1

A-Level Trigonometry
By: Mr. A. Maxwell

Popular Right Angled Triangles

What are the values for these trigonometric functions considering the right
angled triangles above:
1 √2 √3
sin 30𝑜 = sin 45𝑜 = sin 60𝑜 =
2 2 2
√3 √2 1
cos 30𝑜 = cos 45𝑜 = cos 60𝑜 =
2 2 2

𝑜√3 tan 45𝑜 = 1 tan 60𝑜 = √3

tan 30 =
3
The above values are expected to be known. If you have trouble the triangles
above will help you to remember.
New Trig ratios
1
sin 𝜃 csc 𝜃 =
sin 𝜃
“Cosecant”

1
cos 𝜃 sec 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
“Secant”

1
tan 𝜃 cot 𝜃 =
tan 𝜃
“Cotangent”
 2
A-Level Trigonometry
By: Mr. A. Maxwell

It is also true that:

sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃

It is known that:
𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑝𝑝
sin 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝 𝑎𝑑𝑗
𝑎𝑑𝑗
cos 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝
By considering the ratios above show that:
sin 𝜃
tan 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
Proof:
𝑜𝑝𝑝
sin 𝜃 ()
ℎ𝑦𝑝
=
cos 𝜃 𝑎𝑑𝑗
(ℎ𝑦𝑝)

𝑜𝑝𝑝 ℎ𝑦𝑝
=( )( )
ℎ𝑦𝑝 𝑎𝑑𝑗
𝑜𝑝𝑝
=
𝑎𝑑𝑗
= tan 𝜃
Now if:
sin 𝜃
tan 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
Then show that:
cos 𝜃
cot 𝜃 =
sin 𝜃
Proof:
1
cot 𝜃 =
tan 𝜃
 3
A-Level Trigonometry
By: Mr. A. Maxwell

1
=
sin 𝜃
(cos 𝜃)

1 cos 𝜃
= ×
1 sin 𝜃
cos 𝜃
=
sin 𝜃
A Confusing Notation
For all the trig identities (using sine as an example):
(sin 𝜃)𝑛 = sin𝑛 𝜃
For example:
(cos 𝜃)3 = cos 3 𝜃
NOTE!!!!
Take special care with the power of −1
(cos 𝜃)−1 ≠ cos −1 𝜃
This is because the notation is reserved for inverses. This is why in most cases
the new trig functions introduced above are used instead:
(cos 𝜃)−1 = sec 𝜃
Also since we are on the topic of confusing notations:
Cosecant is sometimes abbreviated as:
csc 𝜃 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃
Our First Trig Identity
Consider the triangle:

c
h

𝜃
b
 4
A-Level Trigonometry
By: Mr. A. Maxwell

ℎ
sin 𝜃 =
𝑐
𝑐 × sin 𝜃 = ℎ … (i)
𝑏
cos 𝜃 =
𝑐
𝑐 × cos 𝜃 = 𝑏 … (ii)
Also from Pythagoras’ theorem:
ℎ2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2
Substituting (i) and (ii) we get:
(𝑐 sin 𝜃)2 + (𝑐 cos 𝜃)2 = 𝑐 2
𝑐 2 sin2 𝜃 + 𝑐 2 cos 2 𝜃 = 𝑐 2
𝑐 2 (sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃) = 𝑐 2
Divide both sides by 𝑐 2
sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1 … (1)
The most popular trig identity. No trig class is complete without him. Commit
him to memory.
New Identities formed from (1)
From sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1 we can get other identities by transposition.
Making cos 2 𝜃 the subject:
cos 2 𝜃 = 1 − sin2 𝜃

Making sin2 𝜃 the subject:

sin2 𝜃 = 1 − cos 2 𝜃

Dividing through by cos 2 𝜃:

tan2 𝜃 + 1 = sec 2 𝜃 … (2)

Dividing through by sin2 𝜃:

1 + cot 2 𝜃 = csc 2 𝜃 … (3)
 5
A-Level Trigonometry
By: Mr. A. Maxwell

This section is all about proving identities so let’s get some practice by proving
(2) and (3)
Using (1) show that:
tan2 𝜃 + 1 = sec 2 𝜃
Proof:
sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1

