Ketahanan Structure Besi Terhadap Kebakaran

Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
Division of Systems Safety and Analysis

Plant Systems Branch
Fire Protection Engineering and Special Projects Section
CHAPTER 17. ESTIMATING FIRE RESISTANCE TIME OF UNPROTECTED

STEEL BEAMS (QUASI-STEADY-STATE APPROACH)
Version 1805.0
The following calculations estimate the fire resistance time for unprotected structural steel beams.
Parameters in YELLOW CELLS are Entered by the User.
Parameters in GREEN CELLS are Automatically Selected from the DROP DOWN MENU for the Beam and Insulatio
All subsequent output values are calculated by the spreadsheet, and based on values specified in the input
parameters. This spreadsheet is protected and secure to avoid errors due to a wrong entry in a cell(s).
The chapter in the NUREG should be read before an analysis is made.
INPUT PARAMETERS
The Ratio of Heated Surface Area to Volume of Beam (both per unit length) (F/V)
Flame Emissivity (ef)
Specific Heat of Steel (cs)
Density of Steel (rs)
Convective heat Transfer Coefficient (hc)
Stefan Boltzmann Constant
Ambient Air Temperature (Ta)
Constant (C1)
SECTIONAL FACTORS FOR STEEL BEAMS
Select Beam
24x146
Scroll to desired beam size then Click on selection
EMISSIVITY VALUES FOR DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION TYPES
Emissivity Select Flame Emissivity,

Type of Construction ef
Scroll to desired construction type then Click on se
Beam outside façade 0.3
Floor girder with floor slab of concrete, only the
underside of the bottom flange being directly 0.3
exposed to fire
Floor girder with floor slab on the top flange
Girder of I section for which the width-depth 0.5
ratio is not less than 0.5
ratio is less than 0.5
Box girder and lattice 0.7
Beam exposed to fire on all sides 0.7
User Specified Value Enter Value
ESTIMATING FIRE RESISTANCE TIME OF UNPROTECTED STEEL BEAMS USING

QUASI-STEADY-STATE APPROACH
Reference: Buchanan, A. H., Structural Design for Fire Safety, 2001, Page 179.
DTs = F/V 1/rs cs (hc (Tf - Ts) + s e (Tf4 - Ts4)) Dt

Where DTs = temperature rise in steel (°F)
F/V = ratio of heated surface area to volume of beam (both per unit length) (m -1)
rs = density of steel (kg/m3)
cs = specific heat of steel (J/kg-K)
hc = convective heat transfer coefficient (W/m2-K)
s = Stefan Boltzmann constant (kW/m2-K4)
e = flame emissivity
Tf = fire exposure temperature (°F)
Ts = steel temperature (°F)
Dt = time step (sec)
The Maximum Allowable Time Step

Dt = 30 sec
Calculate
For ASTM E 119 exposure, Tf at any time, t, is given by the following expression
Tf = C1 LOG (0.133 t + 1) + Ta (Refecrece: SFPE Handbook 3rd Edition, p. 4-223)
Where Tf = fire exposure temperature (°F)
C2 = constant = 620
t = time step (sec)
Ta = ambient air temperature (°F)
DTs1 = F/V 1/rscs (hc (C1 LOG (0.133 t1 + 1) +Ta) - Ts0) + s e ((C1 LOG (0.133 t
Where t1 = Dt/2
Ts0 = initial steel temperature (°F)
DTs2 = F/V 1/rscs (hc (C1 LOG (0.133 t2 + 1) +Ta) - Ts) + s e ((C1 LOG (0.133 t
Where t2 = t1 + Dt/2
Ts = Ts0 + DTs from previous row
Results
Time TS Time TS
(min) (°F) (min) (°F)
0.5 114 17.0 1071
1.0 129 17.5 1101
1.5 147 18.0 1130

2.0 167 18.5 1159
2.5 189 19.0 1187
3.0 212 19.5 1215
3.5 237 20.0 1242
4.0 263 20.5 1268
4.5 290 21.0 1294
5.0 318 21.5 1319
5.5 346 22.0 1344
6.0 375 22.5 1368
6.5 405 23.0 1391
7.0 436 23.5 1414
7.5 466 24.0 1436
8.0 498 24.5 1457
8.5 529 25.0 1477
9.0 561 25.5 1497
9.5 593 26.0 1516
10.0 625 26.5 1535
10.5 658 27.0 1552
11.0 690 27.5 1570
11.5 723 28.0 1586
12.0 755 28.5 1602
12.5 788 29.0 1617
13.0 820 29.5 1632
13.5 852 30.0 1646
14.0 884 30.5 1660
14.5 916 31.0 1673
15.0 948 31.5 1685
15.5 979 32.0 1697
16.0 1010 failure 32.5 1709
16.5 1041 failure 33.0 1720
17.0 1071 failure 33.5 1730
Temperature (°F) Temperature of Steel

