0 Water Treatment Plant Design - Final Paper

WATER TREATMENT PLANT DESIGN
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Course
Environmental Engineering
Submitted By:
LEADER: CAUILAN, KEICEE
GROUP 1 – INTAKE GROUP 5 – FLOCCULATION

ABAYA, HAZEL ALUMIT, RAZEL JR.
DECENA, CLARISSA CALLUENG, JOMHEL
LAPUEBLA, JEREMY GUIAWAN, RISHAYLE MAE
GROUP 2 – AERATION GROUP 6 – SEDIMENTSTION

ACEBEDO, DAPHNE BENITO, ANGELICA JOYCE
DECENA, CHRISTIAN CUSIPAG, JONELOU
DEUNDO, DIONA MARIE LIQUIGAN, JAIGE
GROUP 3 – SOFTENING GROUP 7 – FILTRATION

BADUA, REYNALDO JR. CABADDU, QUENNIE
GONZALES, RUBINA LOZANO, HARVEY
LIM, VAN JANSENN MAGANNON, JUDY-ANN
GROUP 4 – COAGULATION GROUP 8 – DISINFECTION

ACORDA, KING RHOMER CATLI, ANGELICA
ANDRADA, FILMAR GUILLERMO, DENVER
DULLIYAO, VAN VESPHER MAMAUAG, ALBERTO JR.
Submitted To:
ENGR. CAESAR P. LLAPITAN
NOVEMBER 29, 2017

TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1
II. DESIGN PROBLEM ............................................................................................................................. 1
III. DESIGN INPUT ................................................................................................................................ 2
A. RAW GROUNDWATER COMPOSITION .......................................................................................................... 2
i. Physical Characteristics ....................................................................................................................... 2
ii.Chemical Characteristics ...................................................................................................................... 2
Biological Characteristics .................................................................................................................... 3
iii.
B. WHO DRINKING WATER QUALITY STANDARD ......................................................................................... 3
i. Physical Characteristics ....................................................................................................................... 3
ii. Chemical Characteristics ...................................................................................................................... 3
iii. Biological Characteristics .................................................................................................................... 4
IV. DESIGN ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................................... 5
A. SELECTION OF WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES ........................................................................................ 5
B. PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM .......................................................................................................................... 6
C. WATER TREATMENT UNIT PROCESSES....................................................................................................... 7
1. INTAKE ................................................................................................................................................. 7
i. Theory ............................................................................................................................................................... 7
ii. Operation ........................................................................................................................................................... 7
2. AERATION ............................................................................................................................................ 7
i. Theory ............................................................................................................................................................... 7
ii. Operation ........................................................................................................................................................... 9
3. SOFTENING ......................................................................................................................................... 9
i. Theory ............................................................................................................................................................... 9
ii. Operation ......................................................................................................................................................... 11
4. COAGULATION ................................................................................................................................. 13
i. Theory ............................................................................................................................................................. 13
ii. Operation ......................................................................................................................................................... 13
5. FLOCCULATION ............................................................................................................................... 14
i. Theory ............................................................................................................................................................. 14
ii. Operation ......................................................................................................................................................... 15
6. SEDIMENTATION .............................................................................................................................. 16
i. Theory ............................................................................................................................................................. 16
ii. Operation ......................................................................................................................................................... 19
7. FILTRATION ...................................................................................................................................... 19
i. Theory ............................................................................................................................................................. 19
ii. Operation ......................................................................................................................................................... 20
8. DISINFECTION .................................................................................................................................. 21
i. Theory ............................................................................................................................................................. 21
ii. Operation ......................................................................................................................................................... 23
V. PROCESS DESIGN ............................................................................................................................. 24

1. WATER INTAKE ................................................................................................................................... 24
A. Yield Analysis of the Aquifer ............................................................................................................... 24
i. Type: Unconfined Aquifer ............................................................................................................................... 24
ii. Assumptions .................................................................................................................................................... 24
iii. Design input..................................................................................................................................................... 25
iv. Design Equation .............................................................................................................................................. 25
v. Design Calculation .......................................................................................................................................... 25
2. AERATION............................................................................................................................................. 26
A. Determination of DO, BODand OC .................................................................................................... 26
i. Design Input .................................................................................................................................................... 26
ii. Design Calculations ......................................................................................................................................... 26
3. SOFTENING ........................................................................................................................................... 28
A. Lime-Soda Softening ........................................................................................................................... 28
i. Design Requirement ........................................................................................................................................ 28
i. Design Input .................................................................................................................................................... 28
ii. Block Diagram................................................................................................................................................. 28
iii. Design Calculation .......................................................................................................................................... 29
4. COAGULATION .................................................................................................................................... 31
A. Consumed and Final Alkalinity ........................................................................................................... 31
i. Design Input .................................................................................................................................................... 31
ii. Design Requirement ........................................................................................................................................ 31
iii. Design Calculation .......................................................................................................................................... 31
5. FLOCCULATION .................................................................................................................................. 32
A. Velocity Gradient and Residence Time ............................................................................................... 32
i. Design Input .................................................................................................................................................... 32
ii. Design Criteria................................................................................................................................................. 32
iii. Design requirement .......................................................................................................................................... 32
iv. Design calculation ........................................................................................................................................... 32
6. SEDIMENTATION ................................................................................................................................ 33
A. Limiting Particle Concentration ......................................................................................................... 33
i. Design Input .................................................................................................................................................... 33
ii. Design Calculation .......................................................................................................................................... 33
7. FILTRATION ......................................................................................................................................... 35
A. Rapid Sand Filtration .......................................................................................................................... 35
i. Design Input .................................................................................................................................................... 35
ii. Design Criteria................................................................................................................................................. 35
v. Design Procedure ............................................................................................................................................. 40
vi. Design Calculation .......................................................................................................................................... 41
8. DISINFECTION...................................................................................................................................... 49
A. Selection of Disinfectants .................................................................................................................... 49
B. Selection of Primary and Secondary Disinfectants Based On Groundwater Analysis ........................ 50
a) Selection of Primary Disinfectant .................................................................................................................... 51
b) Selection of Secondary Disinfectant ................................................................................................................ 51
C. Ozonation ............................................................................................................................................ 53
i. Design Input .................................................................................................................................................... 53
D. Chlorination ........................................................................................................................................ 55
i. Design Input .................................................................................................................................................... 55
VI. EQUIPMENT DESIGN ................................................................................................................... 56

1. INTAKE WELL ...................................................................................................................................... 56
Design Basis ........................................................................................................................................ 56
A.
Design Criteria ................................................................................................................................... 57
B.
Design Specifications .......................................................................................................................... 57
C.
Design Procedure ............................................................................................................................... 58
D.
Design Calculation.............................................................................................................................. 59
E.
Design Figure ..................................................................................................................................... 66
F.
2. SURFACE AERATOR ........................................................................................................................... 67
A. Design Basis ........................................................................................................................................ 67
B. Design Criteria ................................................................................................................................... 67
C. Design Specification............................................................................................................................ 67
D. Design Figure ..................................................................................................................................... 68
3. SOFTENING ........................................................................................................................................... 69
A. Design Basis ........................................................................................................................................ 69
D. Design Procedure ............................................................................................................................... 70
E. Design Calculation.............................................................................................................................. 71
F. Design Figure ..................................................................................................................................... 72
4. IN-LINE MECHANICAL MIXING........................................................................................................ 72
A. Design Basis ........................................................................................................................................ 73
F. Design Figure ..................................................................................................................................... 75
5. PADDLE FLOCCULATOR.................................................................................................................... 76
A. Design Basis ........................................................................................................................................ 76
F. Design Figure ..................................................................................................................................... 84
6. SEDIMENTATION BASIN .................................................................................................................... 85
A. Design Basis ........................................................................................................................................ 85
F. Design Figure ..................................................................................................................................... 92
7. RAPID SAND FILTER ........................................................................................................................... 94
A. Design Basis ........................................................................................................................................ 94
B. Design Specification............................................................................................................................ 94
C. Design Procedure ............................................................................................................................... 95
D. Design Calculation.............................................................................................................................. 96
E. Design Figure ..................................................................................................................................... 98
8. CONTACT CHAMBER ........................................................................................................................ 100
A. Design Basis ...................................................................................................................................... 100
B. Design Criteria ................................................................................................................................. 100
C. Design Specification.......................................................................................................................... 100
D. Design Calculation............................................................................................................................ 101
E. Design Figure ................................................................................................................................... 102
I. Introduction
Treatment systems are installed for two main reasons: to remove those things that can
cause diseases and to eliminate those that create nuisances. In raw water treatment, the
water is treated by a confirmed series of treatmentsteps or unit processes to produce safe
drinking water. The goals are to remove pollutants that affect water quality and to ensure
thatwater, safe for consumption is delivered to the consumer.The unit processes used to
prepare raw or untreated water for public use and consumption are controlled and
determined by water quality parameters. These parameters are set by federal regulations
and are supported and strengthened by state law.
In this paper, a problem on the quality of the raw groundwater was identified.The
water quality did not meet the drinking water standards and a treatment plant was needed.
A solution for the problem was identified based on the raw water composition and the
drinking water standards and requirements.The quality standardsand requirements chosen
for the drinking water was based on the standards set by the World Health Organization
(WHO).
This paper will give an emphasis on water quality, functionality of each unit processes
within the treatment chain and simple design calculations on water treatment plants. It
will discuss on the selection, theory and operation of the water treatment processes such
as aeration, water softening, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and
disinfection in water treatment plants. Moreover, calculations in the process and
mechanical designs of this treatment processes were also included in the plant design.
II. Design Problem
Design a water treatment plant that treats groundwater extracted from a well in an
unconfined aquifer. Based on the water analysis of the groundwater, it was found out that
the water contains undesirable contaminants and the water quality did not meet the
drinking water standard. Design the treatment processes and equipment needed based on
the nature and quality of the groundwater to be treated, the WHO drinking water quality
standard, the desired quality of the finished water and the mode of operation planned.
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III. Design Input
A. Raw Groundwater Composition
i. Physical Characteristics
Actual
Parameter
Value
Color 25
Odor negative
Taste normal
Temperature , °C 25
Turbidity , NTU 30
Total Suspended
253.8
Solids , mg/L
Table 1.0: Physical Characteristics of Raw Water
ii. Chemical Characteristics

Actual
Parameter
Value
Total Dissolved Solids, mg/L 403
Alkalinity , mg/L 183
Total Hardness, mg/L as
328.6
CaCO3
pH 7.65
Fluorides, mg/L 0.09
Chloride, mg/L 67.8
Arsenic, mg/L 0.05
Iron, mg/L 0.01
Calcium, mg/L 95.2
Chromium , mg/L 0.05
Manganese, mg/L 0.05
Lead , mg/L 0.001
Mercury, mg/L 0.001
Selenium , mg/L 0.007
Sodium, mg/L 25.8
Zinc, mg/L 0.047
Nitrates, mg/L 0.11
Sulfate, mg/L 73
Hydrogen Sulfide, mg/L 0.01
Magnesium, mg/L 22
Cyanides, mg/L 0.01
Table 1.1: Chemical Characteristics of Raw Water
2
iii. Biological Characteristics
Actual
Parameter
Value
Total Bacteria 690
Coliform 100
E. Coli 100
Salmonella 0
Vibrio Cholera 0
Giardia Cysts 0.0025
Virus 0.001
Cryptosporidium
0.003
Oocysts
Table 1.2:Biological Characteristics of Raw Water
B. WHO Drinking Water Quality Standard
i. Physical Characteristics
Highest Desirable Minimum Permissible
Parameter
Level Level
Color 5 50
Odor Unobjectionable Unobjectionable
Taste Unobjectionable Unobjectionable
Temperature , °C 25 5
Turbidity , NTU 2.5 5
Total Suspended Solids , mg/L 500 1500
Table 1.3: WHO Standard Physical Characteristics
ii. Chemical Characteristics