Divide both sides by cos 2 𝜃:

sin2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃 1
+ =
cos 2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃
sin2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃 1
+ =
cos 2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃
1
Things cancel and remember sec 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃

tan2 𝜃 + 1 = sec 2 𝜃 … (2)

Using (1) show that:
1 + cot 2 𝜃 = csc 2 𝜃
Proof:
sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1
Divide both sides by sin2 𝜃:
sin2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃 1
+ =
sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃

sin2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃 1
+ =
sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃
1
Things cancel and remember csc 𝜃 =
sin 𝜃

1 + cot 2 𝜃 = csc 2 𝜃 … (3)

 6
A-Level Trigonometry
By: Mr. A. Maxwell

Our “First” Proof:

With what we know now we can do something “useful” by proving trig
identities. Now there are a few things to note when proving a trig identity:
1. Only work with one side and get it to look like the other
 Working both sides like an equation implies that the expression is
true. Your job is to prove that it is true. You should not prove
something already assuming it is true. (generally speaking)

2. Numbered identities are assumed to be known and need not be

proven again
 You do not need to reproduce the proofs for any identity numbered
on the paper. They are given and already assumed true. Use them
as tools and treat them as if they are general knowledge (even
though the knowledge may not seem so… general)

3. There are many ways to prove an identity

 There are many avenues you can take to prove an identity. No one
way is absolutely correct, some are faster some are shorter. Try and
discover alternate paths yourself.

4. Start with the more complicated side first

 The more complex the side the more avenues you have to work
with. Once you take your time and keep doing the correct
substitutions you will eventually get there.

5. We cannot explore every trick or example under the sun

 As previously said there is no right way or wrong way to work a
trig problem and all the tricks that can be used will not be
exhausted. More practice makes you faster and makes things seem
easier.
 7
A-Level Trigonometry
By: Mr. A. Maxwell

With that said let us prove the identity:

cot 2 𝜃 − tan2 𝜃 ≡ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃 − sec 2 𝜃
I will work from the left hand side:
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 =
cot 2 𝜃 − tan2 𝜃 =
Remember (tan2 𝜃 + 1 = sec 2 𝜃) and (1 + cot 2 𝜃 = csc 2 𝜃) transpose and
make cot 2 𝜃 and tan2 𝜃 the subject in each:
(csc 2 𝜃 − 1) − (sec 2 𝜃 − 1) =
Expand brackets:
csc 2 𝜃 − 1 − sec 2 𝜃 + 1 =
csc 2 𝜃 − 1 − sec 2 𝜃 + 1 =
csc 2 𝜃 − sec 2 𝜃 =
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
Great!! That was easy.
 8
A-Level Trigonometry
By: Mr. A. Maxwell

Compound Angle Formulas:

E
D

𝛼
A
F B

Now let’s take a look at the compound angle formulas and derive them
geometrically. First let’s clarify why angle 𝐸𝐶̂ 𝐷 = 𝛼.
Angle 𝐴𝐶̂ 𝐵 = 90𝑜 − 𝛼
(due to angles in a triangle summing to 180𝑜 .)
Angle 𝐸𝐶̂ 𝐷 = 180𝑜 − 90𝑜 − 𝐴𝐶̂ 𝐵
= 180𝑜 − 90𝑜 − 90𝑜 + 𝛼
=𝛼
(due to angles on a straight line)
Everything else labelled on the diagram is a given.
Let us prove the sine identity using the diagram above.
Note that (𝛼 + 𝛽) = Angle 𝐸𝐴̂𝐹
𝐸𝐹
sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) =
𝐴𝐸
 9
A-Level Trigonometry
By: Mr. A. Maxwell

However:
𝐸𝐹 = 𝐵𝐶 + 𝐶𝐷
𝐸𝐹 = sin 𝛼 × 𝐴𝐶 + cos 𝛼 × 𝐶𝐸
Since:
𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝐷
sin 𝛼 = and cos 𝛼 =
𝐴𝐶 𝐶𝐸
Recall:
𝐸𝐹
sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) =
𝐴𝐸
(sin 𝛼 × 𝐴𝐶 + cos 𝛼 × 𝐶𝐸)
sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) =
𝐴𝐸

𝐴𝐶 𝐶𝐸
sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) = (sin 𝛼 × + cos 𝛼 × )
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
But:
𝐶𝐸 𝐴𝐶
sin 𝛽 = and cos 𝛽 =
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
Therefore:
sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + sin 𝛽 cos 𝛼 … (1)

