C2 vertebra

The axis or second cervical vertebrae is the strongest of the cervical group. It shows similarity to
typical cervical vertebrae with some obvious exceptions:
• odontoid peg or dens:
○ sited anteriorly in the midline
○ results from fusion with body of atlas
○ facet on its anterosuperior surface projects superiorly onto facet of anterior arch of
atlas
○ pointed at apex where apical ligament attaches
○ bevelled sides are origins of alar ligaments
○ posteriorly flat surface lying anterior to transverse ligament
• vertebral canal: oval and broader in coronal plane
• body: connects to odontoid process medially and superiorly; superior articular processes
and transverse processes laterally; and pedicles posterolaterally
• pedicles: relatively short and sited at junction of lamina, transverse process and body
• superior articular facet: the key weight-transmitting structure articulating with inferior
facets of atlas
○ slightly convex and face superolaterally
○ permit rotation of atlas on axis
• inferior articular facet:
○ at junction of pedicles and laminae
○ slightly concave
○ surface slopes anteriorly and inferiorly
• transverse processes:
○ relatively small
○ contain foramen transversarium
○ no anterior tubercle
○ bounded by costotransverse lamella
• laminae: broad and project posteriorly to spinous process in median plane
• spinous process:
○ bifid
○ relatively large allowing use as a palpation landmark
Home Remedies For Vertigo
What is Vertigo?Vertigo, a severe form of Dizziness is a sort of movement hallucination. When the affected individual
feels that he himself is moving,...

What is Vertigo?
Vertigo, a severe form of Dizziness is a sort of movement hallucination. When the affected individual feels that he
himself is moving, the condition is referred to as Subjective Vertigo whereas when the affected individual feels that
his surroundings are moving then the condition is referred to as Objective Vertigo.

The sense of spinning and whirling usually lead to balance and equilibrium related problems. Contrary to the popular
misconception, Vertigo and Dizziness are not the same.The difference between the two lies in the fact that all Vertigo
is Dizziness but not all dizziness is Vertigo. Most of the cases of Vertigo are caused by a peripheral vestibular
disorder.
The condition is usually controlled with the help of a variety of conventional drugs and natural home remedies for
Vertigo home treatment.

The conventional medicines, though effective, should be avoided as much as possible because of the risk of mild or
severe side effects associated with them. On the other hand, the natural remedies have no side effects but require
patience.

Causes of Vertigo
Disorders in body organs involved in maintaining the balance of the body, like inner ear, brain, or nerve tracts
connecting the brain stem and cerebellum usually cause Vertigo.

Older individuals are particularly susceptible to a condition called Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)
caused by accumulation of calcium particles in a semicircular canal of the inner ear.Ear infections, ear injuries or
head injuries may also lead to BPPV.
Motion sickness characterized by the inner ear’s increased sensitivity to certain motions may also trigger symptoms
of Vertigo. At times, Meniere’s disease caused by excess of fluid in the inner ear may also result in the same.
Labrynthitis leading to the inflammation of the inner ear has also been associated with hearing loss and the incidence
of this disease.

Moreover, central nervous system related disorders like acoustic neuroma, epilepsy, neck injury, cerebellar and brain
stem tumors, multiple sclerosis and certain forms of migraine also contribute in causing Vertigo.

Besides, excess alcohol consumption has been associated with temporary Vertigo. Intake of certain drugs such as
sedatives, diuretics, chemotherapy drugs etc may also contribute in causing this condition.

Symptoms of Vertigo
Movement hallucination characterized by a false sense of motion or disorientation is the main symptom of Vertigo.
Additional symptoms like nausea, vomiting, sweating and abnormal eye movements (Nystagmus) may also be
present.
Vertigo resulting from Brain Disorder may also be accompanied by visual disturbances, decreased level of
consciousness, headache, weakness, difficulty walking, uncoordinated movements, slurred speech, etc. The
condition may take weeks or even months to improve.
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo is generally accompanied by symptoms of hearing loss andTinnitus. BPPV is
usually triggered by certain head movements and fades with 30 to 60 seconds. The movement hallucination may last
for a few minutes or hours.
Natural Home Remedies for Vertigo
• Add a pinch of salt, some black pepper and three teaspoons of lemon juice in 250 ml of water. Regularly drinking
this solution thrice a day is one of the most effective home remedies for Vertigo natural treatment. This Vertigo home
remedy should be taken for about 15 days to heal the condition.

• Take one teaspoon of dried and powdered Indian Gooseberry and one teaspoon of coriander seeds. Soak these
ingredients in water over night. Finally, strain the mixture, add a teaspoon of sugar in it and drink it to cure Vertigo
naturally at home.

• Take one teaspoon of poppy seeds, two teaspoons of wheat grain, eight water melon seeds/pumpkin seeds, and
eight almonds. Soak these ingredients in water overnight. In the morning, grind them to form a paste.

Next, fry two cloves in a teaspoon of clarified butter and add the previously prepared paste in it. Finally, boil this
mixture along with some milk and consume the resultant mixture to get rid of this problem. Some sugar can also be
added in this mixture to improve the taste.

• At times, simply sitting or lying in one position is considered as one of the most highly recommended Vertigo home
remedies. Plus, avoid sudden and jerky movements in order to avoid Vertigo attacks.

• Aromatherapy, yoga, meditation and certain breathing exercises also serve as excellent natural home remedies for
Vertigo.

Diet for Vertigo

A healthy and well balanced diet with special emphasis on proteins and vitamin C is highly beneficial in dealing with
Vertigo. Citrus fruits like oranges and strawberries should be positively included in the diet to reduce Vertigo attacks.

In fact, a mixture of fresh strawberries, yogurt, milk and almonds is regarded as a good Vertigo natural remedy.
Adding lime or lemon peel shavings in the food is also considered beneficial in this regard.

Ginger juice also helps to relieve Vertigo naturally by relieving pressure. It can be taken along with some honey to
improve the taste of the remdy. Simply having a glass of cold water has also been known to reduce the symptoms of
this disease effectively. Besides, restrict the consumption of harmful foods and beverages like tea, coffee, alcohol,
and processed foods.
Management of common musculoskeletal disorders:
physical therapy principles and methods

Darlene Hertling, Randolph M. Kessler

4 Reviews
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006 - Medical - 1076 pages
The fundamental textbook of orthopedic physical therapy is now in its thoroughly updated Fourth
Edition. This new edition presents a "how-to" approach focusing on the foundations of manual therapy.
More than 1,200 illustrations and photographs demonstrate therapeutic techniques. Extensive
references cite key articles, emphasizing the latest research. Reflecting current practice standards,
this edition places greater emphasis on joint stabilization techniques and the role of exercise.
Coverage includes new material on soft tissue manipulations and myofascial evaluation. This edition
also features case