

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areas. Many social institutions like Church, the schools,
the media and professional associations have become channels
for popular participation in disaster management.
This broad response of the civil society provided the
Philippine disaster response with a depth and strength
gained only from the cruel lessons of recent disasters. This
may be an important silver lining to dark clouds of disaster
which had the threatened the nation.
The NDCC through the Office of Civil Defense has taken
new directions in the field of disaster reduction. This is
in accordance with the thrust of the new NDCC Chairman,
Defense Secretary Orlando S.Mercado for excellence in
disaster prevention and control shall implement
developmental and impact programs in four major areas,
namely: (1) emergency management; (2) vulnerability
reduction and risk management; (3) human resource
development, and (4) advocacy for civil
protection( Mercado,2007)
Along these framework of action that the NDCC has been
pursuing program component and impact activities in

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partnership with the non-government organizations and the
local disaster coordinating councils (LDCC's) to wit;
Bigada Kontra Baha. This is a concerted multi-sectoral
initiative to declog critical estrous and waterways,
drainage system and tributaries floods and to mitigate their
effects on the people and communities. Initially, this
projects has been launched in key cities of Metro Manila,
Cebu City, and Davao City to be sustained by the local
residents through advocacy and community mobilization.
Oplan Bangun Mindanao. Around 985,000 families have
suffered from situation in Southern and Central Mindanao due
to the impact of the El Nino Phenomenon. In response, the
government launched this coherent and integrated multi-
sectoral rehabilitation program for El Nino affected areas.
It has five strategies: (1) generating livelihood and
household income, (2) enhancing health and nutrition
services, (3) protecting vulnerable communities from the
anticipated impacted of La Nina, (4) agricultural
development and modernization, (5) reinforcement of DCC's.
Laban La Nina. With the anticipated impact of La Nina
Phenomenon, War Plans of vulnerable regions and communities

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were being formulated and simulated in pilot areas. This
contingency plan has four major components: (1) hazards and
risk maps for flood/lahar, (2) communities and lifelines at
risk, (3) capacity and vulnerability assessment, and (49
strategic interventions( Revilla, 2011)
Linis Bayan Program. As embodied in Administrative
Order No.32 by the President of the Philippines, this is the
institutionalization of a nationwide clean-up campaign to
encourage the promotion and practice of cleanliness in all
government offices, schools, communities and homes aimed at
declogging of critical estros, elimination of mosquito
larvae (kiti-kiti) and breeding sites, and cleaning of
offices, schools, public grounds and roads, among
others( Poe, 2013).
Local Studies
For decades, the annual arrival of typhoons in the
Philippines has caused a great havoc to the properties and
lives of the people living specifically in Metro Manila.
Flash flooding is one the results of typhoon due to the

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heavy rainfall, which is experienced for days but are not
channelled to the right end destination.
Moreover, the sprawl of urbanization in Metro Manila
has tampered with the water or hydrological cycle. Concrete
pavements have covered the land making it impossible for
soil to seep water that turn to ground water. The local and
national government simultaneously planned to develop modern
drainage systems as an alternative means to channel the
water back to the bodies of water (Manila Bay or Laguna
Lake). However, these drainage systems do not match the
rapid development of infrastructures and high rise buildings
that disrupts ideal/existing pathways.
As a result, the level of excess water from heavy
rainfall rises and causes massive damage to properties,
business and even the lives of the people living in the
region. Floods maybe the result of urban sprawl but are
relatively composed of several factors. Here are some
factors to be considered with a brief explanation:
FLOOD IS CAUSED BY RAIN THAT HAS INCREASED IN MAGNITUDE
Climate change makes historical flood levels. The paths
of typhoons have also become unpredictable. Typhoons now

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cross parts of the archipelago that did not use to have them
regularly and so people are caught unprepared. Despite these
changes in patterns, Metro Manila still gets dumped with
rain, especially since its total area, and population in
this area, is equivalent to or larger than most provinces
and many regions in the country.
POPULATION AND URBANIZATION
Metro Manila has a population of 13 million and
counting. Urbanization, specifically urban sprawl is a
manifestation of all these millions living together and
needing houses, buildings, roads, parking lots and
infrastructure. All these cover ground that used to be open
and able to absorb much of the storm water that fell on the
metropolis. In our lifetimes we’ve seen fringes of the
metropolis gobbled up and transformed from cogon and rice
fields to thousands of subdivisions, hundreds of shops and
malls, hectares of paved-over parking lots, dozens of
business districts. All this hard covering serves to channel
all the storm water much faster into an already inadequate
drainage system designed when the reality was much more open
land and much less rain. The open ground before served to