Highest Desirable Minimum
Parameter
Level Permissible Level
Total Dissolved Solids , mg/L 300 1000
Alkalinity , mg/L 150-300 500
Total Hardness , mg/L as CaCO3 100 500
pH 7.5 to 8.5 6.6 to 9.2
Fluorides, mg/L 1.0 1.5
Chloride, mg/L 200 600
Arsenic, mg/L 0.01 0.05
Cadmium, mg/L 0.03 5
Calcium, mg/L 75 200
Chromium, mg/L 0.05 0.05
3
Copper, mg/L 1 1.3
Lead, mg/L 0.005 0.01
Mercury, mg/L 0.005 1.0
Selenium, mg/L 0.05 0.01
Sodium, mg/L 200 200
Zinc, mg/L 5.0 5.0
Nitrates, mg/L 10 10
Sulfate, mg/L 250 400
Hydrogen Sulfide, mg/L 0 0
Magnesium, mg/L 25 150
Cyanides, mg/L 0.1 0.05
Table 1.4: WHO Standard Chemical Characteristics
iii. Biological Characteristics

Highest Desirable Minimum Permissible
Parameter
Level Level
Total Bacteria 100 100
Coliform 0 0
E. Coli 0 0
Salmonella 0 0
Vibrio Cholera 0 0
Giardia Cysts 0 0
Virus 0 0
Cryptosporidium
0 0
Oocysts
Table 1.5: WHO Standard Biological Characteristics
4
IV. Design Analysis
Treatment processes for the treatment plant are identified based on the raw water
composition and the drinking water standards and requirements.
A. Selection of Water Treatment Processes
Constituent Unit Processes

Coagulation/ flocculation, sedimentation, granular
Turbidity and particles
filtration
Major dissolved
Softening, aeration, membranes
inorganics
Minor dissolved
Membranes
inorganics
Pathogens Sedimentation, filtration, disinfection
Major dissolved organics Membranes, adsorption
Table 1.6: Selection of Treatment Processes
Constituent Actual Standard Difference Means of Treatment

pH 7.65 7.5 to 8.5 0.15 Not necessary
Coagulation/Flocculation,
Turbidity 30 2.5 27.5 Sedimentation and
Granular Filtration
Total Hardness
328.6 100 228.6 Softening
(mg/L)
Iron (mg/L) 0.5 0.3 0.2 Aeration
Manganese
0.5 0.1 0.4 Aeration
(mg/L)
Total Bacteria 690 100 590 Disinfection
E. Coli 100 0 100 Disinfection
Table 1.7: Selected Treatment Processes
5
B. Process Flow Diagram
LIME-SODA SOFTENING
AERATION
INTAKE
SEDIMENTATION
FLOCCULATION AND
COAGULATION
FILTRATION
DISTRIBUTION
DISINFEFCTION
6
C. Water Treatment Unit Processes
1. INTAKE
i. Theory
The basic function of the intake structure is to withdraw water from the source
over predetermined pool levels and then to discharge this water into the withdrawal
conduit, through which it flows up to the water treatment plant. A pump is used to
lift groundwater from an aquifer where the water is stored. The aquifer has an area
that influences the movement of contaminants in groundwater. Knowing these areas
promotes understanding of the possible location of the contaminants and the
technology needed for treatment. In building an aquifer, the aquifer’s permeability
and porosity of rocks are taken into consideration. Porosity is the ratio between the
volume of soil and the volume of the area or medium they occupy and permeability
is the property of rocks that is an indication of the ability of liquid to flow through
rocks.
ii. Operation
To draw the groundwater from the reservoir, a submerged pump will be used.
The pump will be selected base from the criteria of the desired input flow rate. As
the water is pump up, it flows through a pipe where it will go tanks for treatment
processes. In short, groundwater is pumped to an intake pipe from the groundwater
source and pumps carry the water through a transmission conduit to the treatment
processes and distribution system.
2. AERATION
i. Theory
Water aeration is the process of increasing the oxygen saturation of the water.
Aeration treatment consists of passing large amounts of air through water and then
venting the air outside. The air causes the dissolved gases or volatile compounds to
release from the water. The air and the contaminants released from the water are
vented.
7
Organic Consuming Substances in Raw Water
Many organic and inorganic substances, and micro-organisms are present in raw
water from surface or ground sources. Most of these substances are unstable, produce
taste, color, odor, and turbidity, which are objectionable to water consumers. These
substances may be converted into stable ones when oxygen is available. When
dissolved oxygen is generated in raw water (effluent) during aeration, it oxidizes
several compounds including iron, manganese, ammonium and organic substances.
Similarly, gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulphide and
hydrocarbons, which may be trapped in the raw water, are desorbed. During the
design stage of a gas transfer component, the levels of oxidation and desorption are
estimated.
Oxidation of Pollutants during Aeration

The chemical reactions, which explain how some pollutants are stabilized through
oxidation during aeration processes, are as follows.
Organic Compounds
Organic substances often found in water sources have elements including carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. When oxygen is present, the organic substance is
broken down according to the reaction,
C5 H 7 O2 N  7O2  3H 2 O  5CO2  NO3  H 
Ammonium compound is formed as an intermediary and is further broken down into
nitrites and nitrates, with the help of the bacteria, nitrosomonas and nitrobacter.
 
NH 4  2O2  H 2O  2H   NO3
In this reaction, 3.5 g of oxygen is consumed per gram of ammonium compound.
Inorganic substances
Oxidation of iron
4Mn 2  2O2  8H 2 O  4MnO2  4H 2 O  8H 
In this reaction 0.29 g of oxygen is consumed per gram of manganese. This is double
the oxygen demand for oxidation of iron II Oxide. Reactions (1) to (4) indicate that
hydrogen ions are produced in excess.
8
ii. Operation
The air pump delivers air into the tank and a pocket of compressed air forms in
roughly the top third of the tank. As water enters the tank through the pipe, it hits a
baffle and sprays down through the pocket of compressed air. The water is further
aerated inside the tank before it leaves by way of the long tube which picks it up at
the bottom of the tank and sends it out through the other pipe.
3. SOFTENING
i. Theory
Lime-Soda Softening
Raising the pH of a water by addition of alkalinity will convert bicarbonates into
carbonates and CaCO3 formation and precipitation will ensue. Also, Mg(OH)2 will
be formed and precipitate. Slaked lime or lime Ca(OH)2, which is hydrated calcium
oxide (CaO), is usually the least expensive source of alkalinity. Calcium oxide is also
known as quicklime. Sodium hydroxide, NaOH, can also be used for alkalinity
depending on economics and other factors such as availability and ease of handling.
When insufficient bicarbonate concentrations exist, sodium carbonate (Na2CO3),
known as soda ash, is added to supply both alkalinity and carbonate ions. The
stoichiometry of the reactions is straightforward. The reactions involved in the lime-
soda process are given below.
Any carbon dioxide present in the raw water consumes lime according to reaction
(1). As lime is added, the pH rises and HCO3- is converted to CO32- and the reactions
in (2) and (3a) occur. As more lime is added, the concentration of OH- ions becomes
significant and reactions (3b) and (5) proceed. Reaction (6) applies only when soda is
added because some of the Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions are associated with noncarbonated
ions. Soda ash is more expensive than lime.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 →CaCO3(s) + H2O (1)

Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 → 2CaCO3(s) + 2H2O (2)
Mg(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 →CaCO3(s) + MgCO3 + 2H2O (3a)
MgCO3 + Ca(OH)2 →Mg(OH)2(s) + CaCO3(s) (3b)
9
Adding the above two reactions, the net lime requirement for magnesium carbonate
hardness is
Mg(HCO3)2 + 2Ca(OH)2 → Mg(OH)2(s) + 2CaCO3(s) + 2H2O (4)

MgX + Ca(OH)2 →Mg(OH)2(s) + CaX (5)
CaX + Na2CO3→CaCO3(s) + Na2X (6)
Where X is a noncarbonate anion such as SO42-, NO3-, or Cl-

Inorganic carbon alkalinity is first associated with Ca2+ because of the sequence
of reactions that occurs on addition of lime. Bicarbonate is converted to carbonate by
the addition of alkalinity and CaCO3 forms and precipitates. MgCO3 does not
precipitate under normal circumstances but after HCO3- has been converted to CO32-,
additional OH- does cause the precipitation of Mg(OH)2. Therefore, when
magnesium removal is desired, an amount of lime sufficient to convert alkalinity to
carbonate be added in addition to the amount of lime required to remove the
magnesium.
Hardness concentration,
Degree of Hardness
mg/L as CaCO3
Moderately Hard 60-120
Hard 120-180
Very hard 180 and over
Table 1.8: Qualitative Hardness of Water
Although Table 1 indicates that calcium concentrations below 20 mg/L as CaCO3

can be achieved, the practical lower limit of removal is near 30 mg/L as CaCO3 (0.6
meq/L). When the starting concentrations of Ca2+ and CO32- are different,
precipitation of CaCO3 occurs until the ion with the lower initial concentration
reaches 0.6 meq/L. the assumption is somewhat conservative. Performance data are
required to determine the actual residual calcium hardness. Environmental conditions
and residence time in the reactor influence the extent to which equilibrium is
achieved.
The practical lower limit removal of magnesium is 10 mg/L as CaCO3 (0.2
meq/L). Excess lime at approximately 35 mg/L as CaCO3 beyond stoichiometric
requirements is necessary to raise the pH to levels to ensure Mg(OH)2 formation. A
10
pH above 10.5 must be achieved in order to precipitate Mg(OH)2. The actual amount
of excess alkalinity required is dependent on the buffering capacity of water. Carbon
dioxide can be added to neutralize the excess lime in the treated water and lower the
pH to the desired value as shown by the following reactions.
2OH + CO2 → CO32- + H2O (7)
CO32- + H2O + CO2 →2HCO3- (8)
An alternate to remove the Ca2+ resulting from excess lime is to add Na2CO3. The
Na2CO3 is added along with the lime to the water entering the basin. Where
precipitation of CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2 will occur. The excess OH- in the effluent from
the basin is neutralized by addition of acid to achieve the pH desired for a stable
water. This approach requires only a single basin for hardness removal in contrast
with split recarbonation processes.
ii. Operation
Split-Flow Treatment
A split-treatment process softens raw water pumped from a nearby wall field.
Lime, soda ash and carbon dioxide are the principal chemicals used in the softening
process. Chemical softening occurs in Upflow solids contact basins, followed by the
pH adjustment and filtration using dual media gravity filters. Stabilizing chemicals
and filtration aids may also be added to the water. Following filtration, water is
chlorinated, fluorinated and stored in the plant clear well prior to pumping into the
City’s distribution systems.
In a split treatment process a portion of the water is treated for hardness removal
and recombined with a bypassed stream. The combined flow may be further treated
for calcium reduction. Also magnesium reduction in the water can be controlled in a
split treatment process. Chemical costs are also reduced in split treatment process.
The bypassed flow can be treated with coagulation agents as required for removal of
suspended solids in the settling basin.
A split treatment is normally applied to a water with a low amount of non-
carbonate hardness and magnesium hardness reduction is desired. In a split treatment
process all lime based on the total flow is added to the stream entering the first stage
to cause reactions. There is normally a large excess of lime in the first basin and
magnesium concentration below 0.2 meq/L down to practically zero can be attained
in the settled effluent from this stage. Recarbonation of the effluent from the first
11
stage is sufficient alkalinity and carbon dioxide in the bypassed flow to react with the
excess lime. There will be no precipitation of magnesium after the first stage because
the pH will be lowered below solubility product values for Mg(OH)2 precipitation.
Mixing the treated and bypassed streams result in more carbonate formation and
subsequent precipitation of calcium carbonate. If further reduction of noncarbonnate
hardness is required the influent to the second stage can be supplemented with
Na2CO3 to reduce the noncarbonate Ca2+ according to reaction (6). Another settling
basin is required to settle the precipitate formed by these reactions. Finally, CO2 is
added to cause reaction (8) to bring the pH to the desired final value.
The final desired magnesium concentration dictates the fraction of flow that is
bypassed in a split treatment process. Water heater fouling problems are avoided
when magnesium concentrations are 40 mg/L as CaCO3 (0.8 meq/L) or lower.
Because no magnesium is removed in the second stage,
1  xMg 1  xQMg 0  QMg r