2500
2000
The Failure Temperature for Steel Beams is Assumed at 1000 °F (538 °C)
NOTE
1500
The above calculations are based on principles developed in the Structural Design for Fire Safety by
Buchanan, 2001.
Calculations
1000 are based on certain assumptions and have inherent limitations. The results
of such calculations may or may not have reasonable predictive capabilities for a given
situation, and should only be interpreted by an informed user.
Although
500 each calculation in the spreadsheet has been verified with the results of hand calculation,
there is no absolute guarantee of the accuracy of these calculations.
Any questions, comments, concerns, and suggestions, or to report an error(s) in the spreadsheet,
please send an email to nxi@nrc.gov or mxs3@nrc.gov.
0
0 10 20 30 40
Time (min)
Prepared by: Date Organization
Checked by: Date Organization
Additional Information
Revision Log Description of Revision

1805.0 Original issue with final text.
E TIME OF UNPROTECTED
ected structural steel beams.
he DROP DOWN MENU for the Beam and Insulation Selected.

based on values specified in the input
s due to a wrong entry in a cell(s).
m (both per unit length) (F/V) 79.55 m-1

0.30
600.00 J/kg-K
7850.00 kg/m3
25.00 W/m2-K
5.669E-08 W/m2-K4
25 °C 298
345.00
elect Flame Emissivity, e f
croll to desired construction type then Click on selection

TED STEEL BEAMS USING
volume of beam (both per unit length) (m -1)
by the following expression

E Handbook 3rd Edition, p. 4-223)
Caution! This equation is only valid up to 1000 °F (538 °C) where

carbon steel structural members begin to fail. Predicted
temperatures above 1000 °F (538 °C) are not accurate or valid.
) + s e ((C1 LOG (0.133 t1 + 1) +Ta)4 - Ts04)) Dt
+ s e ((C1 LOG (0.133 t2 + 1) +Ta)4 - Ts4)) Dt
Time TS
(min) (°F)
Failure of Beam 34.0 1740 Failure of Beam

Temperature of Steel
umed at 1000 °F (538 °C)
loped in the Structural Design for Fire Safety by
have inherent limitations. The results

e predictive capabilities for a given
en verified with the results of hand calculation,
ns, or to report an error(s) in the spreadsheet,
30 40 50 60
Time (min)
Date
January 2005
K
CHAPTER 17. ESTIMATING FIRE RESISTANCE TIME OF UNPROTECTED

STEEL COLUMNS (QUASI-STEADY-STATE APPROACH)
Version 1805.0
The following calculations estimate the fire resistance time for unprotected structural steel columns.
Parameters in YELLOW CELLS are Entered by the User.
Parameters in GREEN CELLS are Automatically Selected from the DROP DOWN MENU for the Column and Insulat
All subsequent output values are calculated by the spreadsheet, and based on values specified in the input
parameters. This spreadsheet is protected and secure to avoid errors due to a wrong entry in a cell(s).
The chapter in the NUREG should be read before an analysis is made.
INPUT PARAMETERS
The Ratio of Heated Surface Area to Volume of Column (both per unit length) (F/V)
Flame Emissivity (ef)
Specific Heat of Steel (cs)
Density of Steel (rs)
Convective heat Transfer Coefficient (hc)
Stefan Boltzmann Constant
Ambient Air Temperature (Ta)
Constant (C1)
SECTIONAL FACTORS FOR STEEL COLUMNS
Select Column
18x76
Scroll to desired column size then Click on selection
EMISSIVITY VALUES FOR DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION TYPES
Emissivity Select Flame Emissivity,

Type of Construction ef
Scroll to desired construction type then Click on s
Column outside façade 0.3
Floor girder with floor slab of concrete, only the
underside of the bottom flange being directly 0.3
exposed to fire
ratio is not less than 0.5
ratio is less than 0.5
Box girder and lattice 0.7

Column exposed to fire on all sides 0.7
User Specificed Value Enter Value
ESTIMATING FIRE RESISTANCE TIME OF UNPROTECTED STEEL COLUMNS USING

QUASI-STEADY-STATE APPROACH
Reference: Buchanan, A. H., Structural Design for Fire Safety, 2001, Page 179.
DTs = F/V 1/rscs (hc (Tf - Ts) + s e (Tf4 - Ts4)) Dt
Where DTs = temperature rise in steel (°F)