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mitigate the volume of rain that flowed into these drains,
esteros and our rivers. We also had more plant cover and
trees in the metropolis to help sop up all this water.
RAIN COMES FROM DENUDED UPLAND WHICH RESULTS TO FLOOD
Metro Manila floods come from elevated surrounding
regions, all the way up to the Sierra Madres. There, we have
lost almost all of our original forest cover from illegal
logging. All this forest cover lost makes millions of
hectares of upland a bald watershed that flows freely into
the metropolis. This situation is repeated around almost all
major urban areas in the country. The source is upstream and
this is where solutions should start, although it is among
the longest-term solutions. We need to recover our forest
cover to reduce the amount of rain that floods our low-level
metropolis.

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Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, it presents research design,
respondents and materials and instrument to be used in the
study.
Research Design
This study will use the descriptive method of research
because the researchers considered this method as
appropriate to use. Descriptive method of research is a
fact-finding study with adequate and accurate
interpretations of the data. It describes with emphasis what
actually exists such as current conditions, practices,
situations or any phenomenon (Calderon, 2001).
SAMPLING DESIGN

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The respondents of the study were the barangay
officials of San Juan Accfa and residents that will be
selected through the use of simple random sampling
techniques.
METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
Procedures in Gathering Data
The researchers will gather data by means of ready-made
instruments with the respondents. The researchers will
personally administer the distribution of questionnaire
among the respondents.
Instrument Used
Questionnaire. The questionnaire is the main tool use by
this study in data gathering. A questionnaire is a research
instrument consisting of series of items and other prompts
for the purpose of gathering information from the
respondents. It includes the use of scaled questions which
can be analyzed statistically, and endeavors to remove any
bias potentially originating from either the researchers or
the respondents (LLP, 2006).


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Description of the Questionnaire
The instrument use was questionnaire-checklist
develop by the researchers which consist of a number of
items that the respondents have to answer in a set format.
The questionnaire develops consist of two parts:
Part 1. is To describe the different developmental
fallacies in terms of flood control in San Juan Accfa ,
Cabanatuan City.
Part 2. Is to assess the different problems exist in the
flood control program of the Barangay
Part 3. is to suggest alternative solutions to further
improve the developmental fallacies in terms of flood
control in San Juan Accfa , Cabanatuan City
The respondents indicated the agreement or disagreement
to the listed attitudes using the following response mode:
Degree of Response Verbal Interpretation Rank
4.50-above strongly agree 5
3.50-4.40 agree 4
2.50-3.40 moderately agree 3

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1.50-2.40 disagree 2
Below 1.5 Strongly disagree 1
Reliability and Validity of the Instrument
The reliability of the instrument will be measure by
means of conducting dry-run wherein the researchers will
distribute the questionnaire-checklist to citizens near to
the prone area of Floods .The validity of the instrument
will be measure based on the related literatures and studies
that support the questionnaire with the consultation of the
thesis adviser. Actual observation will also conduct to
determine the accuracy of the information that will gather
from the respondents of the dry-run.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT / METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
After collecting the data needed, the researchers
tabulated and analyzed the gathered data with the help of
statistical tools. The following are the statistical tools
used in this study together with their corresponding
formulas.

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1. The profile of the respondents was determined by
using frequency distribution, percentage, ranking and
weighted mean
Percentage
(P)% = ─── x 100
Where: F = Frequency
N = total number of the respondents
P = percentage
2. Problem number 2 and 3 will be computed using the
weighted mean , the formula is:
Weighted Mean
WM = TWF/N
Where: WM = weighted mean
N = total number of responses
WF = weighted frequency

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Chapter 4
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
This chapter presents the presentation of data , its
analysis and its interpretation of data, it dealt primarily
on the contributing Developmental Fallacies in terms of
Flood Control in San Juan Accfa, Cabanatuan City
1. Profile of the Participants
Table 1 describes the Profile of Respondents according
to Age, Gender, Civil Status.
Table 1
Profile of the Respondents
Age Frequency Percentage

20-25 1 .77%
26-30 2 1.54%
31-35 13 10%
36-40 36 27.69%
41-45 35 26.92%
46-50 35 26.92%