Or
Mg  f  Mg t
x
Mg 0  Mg 1
where x is bypassed fraction of influent flow, Q, while [Mg]0, [Mg]1, [Mg]t are the
influent, first stage, and final magnesium concentrations, respectively. The
maximum fraction that can be bypassed occurs when [Mg]t = 0.
Recycling a portion off the sludge from the clarifier promotes reaction and
settling in the process. Does higher than stoichiometric requirements may be required
to achieve desired results.
Carbon dioxide can be supplied in bulk containers or generated by burning a
hydrocarbon such as gas or oil or burning oil or coke. Polyphosphates are synthetic
phosphate compounds that sequester hardness ions, keeping them in solution.
Polyphosphates compounds that are often added to treated waters to prevent deposit
build-up on pipes.
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4. COAGULATION
i. Theory
Water treatment methods are generallyclassified into three categories:
mechanical,chemical and biological treatments.Chemical treatment is generally
applied to carryout mechanical treatment more efficiently and one type of this is
coagulation.
Alum or aluminum sulphate is selected as the coagulant used. Aluminum is
purchased as either dry or liquid alum, Al2(SO4)3·14H2O. Liquid alum is sold as
approximately 48.8% alum and the rest are water to avoid problems with
crystallization.
Al2 SO4 3  14H 2O  6HCO3  2 AlOH 3s   6CO2  14H 2O  3SO4

 2
Each mole of alum uses 6 moles of alkalinity and produces 6 moles of CO 2. The
reaction shifts the carbonate equilibrium and decreases the pH. As long as sufficient
alkalinity is present and CO2(g) is allowed to evolve, the pH is not drastically reduced
and is generally not an operational problem. When sufficient alkalinity is not present
to neutralize the sulfuric acid production, the pH may be greatly reduced:
Al2 SO4 3  14H 2O  2 Al OH 3  8H 2O  3H 2 SO4
If the second reaction occurs, lime or sodium carbonate may be added to

neutralize the sulfuric acid.
ii. Operation
Mixing is a very important operation associated with coagulation and
flocculation process. This operation hastens the settling process of particles in water.
Mixing must be in such amount of power that is enough to promote contact of
coagulants with the particles and form microflocs but not to tear the macroflocs
formed in flocculation process.
Flash mixing coagulants and other chemicals is necessary because of the minute
amounts of solutions added to the relatively large amount of raw water treated.
Because a rapid chemical reaction starts the instant the alum or other coagulant is
blended with raw water, there must be instant diffusion of the coagulant solution or
many particles will be missed, resulting in an overall higher turbidity or excessive
use of coagulant.
13
Mixing equipment: In-line Mechanical Mixer or In-line Blender
In-Line Mixers provide continuous, instantaneous blending of coagulant in raw

water prior to flocculation. The homogeneous, millisecond blending of coagulant
results in optimum floc formation and maximizes chemical economy. Compact in-
line units are constructed for flange mounting directly into the pipeline and are
equipped with an internal feed manifold designed to distribute solutions uniformly
throughout the sectionalized mixer body. The agitator (mixer) can be custom sized to
produce a desired G-Value.
5. FLOCCULATION
i. Theory
Flocculation is a process where a solute comes out of solution in the form of floc
or flakes. The action differs from precipitation in that the solute coming out of
solution does so at a concentration generally below its solubility limit in the liquid.
In colloid chemistry, flocculation refers to the process by which fine particulates are
caused to clump together into floc. The floc may then float to the top of the liquid,
settle to the bottom of the liquid, or can be readily filtered from the liquid. According
to the IUPAC definition, flocculation is a “process of contact and adhesion whereby
the particles of dispersion form larger-size clusters”. Flocculation is synonymous
with agglomeration and coagulation. For emulsions, flocculation describes clustering
of individual dispersed droplets together, whereby the individual droplets do not lose
their identity. Flocculation is thus the initial step leading to further aging of the
emulsion (droplet coalescence and the ultimate separation of the phases).
Flocculation and sedimentation are widely employed in the purification of drinking
water as well as sewage treatment, storm water treatment and treatment of other
industrial wastewater streams.
Microscale Flocculation
The type of flocculation used is microscale flocculation since the water extracted
is groundwater. In this type, the flocculation of small particles (particle size less than
0.1 µm in diameter) is caused by diffusion. The rate of flocculation is relative to the
rate at which the particles diffuse. Thus, the primary mechanism of aggregation is
14
through Brownian motion. This aggregation is called Microscale flocculation or
perikinetic flocculation. After a period of seconds, the microflocs range in size from
1 to about 100 µm in diameter.
Differential Settling
Because the floc particles are of different size, they settle at different rates.
Differences in the settling velocities cause the particles to collide and flocculate.
Chemical Sequence
The addition of multiple chemicals to improve flocculation is common practice.
The order of addition is important to achieve optimum results at minimum cost.
Typically, the addition of a polymer after the addition of hydrolyzing metal salts is
most effective. Ideally, the polymer addition should be made 5 to 10 minutes after
the addition of the hydrolyzing metal salt. This allows for the formation of pinpoint
floc that is then “bridged” by polymer. In conventional water treatment plant design
this is rarely possible because of space limitations.
ii. Operation
Flocculation is the most critical factor that affects particle removal efficiency. It
speeds slow-settling particles and chemical precipitants. This is accomplished by a
slow mixing process, designed to bring particles into contact so that they collide,
stick and agglomerate to size that readily settles. How fast and well the particles
agglomerate depends on the velocity gradient. Too much mixing shears the floc
particles, breaking them down into smaller units. The velocity gradient must be
strictly controlled. Enough mixing to bring the floc into contact must occur, without
breaking apart the forming floc, until maximum floc formation occurs and
sedimentation can begin. Gentle agitation for about one-half hour, using redwood
paddles mounted horizontally on motor-drive shafts, is common. The paddles rotates
slowly, providing gentle agitation that encourages floc growth. Floc formation
depends on how much particulate is present, how much volume it occupies, and the
basin velocity gradient.
15
6. SEDIMENTATION
i. Theory
The performance of a sedimentation basin for a given raw-water quality can be
understood with the help of particle settling theories. Particle suspensions are
separated into four classifications based on their concentration and morphology.
Type I particles are discrete and do not interfere with one another during settling
because the concentration is low and they do not flocculate. Type II suspensions
consist of particles that can adhere to each other if they bump into each other. At
concentrations higher than Type I and II suspensions, hindered, or Type III, settling
occurs. At much higher concentrations than are found in Type III settling, Type IV
settling or compression settling occurs where the suspension begins to consolidate
slowly.
In this process, Type III settling occurs because when the particles are dispersed
in a solution they go down the lower regions of the sedimentation basin. Hindered
settling typically occurs in this region and it is here where the concentration of
suspended particles is highest.
The solids flux in a sedimentation basin or solids thickener is defined in the
expression
JT  J s  Ju
where JT = total solids flux toward the bottom of the basin, kg/m2.h
Js = solids flux due to particle settling by gravity, kg/m2.h
Ju = solids flux due to fluid flow from the underflow, kg/m2.h
The solids flux values due to particle settling is determined by multiplying the
concentrations of particles by their respective initial settling velocities as
J s  vs C
where vs = settling velocity for particle concentration C, m/h

C = suspended solids concentration, kg/m3
16
Surface Influent,
Area, A Qr Ci
Sludge blanket Clarified effluent,

moving downward Qi-Qu, Ce
by gravity settling
and underflow Type III uniform settling
Transition region
Type IV compression settling
Underflow,
Qu, Cu
Figure 1.0: Sedimentation Basin

Figure 1.0 shows the diagram of sludge thickener or sedimentation basin where
thickening is taking place.
Solids flux, kg/m2h
Figure 1.1: Solids flux vs. Solids concentration

Figure 1.1 shows the graph of solids flux due to settling as function of concentration.
Initial Settling velocities, vi

Solids Concentration, C, g/L Solids Flux, Js, kg/m2.h
m/min m/h
1 0.125 7.50 7.5
2 0.080 4.80 9.6
3 0.043 2.55 7.7
5 0.017 1.02 5.1
10 0.005 0.31 3.1
15 0.003 0.16 2.4
Table 1.9: Settling Velocity and Solids Flux Values
17
Table 1.8 shows the settling velocity and solids flux values.
The solids flux due to the fluid flow to the underdrain, Js, is defined by
Qu C
Ju   vu C
A
where Qu = flow rate leaving the bottom of basin/thickener, m3/h
A = cross-sectional area of basin, m2
vu = bulk downward fluid velocity, m/h
The total flux at a suspended solids concentration C
J T  vs  vu C
The limiting flux is the point at which the mass flow of solids entering the thickener
is equal to the mass flow of solids leaving the thickener.
The downward velocity of the bulk fluid may be determined using the relationship
JL
vu 
Cu
where vu = downward velocity of bulk fluid, m/h
JL = limiting solids flux, kg/m2.h
Cu = concentration of solids in underflow, kg/m3
Estimation of the flow rate through the underdrain can be done using the solid mass
balance analysis expression
Qi Ci  Qi  Qu Ce  Qu Cu
where Qi = influent flow rate to basin/thickener, m3/h