For cosine:
𝐴𝐹
cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) =
𝐴𝐸
Now:
𝐴𝐹 = 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐹𝐵
𝐴𝐵 = cos 𝛼 × 𝐴𝐶
And:
𝐹𝐵 = 𝐸𝐷
So:
 10
A-Level Trigonometry
By: Mr. A. Maxwell

𝐹𝐵 = sin 𝛼 × 𝐶𝐸
That means:
𝐴𝐹 = cos 𝛼 × 𝐴𝐶 − sin 𝛼 × 𝐶𝐸
Recall:
𝐴𝐹
cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) =
𝐴𝐸
cos 𝛼 × 𝐴𝐶 − sin 𝛼 × 𝐶𝐸
cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) =
𝐴𝐸
𝐴𝐶 𝐶𝐸
cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 × − sin 𝛼 ×
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
But:
𝐶𝐸 𝐴𝐶
sin 𝛽 = and cos 𝛽 =
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
Therefore:
cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽 … (2)

Awesome let’s change those alphas and betas into something a little more
familiar:
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐵 cos 𝐴 … (1)
cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 … (2)
The proof provided does not satisfy non-complementary angles for 𝐴 and 𝐵.
For now we will just trust that they work for angles ≥ 90𝑜 .
By letting 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 𝐴 and 𝛽 = 𝐵 or we can assume (1) and (2) holds for
negative values and use the fact that sine is an odd function and cosine is an
even function:
sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐵 cos 𝐴 … (3)
cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 … (4)

sin 𝜃
Now remember that tan 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
 11
A-Level Trigonometry
By: Mr. A. Maxwell

Therefore:
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵)
tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) =
cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐵 cos 𝐴
tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) =
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
Now divide the numerator and denominator by cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 sin 𝐵 cos 𝐴
+
tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
−
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
+
tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
1−
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵
tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵
tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = … (5)
1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
A similar process can be done to show
tan 𝐴 − tan 𝐵
tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) = … (6)
1 + tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵

Double Angle Formulas:

Using (1) it is easy to see that:
sin 2𝐴 = sin(𝐴 + 𝐴)
sin 2𝐴 = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 + sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 … (6)
Also:
cos 2𝐴 = cos(𝐴 + 𝐴)
cos 2𝐴 = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐴 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐴
cos 2𝐴 = cos 2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴 … (7)
 12
A-Level Trigonometry
By: Mr. A. Maxwell

tan 2𝐴 = tan(𝐴 + 𝐴)
tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐴
tan 2𝐴 =
1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐴
2 tan 𝐴
tan 2𝐴 = … (8)
1 − tan2 𝐴

However recall that:

cos 2 𝐴 = 1 − sin2 𝐴 and sin2 𝐴 = 1 − cos 2 𝐴

So from (7):
cos(2𝐴) = (1 − sin2 𝐴) − sin2 𝐴
cos(2𝐴) = 1 − 2 sin2 𝐴 … (9)
Also:
cos(2𝐴) = cos 2 𝐴 − (1 − cos 2 𝐴)
cos(2𝐴) = 2 cos 2 𝐴 − 1 … (10)
Product to Sum and Sum to Product Formulas:
Now these formulas are especially useful when solving for angles in a trig
equation. It is useful to know the whenever you see two trig functions of the
same ratio being added or subtracted you can turn them into a product.
For example:
sin 3𝜃 + sin 𝜃 sin 3𝜃 − sin 𝜃
cos 4𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 cos 5𝜃 − cos 3𝜃

Recall that:
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐵 cos 𝐴 … (1)
sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐵 cos 𝐴 … (3)
Then:
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)
= (sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐵 cos 𝐴) − (sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐵 cos 𝐴)
 13
A-Level Trigonometry
By: Mr. A. Maxwell

sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)
= sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐵 cos 𝐴 − sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐵 cos 𝐴
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)
= sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐵 cos 𝐴 − sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐵 cos 𝐴
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin 𝐵 cos 𝐴 + sin 𝐵 cos 𝐴
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 2 sin 𝐵 cos 𝐴 … (11)
Similarly it can be shown that:
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 … (12)
cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = −2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 … (13)
cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 2 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 … (14)
However it is unusual to see sine and cosine written out as sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) etc. So
(11) to (14) are more popularly written as:
Let:
𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝑃 and 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝑄
⟹
𝑃 + 𝑄 = 2𝐴 and 𝑃 − 𝑄 = 2𝐵
𝑃−𝑄 𝑃+𝑄
sin(𝑃) − sin(𝑄) = 2 sin cos … (11)
2 2
𝑃+𝑄 𝑃−𝑄
sin(𝑃) + sin(𝑄) = 2 sin cos … (12)
2 2
𝑃+𝑄 𝑃−𝑄
cos(𝑃) − cos(𝑄) = −2 sin sin … (13)
2 2
𝑃+𝑄 𝑃−𝑄
cos(𝑃) + cos(𝑄) = 2 cos cos … (14)
2 2
Let’s work an example to see why this is important:
Solve for 𝑥:
sin 𝑥 + sin 3𝑥 = 0 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋
Let 𝑃 = 𝑥 and 𝑄 = 3𝑥 then:
sin 𝑥 + sin 3𝑥 = 0
 14
A-Level Trigonometry
By: Mr. A. Maxwell

Using (12) the question becomes:

𝑥 + 3𝑥 𝑥 − 3𝑥
2 sin cos =0
2 2
4𝑥 −2𝑥
2 sin cos =0
2 2
2 sin 2𝑥 cos −𝑥 = 0
Divide both sides by 2:
(sin 2𝑥)(cos −𝑥) = 0
So two things are being multiplied to give zero that means either:
sin 2𝑥 = 0 or cos −𝑥 = 0
2𝑥 = 0 , 180𝑜 , 360𝑜 , 540𝑜 , 720𝑜
𝑜
−𝑥 = 90𝑜 , 270𝑜
𝑥 = 0𝑜 , 90𝑜 , 180𝑜 , 270𝑜 , 360𝑜 𝑥 = −90𝑜 , −270𝑜
𝑥 = 270𝑜 , 90𝑜

Therefore:
𝑥 = 0𝑜 , 90𝑜 , 180𝑜 , 270𝑜 and 360𝑜
Using calculators

Half-Angle Formulas:
Consider formulas (6) through to (8)
Let:
2𝐴 = 𝛼
𝛼
𝐴=
2
sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 … (6)
𝛼 𝛼
sin 𝛼 = 2 sin cos
2 2
𝛼
However this form is ugly. To pretty him up lets divide by cos 2 in the
2
numerator and the denominator (1 in this case):
 15
A-Level Trigonometry
By: Mr. A. Maxwell

𝛼 𝛼
(2 sin 2 cos 2 )
[ 𝛼 ]
cos 2 ( )
2
sin 𝛼 =
1
[ 𝛼 ]
cos 2 ( )
2
1
Recall that sec 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃

𝛼 𝛼
(2 sin 2 cos 2 )
[ 𝛼 ]
cos 2 ( )
2
sin 𝛼 = 𝛼
[sec 2 ]
2
𝛼
2 sin
[ 2
𝛼]
cos
sin 𝛼 = 2
𝛼
[sec 2 ]
2
sin 𝜃
Recall that tan 𝜃 = and sec 2 𝜃 = 1 + tan2 𝜃
cos 𝜃
𝛼
2 tan
sin 𝛼 = 2
𝛼
1 + tan2
2
𝛼
Finally let tan = 𝑡:
2

𝛼 𝛼 2𝑡
sin 𝛼 = 2 sin cos = … (15)
2 2 1 + 𝑡2
Using a similar method it can be shown that:
𝛼2 2
𝛼 1 − 𝑡2
cos 𝛼 = cos − sin = … (16)
2 2 1 + 𝑡2
𝛼
2 tan
tan 𝛼 = 2 = 2𝑡 … (17)
𝛼 1 − 𝑡2
1 − tan2
2
 16
A-Level Trigonometry
By: Mr. A. Maxwell

SUMMARY (incomplete)

Famous Angles:

1 √2 √3
sin 0𝑜 = 0 sin 30𝑜 = sin 45𝑜 = sin 60𝑜 = sin 90𝑜 = 1
2 2 2
√3 √2 1
cos 0𝑜 = 1 cos 30𝑜 = cos 45𝑜 = cos 60𝑜 = cos 90𝑜 = 0
2 2 2