F/V = ratio of heated surface area to volume of column (both per unit length) (m -1)
rs = density of steel (kg/m3)
cs = specific heat of steel (J/kg-K)
hc = convective heat transfer coefficient (W/m2-K)
s = Stefan Boltzmann constant (kW/m2-K4)
e = flame emissivity
Tf = fire exposure temperature (°F)
Ts = steel temperature (°F)
Dt = time step (sec)
The Maximum Allowable Time Step

Dt = 30.00 sec
Calculate
For ASTM E 119 exposure, Tf at any time, t, is given by the following expression
Tf = C1 LOG (0.133 t + 1) + Ta (Refecrece: SFPE Handbook 3rd Edition, p. 4-223)
Where Tf = fire exposure temperature (°F)
C2 = constant = 620
t = time step (sec)
Ta = ambient air temperature (°F)
DTs1 = F/V 1/rscs (hc (C1 LOG (0.133 t1 + 1) +Ta) - Ts0) + s e ((C1 LOG (0.133 t
Where t1 = Dt/2
Ts0 = initial steel temperature (°F)
DTs2 = F/V 1/rscs (hc (C1 LOG (0.133 t2 + 1) +Ta) - Ts) + s e ((C1 LOG (0.133 t
Where t2 = t1 + Dt/2
Ts = Ts0 + DTs from previous row
Results
Time TS Time TS
(min) (°F) (min) (°F)

0.5 122 14.5 1293
1.0 148 15.0 1326
1.5 180 15.5 1357
2.0 215 16.0 1387
2.5 252 16.5 1415
3.0 292 17.0 1442
3.5 334 17.5 1467
4.0 377 18.0 1491
4.5 422 18.5 1514
5.0 467 19.0 1535
5.5 514 19.5 1555
6.0 560 20.0 1574
6.5 608 20.5 1591
7.0 655 21.0 1608
7.5 702 21.5 1623
8.0 750 22.0 1638
8.5 797 22.5 1652
9.0 843 23.0 1664
9.5 889 23.5 1677
10.0 935 24.0 1688
10.5 979 24.5 1699
11.0 1023 Failure of Column 25.0 1709
Steel Temperature
Temperature (°F)
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 10 20 30
Time (min)
800
600
400
200
0
0 10 20 30
Time (min)
The Failure Temperature for Steel Beams is Assumed at 1000 °F (538 °C)
NOTE
The above calculations are based on principles developed in the Structural Design for Fire Safety by
Buchanan, 2001.
Calculations are based on certain assumptions and have inherent limitations. The results
of such calculations may or may not have reasonable predictive capabilities for a given
situation, and should only be interpreted by an informed user.
Although each calculation in the spreadsheet has been verified with the results of hand calculation,
there is no absolute guarantee of the accuracy of these calculations.
Any questions, comments, concerns, and suggestions, or to report an error(s) in the spreadsheet,
please send an email to nxi@nrc.gov or mxs3@nrc.gov.
Prepared by: Date Organization
Checked by: Date Organization
Additional Information
Revision Log Description of Revision

1805.0 Original issue with final text.
IME OF UNPROTECTED
d structural steel columns.
ROP DOWN MENU for the Column and Insulation Selected.

ed on values specified in the input
e to a wrong entry in a cell(s).
both per unit length) (F/V) 140.73 m-1

0.30
600 J/kg-K
7850 kg/m3
25 W/m2-K
5.669E-08 W/m2-K4
25 °C 298 K
345.0
t Flame Emissivity, e f
l to desired construction type then Click on selection

D STEEL COLUMNS USING
me of column (both per unit length) (m -1)
he following expression
andbook 3rd Edition, p. 4-223)
Caution! This equation is only valid up to 1000 °F (538 °C) where

carbon steel structural members begin to fail. Predicted
temperatures above 1000 °F (538 °C) are not accurate or valid.
e ((C1 LOG (0.133 t1 + 1) +Ta)4 - Ts04)) Dt
e ((C1 LOG (0.133 t2 + 1) +Ta)4 - Ts4)) Dt
Time TS
(min) (°F)
Failure of Column 28.5 1767 Failure of Column
Steel Temperature
20 30 40 50
Time (min)
20 30 40 50
Time (min)
d at 1000 °F (538 °C)
d in the Structural Design for Fire Safety by
inherent limitations. The results

dictive capabilities for a given
erified with the results of hand calculation,
to report an error(s) in the spreadsheet,