Ci = influent suspended solids concentration, mg/L
Qu = flow rate leaving the bottom of basin/thickener, m3/h
Cu = solids concentration leaving bottom of basin/thickener, mg/L
Ce = effluent solids concentration, mg/L
It is assumed that Ce<<Cu and Ce<<Ci
The flow rate through the underdrain may be obtained from the following equation
Qi Ci
Qu 
Cu
The area can be obtained from the equation
Qu Cu Qi Ci
A 
JL JL
where A = area required for thickening, m2
18
ii. Operation
Water flows horizontally through the sedimentation basin, then rises vertically to
overflow the discharge channel weir at the tank surface. While the water slowly rises,
the floc settles in the opposite direction and is expelled mechanically by continuous-
action sludge removal machinery. The process does not remove all the floc so
particles lighter than the overflow rate flow out with the effluent, and are removed by
filtration. The sedimentation basin sludge is disposed of by passing it to a lagoon,
thickening and holding, or directing it to the sanitary sewer.
7. FILTRATION
i. Theory
Filtration is a process where water flows through a permeable layer, either a
membrane, filter paper, a sieve, a porous medium or such. In water treatment,
granular filtration is a process where water flows through granular material (often
sand) while suspended solids (sand, clay, iron and aluminum flocs) are retained,
substances are biochemically decomposed and pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria,
viruses, protozoa) are removed.
The suspended solids slowly fill the pores, resulting in an increase in hydraulic
resistance. The suspended solids are removed by periodically cleaning the filter beds.
This prevents the resistance from becoming too high or the breakthrough of
suspended solids. Filters are also used for chemical and biological reactions. This is
mainly of importance for the treatment of groundwater where the oxidation of iron,
manganese, and ammonium and, in case of poor gas stripping, methane takes place.
The removal of pathogenic microorganisms is of importance for surface water
treatment, and the efficiency is approximately 90 to 99%. The removal of pathogenic
microorganisms occurs by decay and retention on the grains.
Rapid Sand Filtration

The most common application of filtration is rapid sand filtration. Rapid sand
filtration consists of a bed with a coarse granular medium (0.8-1.2 mm) and
supernatant water. The filtration velocities (between 5 and 20 m/h) are controlled by
varying the supernatant water level (inlet-controlled) or by operating a valve at the
outlet pipe (outlet-controlled). Due to clogging, maximum resistance is reached, and
19
the filter bed must be cleaned by backwashing. During backwashing the filter bed is
expanded, and the accumulated suspended solids are removed. The backwash water
is drained through a central trough to a waste receptacle. The backwash frequency is
repeated every few days.
Rapid sand filters are present in nearly every water treatment plant. Surface water
treatment uses the filters after floc formation and removal to get rid of the remaining
flocs and pathogens and to decompose ammonium. In groundwater treatment, the
filters are usually placed after aeration to remove iron flocs, manganese and
ammonium. With softening, filters are often placed after pellet reactors to remove the
‘carry-over’.
ii. Operation
Some particles are removed by simple mechanical screening because the particle
is larger than the smallest opening through which the water flows. This is the
dominant mechanism for slow sand filters. Straining causes a cake to form at the
surface of the filter. This improves the efficiency of particle removal but also
increases the head loss. In depth-filtration, particles smaller than the openings
between the granular material are removed by a variety of mechanisms including
sedimentation, flocculation, interception, and impaction. The pore spaces between
the grains of granular material are small, and the water velocity through the
interstices is small. If the mass and diameter of the particles is large enough, it will
settle through the short distance from the water to the particle. Because the
streamlines of water flowing through the interstices bend as the water passes around
the granular material, particles are brought into contact with one another. This
mixing causes them to flocculate and grow larger in size. The larger particles may
then be captured by straining. Bending streamlines also cause smaller particles to
pass near enough to the grains of filter material to be intercepted. In some cases, the
particles have sufficient mass that they cannot follow the alteration in flow path with
the streamlines, and their trajectory causes them to impact on the granular material of
the filter. As the particles in the water come in contact with the granular filter
material, the surface forces must be favorable for them to attach. They must
sufficiently destabilized so that the electrostatic repulsive forces are minimized and
the short range van der Waals forces result in a net attractive force.
20
8. DISINFECTION
i. Theory
Chlorination
In water, chlorine reacts with various substances or impurities present (organic
materials, sulfides, ferrous iron, and nitrites, for example). The presence of these
materials creates a chlorine demand, a measure of the amount of chlorine needed to
eliminate these impurities by combining with them. That amount of chlorine cannot
disinfect; it is already chemically depleted.
Chlorine also combines readily with ammonia or other nitrogen compounds,
forming chlorine compounds. These chlorine compounds have some disinfectant
properties, and are called the combined available chlorine residual. Chlorine in this
form acts as a disinfectant. The chemically unchanged chlorine remaining in the
water after combined residual is formed is free available chlorine residual. Free
chlorine is much more effective than combined chlorine in disinfection.
For successful chlorination, several factors must be addressed: concentration of
free chlorine, contact time, temperature, pH, and turbidity. How effectively chlorine
disinfects is directly related to contact time with the water, as well as the free
available chlorine concentration. Lower chlorine concentrations require increased
contact times. Lower pH levels also aid disinfection effectiveness. Chlorine
disinfects more quickly at higher temperatures. Turbidity affects chlorine's
effectiveness as well, as it does any disinfectant. Chlorine must contact organisms to
kill them. High turbidity levels provide shelter for microorganisms, preventing
efficient contact.
Chemistry of Chlorination
Chlorine is added to the water supply in two ways. It is most often added as a gas,
Cl2(g). However, it also can be added as a salt, such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)
or bleach. Chlorine gas dissolves in water following Henry's Law. Once dissolved, the
following reaction occurs forming hypochlorous acid (HOCl):
Cl2(aq)+H2O HOCl + H+ + Cl-

Hypochlorous acid is a weak acid that dissociates to form hypochlorite ion (OCl-).
HOCl OCl- + H+
21
Hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ion compose what is called the free chlorine
residual. These free chlorine compounds can react with many organic and inorganic
compounds to form chlorinated compounds. Reactions between ammonia and
chlorine form chloramines, which is mainly monochloramine (NH2Cl), although some
dichloramine (NHCl2) and trichloramine (NCl3) also can form. Many drinking water
utilities use monochloramine as a disinfectant. If excess free chlorine exits once all
ammonia nitrogen has been converted to monochloramine, chloramine species are
oxidized through what is termed the breakpoint reactions. The overall reactions of
free chlorine and nitrogen can be represented by two simplified reactions as follows:
Monochloramine Formation Reaction. This reaction occurs rapidly when ammonia
nitrogen is combined with free chlorine up to a molar ratio of 1:1.
HOCl +NH3 NH2Cl + HOCl

Breakpoint Reaction: When excess free chlorine is added beyond the 1:1 initial molar
ratio, monochloramine is removed as follows:
2NH2Cl + HOCl N2(g)+ 3H++ 3Cl-+ H2O
Ozonation
Ozone (O3) used as disinfectant leaves no taste and odor in the treated water, is
actually more effective than chlorine against some viruses and cysts, and is
unaffected by pH or ammonia levels in the water. Ozone is a gas at normal
temperatures and pressures, and disinfects by breaking up molecules in water. When
ozone reacts with organic materials and inorganic compounds in water, an oxygen
(instead of a chlorine) atom is added, resulting in an environmentally acceptable
compound. Ozone's instability, however, means that it cannot be stored and must be
produced on site, generating higher costs than chlorine disinfection.
Giardia Cysts
The cyst stage is the stage that is responsible for the spread of the organism.
Giardia cysts are elliptically shaped and range in size from 6 to 10 microns. The cyst
stage could be thought of as the equivalent of a "seed" or "spore", the structure of the
cyst makes the organism very resistant to environmental factors and disinfection. The
cyst stage is the "life stage" that will be found in the environment.
22
After entering the host, the stomach acids causes a reaction that causes the cyst to
excyst, i.e., "hatch like and egg." The cyst does not hatch in the stomach, but in the
intestine. The organism quickly subdivide and attach to the lining of the intestine.
This is the second life stage - the trophozoite. The trophozoite stage, Giardia
duodenalis - species that infects humans, is approximately 12 - 15 microns by 6 - 8
microns. The organism has a pointed elongated median body.
Cryptosporidium Oocysts
Cryptosporidium is a microscopic parasite that causes the diarrheal disease
cryptosporidiosis. Both the parasite and the disease are commonly known as
"Crypto." There are many species of Cryptosporidium that infect animals, some of
which also infect humans. The parasite is protected by an outer shell that allows it to
survive outside the body for long periods of time and makes it very tolerant to
chlorine disinfection. While this parasite can be spread in several different ways,
water is the most common way to spread the parasite. Cryptosporidium is a leading
cause of waterborne disease among humans in the United States.
ii. Operation
The formation of oxygen into ozone occurs with the use of energy. This process
is carried out by an electric discharge field as in the CD-type ozone generators
(corona discharge simulation of the lightning), or by ultraviolet radiation as in UV-
type ozone generators (simulation of the ultraviolet rays from the sun). In addition to
these commercial methods, ozone may also be made through electrolytic and
chemical reactions. In general, an ozonation system includes passing dry, clean air
through a high voltage electric discharge, such as corona discharge, which creates
and ozone concentration of approximately 1% or 10,000 mg/L. In treating small
quantities of waste, the UV ozonation is the most common while large-scale systems
use either corona discharge or other bulk ozone-producing methods.
The raw water is then passed through a venturi throat which creates a vacuum
and pulls the ozone gas into the water or the air is then bubbled up through the water
being treated. Since the ozone will react with metals to create insoluble metal
oxides, post filtration is required
23
V. Process Design
1. WATER INTAKE
A. Yield Analysis of the Aquifer
i. Type: Unconfined Aquifer
Pumping well in an unconfined aquifer
Sw
h1 h2
hw
r1=8m
r2=30m
Figure 2.0: Unconfined Aquifer

Where: Q= pumping flow rate, m3/s
K= Hydraulic conductivity, m/s
h1, h2=height of piezometric surface at r1, r2 from the pumping well
ii. Assumptions
1. The aquifer is unconfined.
2. The aquifer has aerial extent.
3. The aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic and of uniform thickness.
4. The water table is horizontal prior to pumping.
5. The aquifer is pumped at a constant discharge rate.
6. The well penetrates the full thickness of the aquifer and thus receives
water from the entire saturated thickness of the aquifer.
24
iii. Design input
r1 = 30 m
r2 = 8 m
h1 = 6.8 m
h2 = 7.24 m
iv. Design Equation

Q r  h2 2  h1 2
ln  2   : Dupuit Formula
2K  r1  2
v. Design Calculation
 h2 2  h1 2 
 
 2 
Q 
  r2  
 ln   
  r1  
 2K 
 
 


K h2 2  h1 2 
r 
ln  2 
 r1 
3.146.1  10 4 m / s 7.24m  6.8m 

2 2

 30m 
ln  
 8m 
m 3 360s
 8.88  10 3   6hr 1day 
s 1hr
Design Flow  190m 3 / day
25
2. AERATION
A. Determination of DO, BODand OC
i. Design Input
From a ground water sample of 300mL, dissolve oxygen are determined.