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50 -above 8 6.15%
TOTAL 130 100%
GENDER Frequency Percentage
female 20 15%
male 110 85%
TOTAL 130 100%
CIVIL STATUS Frequency Percentage
married 128 98%
single 2 2%
TOTAL 130 100%
1.1 Age
Table 1.1 shows that majority of the respondents were
36-40 years old, which is equivalent to 27.69 %. followed by
ages 41-45 and 46-50 years old with both has 35 or 26.92% ,
next is 31-35 years old with 10 % followed by 50 years old
and above with 8 or 6.15% and the last is age of 20-25 years
old with 1 or .77%.
Findings revealed that majority of the respondents
falls under the ages of 36-49 years old which implies that
respondents were all in matured age and considered very
optimistic on their career and their chosen course, they are
considered knowledgeable regarding problems in their

of Cabanatuan
barangay and knows exactly the problems during typhoon
season which is the occurrence of flood in their areas.
1.2 Gender
Based on table 1.2, most of the respondents were male
which is equivalent to 85%. And the remaining 15 % were
males.
Findings shows that majority of the respondents were
male , it composed primarily of the head of the family and
very affectionate on the welfare of their family especially
during the rainy season were flood in the areas occurs.
1.3 Civil Status
Majority of the students were married with 98% and 2%
were single.
Findings shows that residents were married or family
oriented person , in which they know what are the needed
services in their family , this includes the safety of their
family during calamity season wherein the possibility of
flooding in their barangay is seen.
Table 2
Different developmental fallacies in terms of flood

of Cabanatuan
WM VI Rank
1. Organization of groups to monitor the 1.5
incoming water during rainy season( pagbuo ng

4.16 A
grupo na magmomonitor ng pagdating ng tubig
sa kanilang lugar)
2. Placing a gadget in the river banks that 6
will alarm in times of floods (paglalagay ng

2.86 MA
alarma sa tabi ng ilog na magbibigay alarma
sa padating na tubig sa kanilang lugar)

3. Cleaning of drainage and canals n the MA 5
barangay (paglilinis ng daanan ng tubig sa 3.36
kanilang lugar)
4. Implementation of proper waste disposal to MA 8
avoid clogging of canals (pagpapatupad ng

2.71
tamang paghihiwalay ng basura upang hindi
pagmulan ng pagbabaha)
5. information dissemination regarding the A 4
disadvantage of using plastic in flooding of
their barangay (pagbibigay impormasyon sa tao 3.71
sa hindi magandang kalalabasan ng paggamit ng
plastic)
6. Creation of dikes (paglalagay ng dike D 9
2.39
upang mapigilan ang pagbaha)

of Cabanatuan
7 annual de clogging of canal (taunang MA 7

2.75
paglilinis ng mga kanal sa kanilang lugar)
8.creation of standby volunteer in times of D 10
floods to help residents (pagbuo ng mga

2.08
bulunter upang tumulong sa mga lugar na
nabaha)
9. alertness of officials in times of floods A 1.5
to help people in Accfa (pagiging alerto ng 4.16
mga opisyal twing may baha)

10. communication to the city government in A 3
times of floods is strictly implemented to
update regarding the status of their barangay

3.85
(palagiang kumunikasyon sa syudad upang
malaman ang sitwasyon sa lugar at sa
posibleng maging baha sa lugar nila)
The different developmental fallacies in terms of flood
control in San Juan Accfa , Cabanatuan City is given in the
table , there were Organization of groups to monitor the
incoming water during rainy season (pagbuo ng grupo na
magmomonitor ng pagdating ng tubig sa kanilang lugar) and
alertness of officials in times of floods to help people in
Accfa (pagiging alerto ng mga opisyal twing may baha) with


of Cabanatuan
both has 4.4.6 and interpreted as agree, followed by
communication to the city government in times of floods is
strictly implemented to update regarding the status of their
barangay( palagiang kumunikasyon sa syudad upang malaman ang
sitwasyon sa lugar at sa posibleng maging baha sa lugar
nila) with 3.85 in weighted mean and interpreted as agree,
and the last mean assessment was on creation of standby
volunteer in times of floods to help residents( pagbuo ng
mga bulunter upang tumulong sa mga lugar na nabaha) with
2.08 and interpreted as disagree.
Findings revealed that there are many developmental
fallacies in terms of flood control program in the barangay
of San Juan Accfa, Cabanatuan City , among them were
coordination to the local government unit regarding the
possibilities of the flood in their areas , alertness of the
barangay officials and information dissemination regarding
the disadvantage of using plastic in flooding of their
barangay and especially Cleaning of drainage and canals n
the barangay.

