Nama : Farah Meutia

NIM : 21030116120068
No. Absen : 08

1. What is the problem that needs to be solved in this paper?

Studies showed that some disadvantages of fluidized bed drying include high pressure drop, attrition of
the solids and erosion of the containing surfaces and a possibility of nonuniform moisture content in the product.
In this study, the result of the equation was employed for new harvested hazelnut. However, this
equation is not valid for almost dried grain (moisture content is <8% on a dry basis). In this case,
results of this equation were multiplied by 10, to provide a good correlation with the measurement
of the diffusion coefficient in the low moisture content range.
However this study did not discuss whether disadvantages mentioned above were solved or not.

2. What have other researchers done to try to solve this problem?

Dimattia
performed batch drying of red spring wheat in a fluidized bed. They investigated the effect of bed height, gas
velocity, initial moisture content and air temperature on drying rate. Dimattia investigated slugging characteristics
of Group D particles (spoutable, large and dense particles, dp > 500 lm) in fluidized beds.

Karatas and Battalbey

studied on the determination of moisture diffusivity of pistachio nutmeat during drying.

Puiggali
developed and used an equation to describe the kinetics of air-drying of hazelnuts. They proposed the layer
drying equation for drying of hazelnuts. They used it with a fixed deep-bed drier model to obtain a comparison
with experimental results.

Bhagya and Srinivasan

investigated the effect of different methods of drying on the functional properties of enzyme treated groundnut
flour. They determined certain functional properties of this flour dried by freezedrying, spray drying, vacuum
shelf drying and drum drying.

Liang
developed a macadamia nut curing system for improving kernel recovery.

Moreira and Arkema

developed a moisture desorption model for nonpareil almonds. They determined the drying characteristics of
individual almonds and almond parts (hull, shell, nut) at 41.3 and 45.9 C and 38–8% relative humidity.

Erb
studied the prediction of the fountain heights in fine particle spouted bed systems. She proposed a new empirical
correlation to predict the fountain heights in spouted bed systems operating with fine particles.

Chandran
developed a kinetic model for the drying of solids in fluidized beds, assuming a falling rate period following a
constant rate period. They obtained the experimental data using batch and continuous single and spiral fluidized
beds. Their results are satisfactorily matched with the assumed drying kinetics and the residence time distribution
of solids appropriate for the type of dryer.

Abid
investigated an experimental and theoretical analysis of the mechanisms of heat and mass transfer during the
drying of corn grains in a fluidized bed. Their theoretical analysis of the internal mechanisms of heat and mass
transfer has been carried out starting from the model of Luikov, which is based on the irreversible
thermodynamics.
 Topuz
Applied Thermal Engineering 24 (2004) 1535–1547 1537 concentration in moisture and by thermodiffusion
under the influence of a temperature gradient.

Thomas and Varma

experimentally investigated batch and continuous fluidized bed drying of granular cellular materials at different
temperatures and flow rates of the heating medium, particle size and mass of solids.

Ersoy
studied solids holdup and made particle velocity measurements in a circulating fluidized bed with secondary air
injection.

Wang
developed a mathematical model for the drying process in a fixed bed dryer. He modeled the drying process in
terms of balance equations of masses and energies that result in a hyperbolic system of conservation laws with a
source term. He solved this system numerically by an operator splitting technique based on Strang s algorithm.

Hajidavalloo and Hamdullahpur

proposed a mathematical model of simultaneous heat and mass transfer in fluidized bed drying of large particles.
They employed a set of coupled nonlinear partial differential equations to accurately model the process without
using adjustable parameters. They used a three-phase model representing a bubble phase, interstitial gas phase
and solid phase to describe the thermal and hydrodynamic characteristics of the bed.

Passos and Mujumdar

investigated effects of the cohesive force on fluidized and spouted beds of wet particles. Their work aimed to
analyze and quantify the differences between the flow behaviors in fluidized and spouted beds of wet and dry
particles. Experimentally, they have induced surface stickiness by application of metered amounts of glycerol. In
their study, based on pressure drop vs. fluid flow rate curves, solids circulation rates and bed porosity variations,
two types of particle–particle interaction forces were identified and their effect on air–solid flow were quantified
as a function of glycerol concentration.

Panda
have modeled the droplet deposition behavior on a single particle in fluidized bed spray granulation process.

Avci
Investigated the drying process of thin film layers by a theoretical approach.

Mhimid
Have carried out numerical simulation of grain drying in a vertical cylindrical bed with specific boundary
conditions; evaporation which occurs with forced air flowing through the bed, has been intensified with a
conductive heat flux from the wall. In the experiments, they have heated two side of the fixed bed and considered
two mathematical models of heat and mass transfer through granular media: a two-temperature model (No Local
Temperature Equilibrium Model: NLTE Model) and a one-temperature model (Local Temperature Equilibrium
Model: LTE Model).

3. Why haven’t they solved it? Or why is their solution not good enough?

From previous studies, it seemed like there was no single study could solve all the disadvantages together at once.
A study might overcome one or two disadvantages but not all. This is also happened in this study.

4. What is the solution in this paper or what new information have you found? How is it different from previous
solutions?

It is understood that, for old harvested-dried hazelnut (moisture content is <8% on dry basis), there is a good
agreement with experimental data and numerical results except for the initial stage of drying which is constant
rate period of drying. For new harvested hazelnut, numerical results are close to experimental results but not
better than old harvested hazelnut data.
 Experimental and model results were compared and evaluated. As a result, the model can be used to simulate the
hydrodynamics of a fluidized bed for hazelnuts with small discrepancies. At the beginning of drying, the drying
rate is very high due to the high surface moisture content, however it decreases with the evaporation of the
surface moisture in time.

5. How exactly and under what conditions is your solution better than other proposed methods?

According to experimental data, temperature has an important effect on the kinetics of drying. Increasing the
temperature allows the rate of heat transfer to the product to be increased. The greater the temperature, the greater
the driving force and hence, a more expedient removal of internal moisture occurs.
If all the numerical results of the model were compared with experimental results, it can be said that this model
successfully simulates the hydrodynamics of a fluidized bed for the hazelnut drying, with small discrepancies.

6. Even if your solution was not totally successful, what exact knowledge has it contributed to the field, and what
are the implications of this research for your field?

Contribution gained for the field is the conclusion which states that temperature has a very important effect on the
drying process while air velocities are not so important. The mathematical model used can illustrate correctly
according to the data obtained from the experiment.

7. What other knowledge is lacking concerning this research problem and should be studied in future research?

What’s lacking from this study is more or less similar to the previous studies in which the variables studied were
never the same. The next research should analyse all the variables that contribute to the material drying process
simultaneously.