Initial DO' s : DO' s after 5 days
DO  8.86 mg DO 1  5.49 mg
1 L L
DO 2  8.88 mg DO 2  5.65 mg
L L
DO 3  8.83 mg DO 3  5.53 mg
L L
ii. Design Calculations
a. Determination of Average DO
DO ave 
 (DO i  DO f )
3
(8.86  5.49)  (8.88  5.65)  (8.83  5.53)
DO ave 
3
DO ave  3.3 mg
L
b.Determination of Decimal Volumetric Fraction of sample

75ml
P
300ml
P  0.25
c. Calculating Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Pumping Flow Rate and Oxygen

Capacity
 Biochemical Oxygen Demand
DO ave
BOD 
P
3.3mg/L
BOD 
0.25
BOD  13.2mg/L
26
 Pumping Flow Rate
3 1000L
Pumping Flow Rate  32 m 
h 1m 3
L
Pumping Flow Rate  32 000
h
 Oxygenation Capacity
OC  Pumping Flow Rate  BOD

OC  32 000 L  13.2 mg
h L
1g 1kg
OC  422 400 mg  
h 1000mg 1000g
OC  0.4224 kg
h
d.For typical oxygen capacities of mechanical aerators
 The range of low speed aerator
Low Speed Aerator  1.15 - 2.1lb

hp  hr
e. Determination of Aerator Power required
O 2 required
hp req 
O transfer rate
10.1616 kg
day
hp req 
24 hrs
1.5 kg 
kg  kwh 1 day
1.36hp
hp req  0.28227kw 
1kw
hp req  0.3839 hp
To operate the Surface Aerator, 0.3839 hp of electricity is needed.
27
3. SOFTENING
A. Lime-Soda Softening
i. Design Requirement
Determination of chemical dosages to soften the water to meet the following
finished water criteria using split treatment:
Maximum magnesium hardness = 40 mg/L as CaCO3
Total hardness = 80 to 120 mg/L as CaCO3
i. Design Input
Raw Groundwater Analysis
Constituent mg/L
CO2 5.5
Ca2+ 95.2
2+
Mg 22
+
Na 25.8
Alkalinity 183
-
Cl 67.8
SO42- 73
Table 2.0: Softening Input
ii. Block Diagram
Lime-Soda Ash Addition
Q Rapid Mgi
Raw Aeration Mix
Water Mgr Flow = (1-X) Q
Return Sludge
Flow Bypassed = XQ
Lime-Soda Ash Addition First Stage
Rapid
Mix
Return Sludge Second Stage

Figure 2.1: Split Treatment
28
iii. Design Calculation
a. Conversion of all concentrations to CaCO3 equivalents and meq.
Solution for the values of CO2.
Molecular Weight 44 g / mol

EW    22mol / equiv.
equivalent 2 g / equiv.
EW CaCO3 100 / 2
  2.28
EW ion 22
mg as CaCO3  5.52.28  12.5
meq mg / L 5.5
   0.25
L EW 22
The same process of solution to get the values of the constituents.
mg/L as
Constituent mg/L EW EW CaCO3/EWion meq/L
CaCO3
CO2 5.5 22 2.28 12.5 0.25
Ca2+ 95.2 20 2.50 238 4.76
Mg2+ 22 12.2 4.12 90.6 1.80
Na+ 25.8 23 2.18 56.2 1.12
alkalinity 183 3.66
Cl- 67.8 35.5 1.41 95.6 1.91
SO42- 73 48 1.04 76 1.52
Table 2.1: Values of the Constituents
b. Bar chart of raw water in meq/L
0.25 4.76 6.56 7.68
Ca2+ Mg2 Na+

C +
O2 HCO 3
-
Cl - SO42-
3.66 5.57 7.09
c. Lime and soda added in the first stage to soften water to practical solubility limits
Addition Lime (mg/L Lime Soda (mg/L Soda

equal to as CaCO3) (meq/L) as CaCO3) (mg/L)
CO2 12.5 0.25

HCO3- 183 3.66
2+ -
Ca - HCO3 40 0.8
2+
Mg 90.6 1.8 90.6 1.8
Total 286.1 5.71 130.6 2.6
Table 2.2: Lime and soda added in the first stage
29
d. The split is calculated in terms of mg/L as CaCO3
40  10
X   0.372
90.6  10
The fraction of water passing through the first stage is then
1  0.372  0.628
e. Hardness of water at each stage
Total hardness of water through the first stage is the sum of practical solubility
limits, that is
30  10  40mg / L as CaCO3
Because,
THraw water = (183+40) +90.6 = 313.6 mg/L as CaCO3
Hardness of the mixture and bypass treated water
(0.372)(313.6 mg/L as CaCO3) + (0.628) (40 mg/L as CaCO3)

= 141.7792 mg/L as CaCO3
f. Because the split treatment is designed to yield 40 mg/L as CaCO3 of Mg, no

further Mg, is removed. To achieve the desired total hardness more calcium must
be removed.
Constituent Lime (mg/L as CaCO3) Lime meq/L

CO2 12.5 0.25
-
HCO3 183 3.66
Total 195.5 3.91
Table 2.3: Values of the Constituents
g. Excluding the extra lime to drive the reaction, the total chemical addition are in
proportion to the flow:
Lime = 0.628(313.6-10) + 0.372(195.5) = 263 mg/L as CaCO3

Soda = 0.628(130.6) + 0.372(0) = 82 mg/L as CaCO3
h. The magnesium concentration is greater than 40 mg/L as CaCO3, the rule-of-

thumb addition of extra lime to the first stage is 40 mg/L as CaCO3.
30
4. COAGULATION
A. Consumed and Final Alkalinity
i. Design Input
Alkalinity= 183 mg/L as CaCO3
Alum dose= 50 mg/L
ii. Design Requirement
Alkalinity= 150 to 160 mg/L as CaCO3
iii. Design Calculation
a. Reaction when alum is added to water
Al2(SO4)3∙14H2O + 6HCO3- ↔ 2Al(OH)3∙3H2O(s) + 6CO2 + 6H2O +3SO42-

For each of mole of alum added, 6 moles of alkalinity are consumed and produces
six moles of carbon dioxide.
b. Moles/L of alum added
𝐴𝐿𝑈𝑀 𝐷𝑂𝑆𝐸 50 𝑚𝑔/𝐿

= 𝑔 𝑚𝑔 = 8.42 x 10-5 moles/L
𝐺𝑀𝑊 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑚 (594 )(103 )
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑔
c. Moles/L of HCO3- consumed
6(8.42 x 10-5 moles/L) = 5.05 x10-4 moles/L

(5.05x10-4 moles/L)(61 g/mole) = 30.81 mg/L as HCO3-
Consumed Alkalinity = 30.81 mg/L as HCO3-
d. Final Alkalinity
50
Final Alkalinity = 183 mg/L as CaCO3 – (30.81 mg/L as HCO3-  )
61
Final Alkalinity = 157 mg/L as CaCO3
e. Change in pH
A carbonate buffer system is present in the solution due to the high alkalinity of
the water. The CO2 in solution is in equilibrium with atmospheric CO2(g).Any
change in the system components causes the CO2either to be released from
solution or to dissolve. The presence of this buffer system prevents any drastic
change in the pH of the water.
31
5. FLOCCULATION
A. Velocity Gradient and Residence Time
i. Design Input
3
Design flowrate (Q) = 50 x103 m
day
o
Water temperature (T) = 25 C
ii. Design Criteria
Velocity gradient (Gt) values for flocculation

Type G , s 1 Gt (unitless)
Low turbidity, color removal coagulation 20-70 60,000 to 200,000
High turbidity, solids removal coagulation 30-80 36,000 to 96,000
Softening, 10% solids 130-200 200,000 to 250,000
Softening, 39% solids 150-500 390.000 to 400,000
Table 2.4:Velocity gradient (Gt) values
iii. Design requirement
a. Velocity gradient (Gt)

b. Detention time or residence time (t)
iv. Design calculation
a. Velocity Gradient
1
 P  2
Gt   
 V 
1
 230W  2
Gt   4 3 
 (8.90 x10 )(382m ) 
Gt  26.00 s 1
b. Residence Time
V
t
Q
382m 3
t 3
3 m 1day 1hr
25 x10 x x
day 24hr 60 min
t  22.00 min
32
6. SEDIMENTATION
A. Limiting Particle Concentration
i. Design Input
Underdrain concentration, Cu = 15000 m/L
ii. Design Calculation
a. Determination of JL and CL
Determine JL and CL using the figure for analysis of zone settling data, Fig6-7
Solids flux, kg/m2h
Solids concentration, g/L

Figure 2.3: Analysis of zone settling data
1g
Cu = 15000mg/L × = 15g/L
1000mg
To determine JL, draw a line from the x-axis at a solids concentration of 15 g/L
tangent to the solid flux curve intersecting the y-axis.
JL= line intersecting the y-axis =7.45

kg/m2
33
To determine CL, draw a vertical line from the tangent point to the x-axis
1000mg
C L  6.5g/L   6500mg/L
1g
b. Flow rate leaving the bottom of the basin/thickener
Q i Ci
Qu = where Qi = influent flow rate to basin
Cu
Ci = solids concentrar ion
Cu = underdrain concentrat ion
(1800 m h ) 600 mg L
3
Qu =
mg
15000 L
3
Q u = 72 m h
c. Areafor thickening, A
Qi Ci
A= wher e Qi = influent flow rate to basin
JL
Ci = solids concentrat ion
C u = limiting solid flux
(1800 m h ) 600 mg L × 1000mg

3 1g
×
1L
1000m 3
A=
kg 1000g
7.45 2 ×
m 1kg
A = 144.97m 2
A = 145m 2
34
7. FILTRATION
A. Rapid Sand Filtration
i. Design Input
Loading Rate = 216m 3 /d  m 2
Specific gravity of sand = 2.65
Shape factor = 0.82
Bed porosity = 0.45
Water temperature = 10℃
Depth of the sand = 0.5m.
ii. Design Criteria
a. Typical properties of filter media

Anthracite
Property GAC Garnet Ilmenite Sand
coal
0.45  0.55a
Effective size,
mm 0.8  1.2b 0.8  1.0 0.2  0.4 0.2  0.4 0.3  0.6
Uniformity  1.65a
coefficient
1.3  2.4 1.3  1.7 1.3 1.7 1.3  1.8
 1.85b
Hardness, Moh 23 Very low 6.5  7.5 56 7
Porosity 0.50  0.60 0.50 0.45  58 N/A 0.40  0.47
Specific gravity 1.5  1.75 1.3  1.7 3.6  4.2 4.2  5.0 2.55  2.65
Table 2.5:Typical Properties of Filter Media
b. Approximate clean bed head losses for common filter beds

Type of filter bed Filtration rate, m/h Headloss, m
Standard rapid sand 5 0.3
Standard rapid sand 7.5 0.45
Standard dual media 10 0.3
Standard dual media 12.5 0.45
Table 2.6: Clean Bed Head Losses for Common Filter Beds
c. Suggested media depth as a function of effective size