of Cabanatuan
Chapter V
Summary, CONCLUSION and RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of findings ,the
conclusions and Recommendation offered by the researchers.
Summary
This study is all about the determination of the
Developmental Fallacies in terms of Flood Control in San


of Cabanatuan
Juan Accfa, Cabanatuan City. The respondents of the study
were the barangay officials of San Juan Accfa andresidents
that will be selected through the use of simple random
sampling techniques. questionnaire will be the main tool in
obtaining the data needed in the study and will use
descriptive types of study .This study will be conducted
this second semester SY 2016-2017 at Cabanatuan City.
Summary of Findings
1. Profile of the Participants in terms of Age
Table 1.1 shows that majority of the respondents were
36-40 years old, which is equivalent to 27.69 %. followed by
ages 41-45 and 46-50 years old with both has 35 or 26.92% ,
next is 31-35 years old with 10 % followed by 50 years old
and above with 8 or 6.15% and the last is age of 20-25 years
old with 1 or .77%.
1.2 Gender
Based on table 1.2, most of the respondents were male
which is equivalent to 85%. And the remaining 15 % were
males.
Civil Status

of Cabanatuan
Majority of the students were married with 98% and 2%
were single.
2. Different developmental fallacies in terms of flood
The different developmental fallacies in terms of flood
control in San Juan Accfa , Cabanatuan City is given in the
table , there were Organization of groups to monitor the
incoming water during rainy season( pagbuo ng grupo na
magmomonitor ng pagdating ng tubig sa kanilang lugar) and
alertness of officials in times of floods to help people in
Accfa( pagiging alerto ng mga opisyal twing may baha) with
both has 4.4.6 and interpreted as agree, followed by
communication to the city government in times of floods is
strictly implemented to update regarding the status of their
barangay( palagiang kumunikasyon sa syudad upang malaman ang
sitwasyon sa lugar at sa posibleng maging baha sa lugar
nila) with 3.85 in weighted mean and interpreted as agree,
and the last mean assessment was on creation of standby
volunteer in times of floods to help residents( pagbuo ng

of Cabanatuan
mga bulunter upang tumulong sa mga lugar na nabaha) with
2.08 and interpreted as disagree.
Conclusion
On the light of the findings of the study , researchers
concluded the following:
1. Findings revealed that majority of the respondents
falls under the ages of 36-49 years old which implies
that respondents were all in matured age and
considered very optimistic on their career and their
chosen course, they are considered knowledgeable
regarding problems in their barangay and knows exactly
the problems during typhoon season which is the
occurrence of flood in their areas.
2. Findings shows that majority of the respondents were
male , it composed primarily of the head of the family
and very affectionate on the welfare of their family
especially during the rainy season were flood in the
areas occurs.
3. Findings shows that residents were married or family
oriented person, in which they know what are the


of Cabanatuan
needed services in their family , this includes the
safety of their family during calamity season wherein
the possibility of flooding in their barangay is seen.
4. Findings revealed that there are many developmental
fallacies in terms of flood control program in the
barangay of San Juan Accfa, Cabanatuan City , among
them were coordination to the local government unit
regarding the possibilities of the flood in their
areas , alertness of the barangay officials and
information dissemination regarding the disadvantage
of using plastic in flooding of their barangay and
especially Cleaning of drainage and canals n the
barangay.
Recommendations
The following are recommended:
1. Intense information dissemination should be conducted
to the residents of the barangay to proper inform them
about the problems that flood can bring so that
residents may be able to apply necessary solution to
the problem that may arise.


of Cabanatuan
2. Another study must be conducted in order to fully
determine the extent of the developmental fallacies in
terms of flood in other areas of study.
Questionnaire
Different developmental fallacies in terms of flood control
in San Juan Accfa , Cabanatuan City
Mga Iba’t ibang patakaran na ipinatututupad na may kinalaman
sa baha sa Barangay Accfa, Lungsod ng Kabanatuan
Name (Optional)

of Cabanatuan
Instruction: Below are items on your profile Please put(/)
on the blank.
1. Age( Edad)
21-31
32-42
43-55
56-above
B Gender( Kasarian)
_____male( lalaki)
_____female( babae)
c. Civil Status(Estado sa Buhay)
Single( walanga asawa)
Married (me asawa)
E. Educational Attainment( Tinapos)
_________________________________________________
Part II Different developmental fallacies in terms of flood

Fallacies in Flood Control in Accfa Yes(oo) No(hindi)
1. Organization of groups to
monitor the incoming water

of Cabanatuan
during rainy season( pagbuo ng
grupo na magmomonitor ng
pagdating ng tubig sa kanilang
lugar)
2. Placing a gadget in the river
banks that will alarm in times
of floods( paglalagay ng alarma
sa tabi ng ilog na magbibigay
alarma sa padating na tubig sa
kanilang lugar)
3. Cleaning of drainage and canals
n the barangay( paglilinis ng
daanan ng tubig sa kanilang
lugar)
4. Implementation of proper waste
disposal to avoid clogging of
canals( pagpapatupad ng tamang
paghihiwalay ng basura upang
hindi pagmulan ng pagbabaha)