Date
January 2005
Office of N uclear Reactor Regulation
SECTIONAL FACTORS FOR STEEL MEMBERS
BEAMS COLUMNS
Structural Shape F/V Ratio Structural Shape F/V Ratio
W Shapes (m-1) W Shapes (m-1)
36x300 54 36x300 62
36x280 58 36x280 66
36x260 62 36x260 71
36x245 66 36x245 75
36x230 70 36x230 79
36x210 69 36x210 77
36x194 74 36x194 83
36x182 79 36x182 88
36x170 84 36x170 94
36x160 89 36x160 99
36x150 95 36x150 105
36x135 105 36x135 117
33x241 63 33x241 72
33x221 69 33x221 78
33x201 75 33x201 86
33x152 88 33x152 99
33x141 95 33x141 106
33x130 102 33x130 114
33x118 112 33x118 125
30x211 67 30x211 77
30x191 74 30x191 84
30x173 81 30x173 93
30x132 92 30x132 103
30x124 98 30x124 109
30x116 104 30x116 116
30x108 112 30x108 125
30x99 121 30x99 135
27x178 73 27x178 83
27x161 80 27x161 91
27x146 88 27x146 100
27x114 98 27x114 110
27x102 109 27x102 122
27x94 118 27x94 132
27x84 131 27x84 147
24x162 72 24x162 83
24x146 80 24x146 91
24x131 88 24x131 101
24x117 98 24x117 113
24x104 110 24x104 126
24x94 106 24x94 119
24x84 118 24x84 133
24x76 130 24x76 146
24x68 144 24x68 162
24x62 147 24x62 162
24x55 164 24x55 181
21x147 73 21x147 85
21x132 81 21x132 93
21x122 87 21x122 101
21x111 95 21x111 110
21x101 104 21x101 120
21x93 97 21x93 109
21x83 108 21x83 122
21x73 122 21x73 137
21x68 130 21x68 147
21x62 142 21x62 160
21x57 144 21x57 159
21x50 162 21x50 179
21x44 182 21x44 202
18x119 79 18x119 92
18x106 88 18x106 103
18x97 96 18x97 111
18x86 108 18x86 125
18x76 121 18x76 141
18x71 111 18x71 126

18x65 121 18x65 136
18x60 130 18x60 147
18x55 141 18x55 159
18x50 155 18x50 175
18x46 156 18x46 174
18x40 178 18x40 198
18x35 202 18x35 225
16x100 86 16x100 100
16x89 95 16x89 111
16x77 110 16x77 128
16x67 125 16x67 146
16x57 125 16x57 142
16x50 142 16x50 161
16x45 156 16x45 177
16x40 175 16x40 198
16x36 193 16x36 219
16x31 206 16x31 230
16x26 243 16x26 271
14x730 17 14x730 20
14x665 18 14x665 22
14x605 20 14x605 24
14x550 21 14x550 25
14x500 23 14x500 28
14x455 25 14x455 30
14x426 26 14x426 32
14x398 28 14x398 33
14x370 30 14x370 36
14x342 32 14x342 38
14x311 35 14x311 41
14x283 37 14x283 45
14x257 41 14x257 49
14x233 45 14x233 54
14x211 49 14x211 59
14x193 53 14x193 64
14x176 58 14x176 69
14x159 64 14x159 77
14x145 69 14x145 83
14x132 73 14x132 88
14x120 80 14x120 96
14x109 88 14x109 106
14x99 96 14x99 116
14x90 105 14x90 127
14x82 95 14x82 111
14x74 104 14x74 122
14x68 113 14x68 133
14x61 125 14x61 147
14x53 129 14x53 150
14x48 142 14x48 165
14x43 158 14x43 183
14x38 168 14x38 192
14x34 188 14x34 214
14x30 211 14x30 240
14x26 217 14x26 243
14x22 255 14x22 285
12x336 28 12x336 33
12x305 30 12x305 36
12x279 33 12x279 39
12x252 36 12x252 43
12x230 39 12x230 46
12x210 42 12x210 50
12x190 46 12x190 55
12x170 50 12x170 60
12x152 56 12x152 67
12x136 62 12x136 74
12x120 69 12x120 83
12x106 77 12x106 93
12x96 85 12x96 102
12x87 93 12x87 112
12x79 102 12x79 122
12x72 112 12x72 134
12x65 123 12x65 147
12x58 124 12x58 148
12x53 135 12x53 160