Media depth(D)
Applications
Effective size(E)
1,000 Ordinary monosand and dual-media beds
1,250 Typical tri-media beds (coal, sand, and garnet)
1,250  1,500 Coarse, deep, monomedium beds ( E  1.2 to 1.4 mm )
1,500  2,000 Very course, monomedium beds ( E  1.5 to 2.0 mm )
Table 2.7: Media Depth
d. GLUMRB specifications for graded gravel
35
From the top layer down:
Torpedo sand: 8 cm depth, E  0.8 mm,U  1.7
Minimum of four gravel layers from the following: Depth, mm
Size range, mm
3 6 50 75
512 50 75
12 20 75125
20  40 75125
40  65 125 200
Table 2.8: GLUMRB specifications for graded gravel
e. Pretreatment conditions for different operating modes
Operating mode Pretreatment conditions
Conventional Coagulation with alum or ferric chloride and polymer followed by

filtation flocculation and sedimentation. Can treat turbidities up to 1,000 NTU.
Coagulation with alum or ferric chloride and polymer followed by

Direct filtration flocculation, but not sedimentation. Limited to raw water turbidities less
than 15 NTU.
Coagulation with alum or ferric chloride and polymer.Flocculation is
In-line filtation incidental. Sedimentation is not provided. Limited to turbidities less than
10 NTU.
Table 2.9: Pretreatment conditions for different operating modes
f. Recommended dimensions of ordinary gravity rapid filters

Reported range of
Parameter Comment
values
Very large plant maximum is
Area of filter 25-100 m2
200 m2
Width of cell ≤6m For “Off-the-shell” troughs
L:W ratio 2:1 to 4:1
Depth 4-8 m Provide space for underdrain
Depth of water ≥ 1.8 m
Gullet
Width 0.4-2 m
Varies from top of media Measured from bottom of wash
Depth
to bottom of underdrain trough
Table 2.10:Dimensions of Ordinary Gravity Rapid Filters
g. Design criteria for single-medium filters
36
GLUMRB
Parameter Reported range Recommended
recommendation
Sand only
Effective size 0.35-0.7 mm 0.45-0.55
Uniformly
1.3-1.8 ≤ 1.65
coefficient
Shape factor(f) 0.7-0.95
Porosity 0.4-0.47
Specific gravity 2.65
Depth of
0.6-0.75 m ≥ 0.6 m ≤ 7.65 m
medium
Filtration rate 5-12 m/h ≤7.5 m/h
Backwash rate 30-60 m/h ≥ 37 m/h
Backwash
10-20 m/h ≥ 15 min
durationa
Surface wash
rate
Revolving arms 1.2-1.8 m/h ≥ 1.2 m/h
Fixed arms 4.9-10 m/h ≥ 4.9 m/h
Staged or special
Air scour
baffle
Anthracite coal
only
Effective size 0.70-0.75 mm 0.45-0.55 mm
Uniformly
1.3-1.8 ≤ 1.65
coefficient
Shape Factor(f) 0.46-0.73
Specific gravity 1.45-1.75
Porosity 0.53-0.60
Depth of
0.6-0.75 m
medium
Filtration rate 5-12 m/h ≤ 7.5 m/h
Backwash
10-20 min ≥ 15 min
durationa
Underdrain
Pipe lateral Yes
Block Yes
Air scour No
Staged or special
Air scour
baffle
Table 2.11: Design criteria for single-medium filters
h. Design criteria for dual-media filters
37
GLUMRB
recommendation
Anthracite coal
on top
Uniformly
1.3-1.8 ≤ 1.85
coefficient
Porosity 0.53-0.60
Depth of medium 0.4-0.6 m
Sand on bottom
Uniformly
1.3-1.8 ≤ 1.65
coefficient
Porosity 2.65
≥ 0.6 m and ≤
0.76 m
Filtration rate 7-20 m/h ≤ 15 m/h
Backwash
10-20 min ≥ 15 min
durationa
Surface wash rate
Underdrain
Pipe lateral Yes
Block Yes
No-if total depth of
Air scour
medium ≤ 0.75 m
0.6-1.5 m3/min-m2
Air scour if total medium
depth > 1 m
Table2.12:Design criteria for dual-media filters
i. Design criteria for tri-media filters
38
Anthracite coal
only
Effective size 0.9-1.4 mm
Uniformly 1.4-1.75
coefficient
Porosity 0.53-0.60
Sand in middle
Uniformly 1.4-1.65
coefficient
Porosity 0.4-0.47
Specific gravity 2.65
Garnet on bottom
Uniformly 1.2-2.0
coefficient
Shape Factor(f) 0.6
Backwash rate 37-45 m/h
Backwash durationa 10-20 min ≥ 15 min
Surface wash rate
Revolving arms 1.2-1.8 m/h
Fixed arms 4.9-10 m/h
Underdrain
Pipe lateral Yes
Block Yes
Air scour No-if total depth of
medium ≤ 0.75 m
Air scour 0.6-1.5 m3/min-m2 if
total medium depth > 1
m
Table 1.13: Design criteria for tri-media filters
j. Design criteria for deep-bed monomedium filters

39
Anthracite coal
Uniformly coefficient 1.4-1.7
Porosity 0.53-0.60
Backwash rate 37-45 m/h
a
Backwash duration 10-20 min
Surface wash rate
Underdrain
Pipe lateral No
Block Yes
Air scour Yes
Air scour 0.6-1.5 m3/min-m2
Table 2.14:Design criteria for deep-bed monomedium filters
k. Wash trough design criteria

Parameter Criterion
Length ≤6m
Interval Particle travel distance ≤ 1 m
Height to weir edge
Sand filter Expansion + depth of trough + 0.15 to 0.13 m
Anthracite 1.1-1.2 m
Freeboard 5 cm
Installation Weirs level
Table 2.15: Wash trough design criteria
l. Approximate flow velocities for filter channels and piping

Channel or pipe Velocity, m/s
Influent conduit carrying flocculated water 0.3-0.6
Effluent conduit carrying filtered water 0.9-1.8
Backwash water conduit carrying clean water 2.4-3.5
Backwash water conduit carrying used wash water 1.2-2.4
Filter-to-water connections 3.6-4.6
Table 2.16:flow velocities for filter channels and piping
v. Design Procedure
40
Step 1:
Determine the effective size and
uniformity coefficient
Step 2:
Estimate clean filter headloss
Step 3:
Determine the depth of the expanded
sand filters
Step 4:
Estimate number of filters and clean
filter headloss
Step 5:
Determine the area of each individual
filter
Step 6:
Design the backwash system
Step 7:
Determine the gullet dimensions
Step 8:
Determine the depth of the filter box
Figure 2.4: Filtration Design Procedure
vi. Design Calculation
41
a. Determine the effective size and uniformity coefficient
E  P10
E  0.30mm
P60 0.85
U 
P10 0.30
U  2 .8
Pnth  percentile
b. Estimate clean filter headloss
Asumptions: 216m3 / d  m2 (loading rate)

2.65 ( specific gravity)
0.82 ( shape factor)
0.45 ( porosity )
10C ( water temperature)
0.5m (depth of sand )
First row compution:
( )( d )( v a )
Re ynold ' snumber( R ) 

where,
  shape factor
d  geometric mean diameter
v a  filtration velocity
  kinematic viscosity (H 2 O at 10C)
216m3 / d  m2
va   0.0025m / s
86400s / d
  from Appendix A using water at 10C
 1.307x10 -6 m2 / s
24 3
Drag coefficien t (C D )   1/ 2  0.34
R R
 7.6507  1.6938  0.34  9.6846
(0.82)(0.0 022m)(0.00 25m/s)
R  3.137
1.307 x10  6 m 2 / s
42
(C D )( f ) (9.6846)(0.053)
  256.64 / m
d 0.002
f  fractional mass retained
Using the procedure for the rest of the rows you will get the results.
1.067( a ) 2 D (CD)( f )
hL  
( )( g )( )U dg
Where:
head loss  h L , m
ν a  approach v elocity, m/s
D  depth of the filter, m
C D  drag coefficien t
g  accelerati on due to gravity, m/s 2
ε  porosity
(1.067)( 0.0025m / s ) 2 (0.5m)

hL  (75025 / m)
(0.82)( 9.81m / s 2 )( 0.45) U
hL  0.76m
c. Determine the depth of the expanded sand filters
First using Fig. 11-7, find that for a 0.0126 an particle with epecific gravity of
2.65, thr thermal settling velocity is pproximtely 1cm/s (864m/d). Estimated
ν s , m/s settling velocities were found from Fig. 11-7.
For first row

( )(d)( a )
Estimated Reynold' s number (R) 
v
(0.82)(0.0 02m)(0.30m /s)

1.307 x10 6 m 2 / s
 376.435
24 3
Drag coefficien t (C D )   1 / 2  0.34
R R
 0.56
1/ 2
 4 g (  s   )d 
Terminal settling velocity v s   
 3C D  
43
Where:
 s  particle density
  density of water
 s  specific gravity of sand(  of water)

 2.65(1000kg/m 3 )
 s  2650kg / m 3
1/ 2
 4(9.81m / s 2 )( 2650  1000kg / m 3 ) 
vs   
 3(0.55838)(1000kg / m 3 ) 
 0.27789m/s
0.2247R 0.1
v 
Expanded bed porosity ( e )   B 
 vS 
0.2247R 0.1
 0.01m/s 
 
 0.277884 
Where;
R= Reynlods’s number
vB  backwash v elocity
0.2447( 452.22) 0.1

 0.01m / s 
e   
 0.27784 
 0.255
f 0.053
  0.0711
1   e (1  0.255)
f
Depth of the expanded bed, m  1 -  ( D)
1  e
 (1 - 0.45)(0.5m)(2.53)
m  0.696 or 0.70m
De
Expansion ratio  0.40 or 40% expansion
D
d. Estimate number of filters and clean filter headloss
44
Maximum day design flow rate  18400 m 3 / d
N  0.0195(Q) 0.5
Where:
N  total number of filters
Q  maximum design flowrate, m 3 / d
N  0.0195(18400) 0.5  2.65
however, Q  8000m 3 / d has a minimum of four liters

e. Determine the area of each individual filter
Q
Area of a filter beds (A) 
Nq
Where:
filtration rate q  216m 3 / d  m 2
18400m 3 / d
A
4 filters(21 6m 3 /d  m 2 )
 21.3 m 2 / filter
Redundancy capacity for the maximum day with one filter out of service must be
provided. So, the best approach is to maintain number of the beds at four but make
the area larger.
Thus, 1/3 increase in area
18400m 3 / d
q
2(1.333)( 21.3m 2 )
 216m 3 / d  m 2
For trial,
A  1.333(21.3m 2 )
A  28.4m 2
width of two cells= 5.2m
45
A
Length of each all (L) 
W
28.4m 2

2(2.6m)
 5.5m
f. Design the backwash system
vB  0.01m / s  36m / h
maximum flowrate of backwash water per troughs
 36m / h(2.6m)(1.1m  0.8m)
 177.8 or 180m3 / h
basing from figure 11-13
vB  180m3 / h
w  30cm
y  23.5cm
depth of trough
 23.5cm  30cm  5cm
 43.5cm
height to the weir edge above undisturbed media
 De  D  depth of trough  0.15m
 0.7m  0.5m  0.435m  0.15m
 0.785 or 0.8m
volume of backwash water for 15 min(0.25h)
 36m / h(2 cells )( 2.6m)(5.5m)(0.25h)
 257.4m3
privided two times of this volume
520m3
backwash tank should be 11m above the of the wash troughs
g. Determine the gullet dimensions
show Fig 11-14 assume: 450mm pipe 1.8m/s water velocity
v2
velocity head 
2g
Where:
46
v= water velocity, m/s
(1.8m/s) 2
velocity head 
2(9.81m/s 2 )
 0.165 or 0.17m
velocity plus entry head loss
v2
 1.7
2g
(1.8m / s ) 2
 1.7
2(9.81m / s 2 )
 0.28m
depth at distance (h) x gullet (L)

 diameter of pipe  (velocity head  entrance headloss)
 0.45m  0.28m
 0.73m
Qww  v B ( w)( L)
36m/h(5.2m )(5.5m)