5.information dissemination
regarding the disadvantage of using
plastic in flooding of their
barangay( pagbibigay impormasyon sa


of Cabanatuan
tao sa hindi magandang kalalabasan
ng paggamit ng plastic)
6.Creation of dikes( paglalagay ng
dike upang mapigilan ang pagbaha)

7 annual de clogging of canal
( taunang paglilinis ng mga kanal sa
kanilang lugar)
8.creation of standby volunteer in
times of floods to help
residents( pagbuo ng mga bulunter
upang tumulong sa mga lugar na
nabaha)
9. alertness of officials in times
of floods to help people in
Accfa( pagiging alerto ng mga
opisyal twing may baha)

10. communication to the city
government in times of floods is
strictly implemented to update
regarding the status of their
barangay( palagiang kumunikasyon sa
syudad upang malaman ang sitwasyon
sa lugar at sa posibleng maging baha

of Cabanatuan
sa lugar nila)
BIBLOGRAPHY
PUBLISHED BOOKS
Hobart DC. “Measuring the response Patterns of New York
City”, 2010
Heathers ME. “Industrial Flood management”, 2009
Lee NK. “Crime Prevention”, 2007
Wiley MC. “Fifty Years of Operational Research and Emergency

Response”, 2009
Schreuder HL. “Flood”, 2009
Tangher GD. “The Citizen's Approach to Public Safety”, 2009
Wilson RT. “Optimal Selection of Police Patrol Boats”, 2008
Diaz PE. “Flood Operations”,2009
Santos MA. “Flood Management”, 2009

of Cabanatuan

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College for Research and Technology

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land

which is usually dry. The European Union (EU) Floods

Directive defines a flood as a covering by water of land not

normally covered by water. In the sense of "flowing water",

the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide.

Flooding may occur as an overflow of water from water

bodies, such as a river, lake, or ocean, in which the water

overtops or breaks levees, resulting in some of that water

escaping its usual boundaries, or it may occur due to an

accumulation of rainwater on saturated ground in an areal

flood. While the size of a lake or other body of water will

vary with seasonal changes in precipitation and snow melt,

these changes in size are unlikely to be considered

significant unless they flood property or drown domestic

Floods can also occur in rivers when the flow rate

exceeds the capacity of the river channel, particularly at

bends or meanders in the waterway. Floods often cause damage

DEVELOPMENT FALLACIES IN TERMS OF FLOOD

CONTROL IN SAN JUAN ACCFA 1

to homes and businesses if they are in the natural flood

plains of rivers. While riverine flood damage can be

eliminated by moving away from rivers and other bodies of

water, people have traditionally lived and worked by rivers

because the land is usually flat and fertile and because

rivers provide easy travel and access to commerce and

In many countries around the world, waterways prone to

floods are often carefully managed. Defenses such as

detention basins, levees,[29] bunds, reservoirs, and weirs

are used to prevent waterways from overflowing their banks.

When these defenses fail, emergency measures such as

sandbags or portable inflatable tubes are often used to try

to stem flooding. Coastal flooding has been addressed in

portions of Europe and the Americas with coastal defenses,

such as sea walls, beach nourishment, and barrier islands.

In the riparian zone near rivers and streams, erosion

control measures can be taken to try to slow down or reverse

the natural forces that cause many waterways to meander over

long periods of time. Flood controls, such as dams, can be

built and maintained over time to try to reduce the

DEVELOPMENT FALLACIES IN TERMS OF FLOOD

CONTROL IN SAN JUAN ACCFA 2

occurrence and severity of floods as well. In the United

States, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers maintains a network

of such flood control dams.

In areas prone to urban flooding, one solution is the

repair and expansion of man-made sewer systems and

stormwater infrastructure. Another strategy is to reduce

impervious surfaces in streets, parking lots and buildings

through natural drainage channels, porous paving, and

wetlands (collectively known as green infrastructure or

sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS)). Areas identified

as flood-prone can be converted into parks and playgrounds

that can tolerate occasional flooding. Ordinances can be

adopted to require developers to retain stormwater on site

and require buildings to be elevated, protected by

floodwalls and levees, or designed to withstand temporary

inundation. Property owners can also invest in solutions

themselves, such as re-landscaping their property to take

the flow of water away from their building and installing

rain barrels, sump pumps, and check valves.

Statement of the Problem