√3 tan 90𝑜
tan 0𝑜 = 0 tan 30𝑜 = tan 45𝑜 = 1 tan 60𝑜 = √3
3 = undefined

New Trig ratios

1
csc 𝜃 =
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃
“Cosecant”

1
cos 𝜃 sec 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
“Secant”

1
cot 𝜃 =
tan 𝜃 tan 𝜃
“Cotangent”

sin 𝜃
tan 𝜃
cos 𝜃
 17
A-Level Trigonometry
By: Mr. A. Maxwell

The First Identity:

(1) sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 = 1 See page 3
(2) tan2 𝜃 + 1 = sec 2 𝜃 ÷ (1) by cos2 𝜃
(3) 1 + cot 2 𝜃 = csc 2 𝜃 ÷ (1) by sin2 𝜃
(4) sin2 𝜃 = 1 − cos2 𝜃 Transpose (1)
(5) cos 2 𝜃 = 1 − sin2 𝜃 Transpose (1)

Compound Angle Formulas:

(1) sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐵 cos 𝐴 See page 8-10
(2) cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 See page 8-10
From (1) sine is odd and
(3) sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐵 cos 𝐴
cosine is even
From (2) sine is odd and
(4) cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
cosine is even
Write as (1)/(2)
tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵
(5) tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = Divide num and denom by
1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵
Write as (3)/(4)
tan 𝐴 − tan 𝐵
(6) tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) = Divide num and denom by
1 + tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵

Double Angle Formulas:

Write as sin(𝐴 + 𝐴)
(1) sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 Use compound angle
formula (1)
Write as cos(𝐴 + 𝐴)
(2) cos 2𝐴 = cos2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴 Use compound angle
formula (2)
2 tan 𝐴 Write as tan(𝐴 + 𝐴)
(3) tan 2𝐴 = Use compound angle
1 − tan2 𝐴 formula (3)
From (2)
(4) cos(2𝐴) = 1 − 2 sin2 𝐴 Express cosine as sine using
“First Identity” (5)
From (2)
(5) cos(2𝐴) = 2 cos 2 𝐴 − 1 Express sine as cosine using
“First Identity” (4)
 18
A-Level Trigonometry
By: Mr. A. Maxwell

Sum to Product Formulas:

Let:
𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝑃 and 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝑄
⟹
𝑃 + 𝑄 = 2𝐴 and 𝑃 − 𝑄 = 2𝐵
Use “Compound Angle” (1)
𝑃−𝑄 𝑃+𝑄 and (3)
(1) sin(𝑃) − sin(𝑄) = 2 sin cos
2 2 Subtract (3) from (1)
Substitute for P and Q
Use “Compound Angle” (1)
𝑃+𝑄 𝑃−𝑄 and (3)
(2) sin(𝑃) + sin(𝑄) = 2 sin cos
2 2 Add (3) and (1)
Substitute for P and Q
Use “Compound Angle” (2)
𝑃+𝑄 𝑃−𝑄 and (4)
(3) cos(𝑃) − cos(𝑄) = −2 sin sin
2 2 Subtract (4) from (2)
Substitute for P and Q
Use “Compound Angle” (2)
𝑃+𝑄 𝑃−𝑄 and (4)
(4) cos(𝑃) + cos(𝑄) = 2 cos cos
2 2 Add (2) and (4)
Substitute for P and Q

Half-Angle Formulas:
Let:
𝛼
tan = 𝑡
2
𝛼 𝛼 From Double Angle (1)
sin 𝛼 = 2 sin cos Let 2𝐴 = 𝛼
2 2 𝛼
(1) or Divide by cos 2 2 in num and denom
2𝑡 Use “First Identity” (2) to sub in denom
sin 𝛼 = 𝛼
1 + 𝑡2 Sub tan 2 for 𝑡
𝛼 𝛼 From Double Angle (2)
cos 𝛼 = cos2 − sin2 Let 2𝐴 = 𝛼
2 2 𝛼
(2) or Divide by cos 2 2 in num and denom
1 − 𝑡2 Use “First Identity” (2) to sub in denom
cos 𝛼 = 𝛼
1 + 𝑡2 Sub tan 2 for 𝑡
𝛼
2 tan 2
tan 𝛼 = 𝛼
1 − tan2 2 𝛼
(3) Sub tan 2 for 𝑡
or
2𝑡
tan 𝛼 =
1 − 𝑡2
Yet there is still more to be done
To be continued…