12x50 128 12x50 150
12x45 142 12x45 166
12x40 158 12x40 185
12x35 168 12x35 194
12x30 196 12x30 225
12x26 224 12x26 257
12x22 220 12x22 244
12x19 254 12x19 282
12x16 297 12x16 330
12x14 334 12x14 372
10x112 63 10x112 75
10x100 69 10x100 83
10x88 78 10x88 94
10x77 88 10x77 106
10x68 99 10x68 119
10x60 111 10x60 134
10x54 123 10x54 148
10x49 135 10x49 162
10x45 129 10x45 153
10x39 148 10x39 175
10x33 173 10x33 206
10x30 168 10x30 194
10x26 194 10x26 224
10x22 225 10x22 260
10x19 224 10x19 253
10x17 251 10x17 282
10x15 281 10x15 317
10x12 347 10x12 391
8x67 83 8x67 100
8x58 95 8x58 114
8x48 113 8x48 136
8x40 135 8x40 162
8x35 152 8x35 182
8x31 170 8x31 204
8x28 168 8x28 199
8x24 194 8x24 230
8x21 204 8x21 237
8x18 236 8x18 276
8x15 246 8x15 282
8x13 282 8x13 323
8x10 363 8x10 415
6x25 163 6x25 195
6x20 201 6x20 241
6x15 262 6x15 315
6x16 200 6x16 234
6x12 262 6x12 306
6x9 342 6x9 400
5x19 177 5x19 212
5x16 206 5x16 249
4x13 205 4x13
User Specified Value Enter Value User Specified Value Enter Value

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Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation

Division of Systems Safety and Analysis

CHAPTER 17. ESTIMATING FIRE RESISTANCE TIME OF UNPROTECTED

SECTIONAL FACTORS FOR STEEL BEAMS

EMISSIVITY VALUES FOR DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION TYPES

Emissivity Select Flame Emissivity,

User Specified Value Enter Value

ESTIMATING FIRE RESISTANCE TIME OF UNPROTECTED STEEL BEAMS USING

DTs = F/V 1/rs cs (hc (Tf - Ts) + s e (Tf4 - Ts4)) Dt

The Maximum Allowable Time Step

1.5 147 18.0 1130

Temperature (°F) Temperature of Steel

Prepared by: Date Organization

Checked by: Date Organization

Revision Log Description of Revision

ected structural steel beams.

he DROP DOWN MENU for the Beam and Insulation Selected.

m (both per unit length) (F/V) 79.55 m-1

elect Flame Emissivity, e f

croll to desired construction type then Click on selection

TED STEEL BEAMS USING

volume of beam (both per unit length) (m -1)

by the following expression

Caution! This equation is only valid up to 1000 °F (538 °C) where

) + s e ((C1 LOG (0.133 t1 + 1) +Ta)4 - Ts04)) Dt

+ s e ((C1 LOG (0.133 t2 + 1) +Ta)4 - Ts4)) Dt

Failure of Beam 35.0 1760 Failure of Beam

umed at 1000 °F (538 °C)

loped in the Structural Design for Fire Safety by

have inherent limitations. The results

en verified with the results of hand calculation,

ns, or to report an error(s) in the spreadsheet,

CHAPTER 17. ESTIMATING FIRE RESISTANCE TIME OF UNPROTECTED

EMISSIVITY VALUES FOR DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION TYPES

Emissivity Select Flame Emissivity,

Box girder and lattice 0.7

ESTIMATING FIRE RESISTANCE TIME OF UNPROTECTED STEEL COLUMNS USING

DTs = F/V 1/rscs (hc (Tf - Ts) + s e (Tf4 - Ts4)) Dt

Where DTs = temperature rise in steel (°F)

The Maximum Allowable Time Step

(min) (°F) (min) (°F)

Prepared by: Date Organization

Checked by: Date Organization

Revision Log Description of Revision

d structural steel columns.

ROP DOWN MENU for the Column and Insulation Selected.

both per unit length) (F/V) 140.73 m-1

l to desired construction type then Click on selection

D STEEL COLUMNS USING

me of column (both per unit length) (m -1)

Caution! This equation is only valid up to 1000 °F (538 °C) where

e ((C1 LOG (0.133 t1 + 1) +Ta)4 - Ts04)) Dt

e ((C1 LOG (0.133 t2 + 1) +Ta)4 - Ts4)) Dt

d at 1000 °F (538 °C)

d in the Structural Design for Fire Safety by

inherent limitations. The results

erified with the results of hand calculation,

to report an error(s) in the spreadsheet,

SECTIONAL FACTORS FOR STEEL MEMBERS

W Shapes (m-1) W Shapes (m-1)

36x150 95 36x150 105

36x135 105 36x135 117

33x141 95 33x141 106

33x130 102 33x130 114