3600h/s
 0.286m 3 / s
1/ 2
 2(Qww) 2 
depth of the upstream end (H)= h 2  
 gb 2 h 
where:
Qww=wash water discharge, m3/s
b= width of the gullet, m
1/ 2
 2(0.286m 3 / s) 2 
H  (0.73) 2  2 2 
 (9.81m / s )(0.6m) (0.73m) 
 0.7548 or 0.8m
Gullet depth= H + depth of the trough

 0.8m  0.435m
 1.235 or 1.25m below the lip of the wash trou gh
Height of the weir edge above undisturbed media = 0.8m
Depth of the sand = 0.6m
47
Depth of the gravel = 0.3m
Depth of the underdrain block = 0.3m
h. Determine the depth of the filter box
Assume minimum depth of water above filter bed is 2.4m
Elevation head at point 1 = water depth + depth of sand, gravel and underdrain
= 2.4m + 0.6m + 0.3m + 0.3m
= 3.6m
 v2 
Velocity headloss    0.17m
 2g 
p  v2
pressure  2   z1   hL
  2g
 3.6m - 0.17m - 0.76m
 2.7m
hL  3.43m (negative pressure)
p2
 3.6m  0.17m  hL

 3.43m  hL
D box  depth of water  depth of media  depth of underdrain  factor of safety  freeboard
Asumme, factor of safety  0.6m
D box  2.4m  0.9m  0.3m  0.6m  0.6m

Dbox  4.8m
48
8. DISINFECTION
A. Selection of Disinfectants
Figure 2.5: Selection of Disinfectants
Selecting a proper disinfectants use in treating water particularly in groundwater must

be consider a summary of disinfectants properties and considerations in the selection
are summarized in Tables 2.17 and 2.18.
Table2.17:Summary of Disinfectant Properties (Based on Typical Disinfectant Application)

y = Yes, n = No, s = Sometimes
49
a
Ct values to achieve > 2.0 log inactivation are very high at common water
temperatures.
Table2.18:Consideration for Selecting Disinfectants
For groundwater, the TOC, Bromine, Turbidity, Giardia cysts, Wires and
cryptosporidium cysts concentration are given in Table 1.2.
B. Selection of Primary and Secondary Disinfectants Based On Groundwater Analysis
A. Constituent Concentration
TOC 0.7 mg/L
Bromide 0.5 mg/L
Turbidity 10-30 NTU
Giardia cysts <0.25/100 L
Virus <1/1000 L
Cryptosporidium Oocysts 0.3 / 100 L
Table 2.19:Groundwater Analysis
50
a) Selection of Primary Disinfectant
Figure 2.6: Selection of Primary Disinfectant
b) Selection of Secondary Disinfectant

Start
Yes
High AOC?
No
Biological Treatment
BAF or GAC
No Yes
High DBPFP?
Extended
Treatment to
Distribution
reduce DBPFP
Time
Yes No
Chlorine
Chlorine Chlorine Dioxide
Chloramine Chloramine Figure 2.7: Selection of Secondary
Disinfectant
51
a) The concentration of TOC is less than 2 mg/L so it is considered low. Bromide
concentration in the water is low. From Figure 1.0, the primary disinfectants are
chlorine dioxide, chlorine, ozone, and UV.
b) Comparison of chlorine dioxide, chlorine, ozone and UV in Table 1.0 reveals the
following highlights:
 Chlorine dioxide, ozone, and chlorine are not clearly superior with respect to the
production of byproducts (THM, oxidized organic matter, halogenated organic
matter, inorganic byproducts, and BOM). UV is clearly superior.
 Ozone and UV do not have MRDLs (Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level) while
chlorine and chlorine dioxide does.
 Ozone, UV, and chlorine dioxide can achieve >2.0 log Giardia inactivation while
chlorine cannot. All of them can achieve >2.0 log virus inactivation. The required
log removal for Giardia Cysts with a concentration of <0.25/100 L is 3 log while
the virus with a concentration of <1/100 L, the required log removal is 4 log. The
conventional filtration credit for Giardia Cysts removal is 2.5 and 2 for viruses.
Therefore, all can meet the additional disinfection required.
 For the concentration of Cryptosporidium Oocysts, 1 log treatment is required for
the additional conventional filtration treatment requirements including softening and
for additional direct requirements 1.5 log treatment is required.
c) From table 1.0, with the exception of safety concerns, ozone, chlorine, chlorine
dioxide are very comparable. UV has a moderate safety concerns and moderate
equipment reliability concerns.
d) Based on this analysis, ozone is selected as the primary disinfectant with the
understanding that flow will be no residual and that AOC will be a problem.
e) From Figure 1.0, the flow path leads to a requirements for biological treatment and
high DBPFP.
f) The secondary disinfectant choices are UV, chlorine dioxide, and chorine. Because
chlorine dioxide is rated s (sometimes), UV is rated as n (No), and Chlorine is rated as
y (Yes) in Table 1.0, Chlorine is selected as secondary disinfectant.
52
C. Ozonation
i. Design Input
pH = 7.5
T = 5ºC
Second order rate constant = 3.5 L/mol.s
Transferred dose = 2.00 mg/L.
a. Determine the Total Removal/Inactivation required
Table 2.20: Total Removal/Inactivation required
b. Select the disinfectants to be use.

With the use of boundary conditions (TOC, AOC, DBPFP, and distribution
detention time), it is selected that the primary disinfectant is the ozone and the
secondary disinfectant is the chlorine.
c. Determine the required Ct to achieve the required log inactivation for each
constituent at a temperature of 5 ºC.
Parameter Log Inactivation

Giardia Cysts 1.9 mg.min/L
Virus 1.2 mg.min/L
Cryptosporidium Oocysts 32 mg.min/L
Table 2.21: Required Log Inactivation
Therefore, the Cryptosporidum Oocysts Ct governs.
53
d. Determine the required hydraulic residence time with the bench-scale best dose of
2.0 mg/L, transferred dose, the required is
  32mg min/ L
  16 min
C 2.0mg / L
If the ozone concentration remains constant throughout the contact chamber, the
theoretical hydraulic detention time with the consumed t10 / t0 of 7 is
t10 16 min
  0.7
t0 t0
16 min
t0   22.86 min
0.7
e. Because ozone generating capacity is expensive and the energy assumption is high,
Rakness (2005) recommend an optimized designs that makes the decay into
account by numerical integration. To perform the numerical integration, the
concentration leaving each chamber must be estimated. This requires the decay
rate constant is compatible units for Ct calculations the conversion is
L 48,000mg
3.5 x  7.29 x10  5 L / mg  s or 4.38x10 - 3 L / mg  s
mol  s male of ozone
54
D. Chlorination
i. Design Input
Chlorine demand = 2 mg L
Residual chlorine concentration = 0.1 mg L free chlorine

Booster pump capacity = 250 gpm
pH = 7.5
Water temperature = 5 °C
a. Chlorine contact time calculation

264.172 gal
V  292.1m3 x  77,164.64 gal
1m3
Baffling factor = 0.7
Ct requirement = 8 mg L . min
Peak flow = 250 gpm
b.Detention Time
Lowest Operating Volume
Total Detention Time 
Peak flow
77,164.64 gal

250 gal mij
 308.66 min
c. Contact time
Contact Time = Total Detention Time x Baffling factor
ContactTime  308.66 x0.7
 216.06 min
Ct calc. = Residual chlorine concentration x contact time
mg
Ct  0.1 x 216.06
L
mg
 21.60
L. min
d.Chlorine Dose
Chlorine dose = Chlorine demand + chlorine residual
Chlorine Dose  2.0  1
mg
 2.1
L
55
VI. Equipment Design
1. INTAKE WELL
A. Design Basis
i. Input
𝑚3
Design Flow Rate = 190 𝑑
Top of Reservoir = 50 m above ground level

Friction Losses + Minor Losses from Well to Top of Reservoir = 0.15 m
Altitude = 500 m above mean sea level
Static Water Level before Pumping = 5.2 m below grade
ii. Extract from Well Log
Strata Thickness, m Depth, m

Sand 7.6 7.6
Glacial till 19.8 27.4
Gravel 9.1 36.5
Dolomite 53.3 89.8
Shale 61.0 150.8
Sand 38.7 189.5
Shale Well Terminated
Table 3.0: Extract from Well Log Data
iii. Sieve analysis of Water-Bearing Sand
U.S. sieve no. Cumulative % passing

100 1.0
70 4.0
50 10.0
40 22.0
30 40.0
20 60.0
16 75.0
12 88.0
8 96.0
6 100.0
Table 3.1: Sieve Analysis Data
56
iv. Pumping test results
𝑚3
Drawdown at observation well 300.0m from test well pumped at 0.035 𝑠
Time, min Drawdown, m
100 3.10
500 4.70
1,700 5.90
Table 3.2: Pumping Data Results
B. Design Criteria
Pump
Maximum Efficiency 32 m3/h
Total Dynamic Head 62.15 m
Nominal size of pump bowls 102mm-508mm
Upflow Velocity Less than 1.5m/s
Upper Well casing and Pump Housing
Diameter 100mm larger than the pump diameter
Vertical velocity Less than 1.5 m/s
Anticipated Well yield Less than 545 m3/d – 32,700 m3/d
Optimum size of well casing 152mm-305mm ID
Smallest size of well casing 127mm-305 ID
Well Screen
Aquifer thickness Greater than 16m
Screen length 80% of aquifer thickness
Diameter 0.05m-0.15m
Screen entrance velocity Maximum of 0.03m/s
Screen slot size 40%-60% passing value
Table 3.3: Well and Pump Design Criteria
C. Design Specifications
Design Specs Values
Number of wells 2
Well Diameter 0.15 m
Total drawdown 12 m
Well depth 189.5 m
Screen slot size 2.83
Screen diameter 0.15 m
Screen length 9.16 m
Hydraulic conductivity 6.29 m/d
Entrance velocity 0.003 m/s
Total dynamic head 62.15 m
Number of stages 20
Table 3.4: Design Specifications of Intake Well
57
D. Design Procedure Step 1:
Estimate number of wells
Step 2:
Calculate pump size
Step 3:
Assume well diameter
Step 4:
Calculate
1. Transmissivity
2. Storage Coefficient
3. Dragdown
Step 5:
Assume well depth
Step 6:
Calculate slot size
Step 7:
Select screen diameter
Step 8:
Calculate screen length
Step 9:
Calculate Hydraulic conductivity
Step 10:
Check screen entrance and entrance
velocity
Step 11:
Selection of pump
Step 12:
Obtain pump intake elevation
Figure 3.0: Design Procedure of Intake Well
58
E. Design Calculation
STEP 1: Number of Wells

N = 2 wells
STEP 2: Pumping Rate
𝑄
𝑞=
𝑡
Where: q = pumping rate
Q= design flow rate
t = time
m 3 1d
q  190 
d 6h
m3
q  32
h
Based on the rule of thumb for a small system, 6 hours pumping time is
selected daily.
STEP 3: Well Diameter
𝒎 𝟑
Expected well yield, 𝒅 Well casing ID, mm
<500 150
400-1000 200
800-2000 250
2000-3500 300
3000-5000 350
4500-7000 400
6500-10000 500
8500-17000 600
Table 3.5:Recommended well casing diameter
From the recommended well casing diameter if Q<500 the trial diameter is 15
cm.
𝐷 = 15 𝑐𝑚
STEP 4: Checking the potential failure of well by dewatering aquifer
1. Transmissivity
Transmissivity can be obtained from the pumping test data in table 2.3.
𝑄′ 𝑡2
𝑇= ln( )
4𝜋(𝑆2 − 𝑆1 ) 𝑡1
59
where: 𝑇 = 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑄 ′ = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡
𝑆2 = 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝑆1 = 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝑡2 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑡1 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑚3
𝑄0.035 1700 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑠
𝑇= ln( )
4𝜋(5.9 𝑚 − 3.1 𝑚) 100𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚2
𝑇 = 2.818 × 10−3
𝑠
2. Storage Coefficient
Using the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality Rules, the

drawdown must be estimated based on 100 days of pumping. The storage
coefficient (S) is estimated as follows: (100 days of pumping)
In Figure 1 , extrapolate the straight line portion of the graph to the virtual
starting elevation of 0.0 m to find the virtual time: t 0= 4.2 min.
Figure 3.1: Pumping Test Curve
2.25 𝑇𝑡𝑜
𝑆=
𝑟2
Where: 𝑟 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙
𝑇 = 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑡𝑜 = 𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑚3
2.25 (2.818 × 10−3 ) (4.2min)
𝑠
𝑆=
(300 𝑚)2
−5
𝑆 = 1.775 × 10
60
3. Estimate drawdown
a. Calculate u
𝑟 2𝑆
𝑢=
4𝑇𝑡
Where: 𝑟 = 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 (100 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠)
−3
𝑚3
𝑇 = 2.818 × 10
𝑠
𝑆 = 1.775 × 10−5
(0.075𝑚)2 (1.775×10−5 )
𝑢= 𝑚3 𝑠
4(2.818×10−3 )(100 𝑑)(86,400 )
𝑠 𝑑
𝑢 = 1.025 × 10−12
b. Calculate W(u)
𝑢2 𝑢3
𝑊(𝑢) = −0.577216 − 𝑙𝑛𝑢 + 𝑢 − + −⋯
2 × 2! 3 × 3!
𝑊(𝑢) = −0.577216 − 𝑙𝑛(1.025 × 10−12 ) + (1.025 × 10−12 )

3
(1.025×10−12 )2 (1.025×10−12 )
− + −⋯
2×2! 3×3!
𝑊(𝑢) = 27.03
c. Calculate S
𝑞
𝑆= 𝑊(𝑢)
4𝜋𝑇
𝑚3 1ℎ
(32 ) (3600𝑠)
ℎ
𝑆= 𝑚3
(27.03)
4𝜋(2.818 × 10−3 )
𝑠
𝑆 = 6.785 𝑚 𝑜𝑟 6.8 𝑚
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 = 𝑆 + 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 = 6.8 + 5.2
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 = 12𝑚
 No potential for failure of the well due to dewatering the aquifer since
the top of the artesian aquifer is 150.8 m below grade.
STEP 5: Well Depth
ℎ = 189.5 𝑚 ∶ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 log( 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟)
STEP 6: Screen slot size

61
For relatively fine and uniform materials ( uniformity coefficient*< 3), the slot
size may be taken as the size of the sieve opening that will retain 40 percent of
the material ( D40%) if the groundwater is noncorrosive and D50% if the
groundwater is corrosive.
Figure 3.2: Grain size analysis for selection of screen slot size
𝐷40%
𝑈=
𝐷90%
0.84
𝑈=
0.297
𝑈 = 2.83
STEP 7: Screen Diameter is equal to well diameter
𝑆𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.15 𝑚
STEP 8: Screen Length
Based on Johnson’s rule of thumb, the aquifer is 80% of its depth.

𝑆𝐿 = (0.8)(38.7𝑚)
𝑆𝐿 = 31 𝑚
STEP 9: Hydraulic Conductivity
𝑇
𝐾=
𝐷
where:
62
𝐷 = 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟
𝑇 = 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑚2
2.818 × 10−3 𝑠
𝐾=
38.7 𝑚
𝐾 = 7.28 × 10−5 𝑚⁄𝑠 𝑜𝑟 6.29 𝑚⁄𝑑
STEP 10: Checking of screen length and velocity:
Nominal No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No.
screen 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 80 100
diameter, slot slot slot slot slot slot slot slot slot slot
mm 0.25 0.38 0.50 0.64 0.76 1.0 1.3 1.5 2.0 2.5
mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
𝑚2
Intake area, 𝑚 of screen length
150 .053 .076 .097 .116 .133 .165 .193 .214 .252 .282
200 .087 .123 .152 .182 .207 .252 .288 .320 .370 .409
250 .061 .091 .116 .142 .163 .205 .243 .275 .332 .379
300 .074 .106 .138 .167 .193 .243 .288. .326 .394 .449
350 .080 .116 .150 .182 .212 .267 .313 .358 .432 .491
400 .085 .125 .161 .195 .226 .286 .339 .387 .470 .538
450 .095 .138 .178 .216 .252 .318 .375 .428 .519 .595
500 .114 .167 .214 .260 .303 .379 .447 .508 .614 .701
600 .097 .142 .184 .226 .265 .339 .404 .466 .578 .671
660 .104 .152 .197 .241 .284 .360 .432 .497 .614 .715
760 .119 .174 .226 .277 .326 .415 .497 .572 .707 .821
900 .144 .210 .273 .332 .389 .497 .597 .688 .849 .986
Table 3.6: Representative open areas of screen
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 20
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 15 𝑐𝑚
2
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 0.097 𝑚 ⁄𝑚
From the Table of optimum screen entrance velocities:
63
Hydraulic conductivity, m/d Optimum screen entrance velocity ,m/s
<20 0.010
20 0.015
40 0.020
80 0.030
120 0.040
160 0.045
200 0.050
240 0.055
>240 0.060
Table 3.7: Optimum screen entrance velocities
Since K<20
𝑆𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 0.010 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝑞
𝑆𝐿 =
(𝐴)(𝑣)
Where:
𝑆𝐿 = 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝐴 = 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑞 = 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑣 = 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑚3 1ℎ
(32 )(
)
ℎ 3600𝑠
𝑆𝐿 =
(0.097)(0.010 𝑚⁄𝑠)
𝑆𝐿 = 9.16 𝑚
The selected screen length of 31 exceeds the recommended length.
Check the entrance velocity:

𝑚2
𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑤 = (0.097 ) (31𝑚)
𝑚
𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 3.0 𝑚2
3 1ℎ
(32 𝑚 ⁄ℎ) (3600 𝑠)
𝑣=
3.0𝑚2
𝑚
𝑣 = 0.003 ⁄𝑠
The entrance velocity criteria are met with the longer screen.
STEP 11: Pump Selection
TDH – Total dynamic Head
64
TDH = static lit to ground level + static lift to the top of the reservoir + minor
losses + hf + hv
Where:
ℎ𝑓 + ℎ𝑣 + 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 0.15 𝑚
𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 = 12𝑚
𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑟 = 50𝑚
𝑇𝐷𝐻 = 12 + 50 + 0.15
𝑇𝐷𝐻 = 62.15𝑚
From manufacturer’s catalog, find a pump that has a maximum efficiency at

3
32 𝑚 ⁄ℎ and 62.15𝑚 TDH.
3
A pump with that has a head per stage of 3.2m at a discharge of 32 𝑚 ⁄ℎ.
The number of stages to achieve the TDH:
𝑇𝐷𝐻
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 =
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑⁄
𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
62.15𝑚
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 = 3.2𝑚
⁄𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 = 20 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠
From the pump given, the maximum number of stages is 35. Therefore this is
acceptable.
STEP 12: Elevation of pump intake
Using the table of atmospheric pressure as a function of altitude and vapor

pressure as a function of temperature, at (5°C and altitude of 500m):
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 (𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻)𝐴 = 9.6 𝑚

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 (𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻)𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.5 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑀𝑆𝐷𝑊𝐴
Therefore, the pump intake is set 1.0m below the maximum 100 day
drawdown to meet both requirements.
65
F. Design Figure
Grout Bore hole 5.2m
Static nonpumping
water level
NPSHA=9.6m
6.8m
100 d pumping drawdown

NPSHR=1.5m
pump intake
Bottom of shale 138.8m
well screen
38.7m Sand aquifer
Figure 3.3: Sketch of elevations for setting pump.
66
2. SURFACE AERATOR
A. Design Basis
i. Input
hp req  0.3839 hp
B. Design Criteria
Different KASCO Surface Aerators
Model Size, hp Min. Depth, inch Voltage, V Running Amps
2400AF ½ 15 120 5.0
3400AF ¾ 18 120 6.7
3400HAF ¾ 18 240 3.4
4400AF 1 19 120 11.3
4400HAF 1 19 240 5.7
8400AF 2 20 240 9.0
2.3AF 2 20 230V 3 4.5
3.1AF 3 24 240 10.7
3.3AF 3 24 230V 3 8.2
5.1AF 5 26 240 18
5.3AF 5 26 230V 3 13
Table 3.8: Different KASCO Surface Aerators
C. Design Specification
Based on KASCO MODEL floating aerator:
Design Value
Model type 2400AF
Motor power 0.5 hp
Voltage 115V
Running Amps 5.0 ampere
Float width (A) 28 inches
Unit height (B) 15 inches
Minimum operating
15 inches
depth (C)
Table 3.9: Design Specs of KASCO MODEL floating aerator
For the tank dimension (using typical size required for groundwater):
Design Value
Water depth 6 meters
Tank diameter 18 meters
Total height of tank w/
6.6 meters
10% excess
Table 3.10: Tank dimensions
67
D. Design Figure
TOP VIEW
Figure 3.4: Top View of Surface Aerators
ISOMETRIC VIEW:
Figure 3.5: Isometric View of Surface Aerators
68
3. SOFTENING
A. Design Basis
i. Input
Design Flow rate = 7,400 m3/d
Weirs = 8
B. Design Criteria
GLUMRB design criteria:

1. Flocculation and mixing period should not be less than 30 minutes.
2. Detention time should be two to four hours for solids contact clarifiers and
softeners treating surface water.
3. Detention time should be one to two hours for solids contact clarifiers treating
only groundwater.
4. Upflow rate (overflow rate) shall not exceed 2.4 cubic meters of flow per
square meter of surface area per hour (m3/h m2 or m/h) at the slurry separation
line for units used for clarifiers.
5. Upflow rate (overflow rate) shall not exceed 4.2 m3/h m2 or m/h at the slurry
separation line for units used for softeners.
6. Weir loading shall not exceed 0.120 m3/min m of weir length for units used as
clarifiers.
7. Weir loading shall not exceed 0.240 m3/min m of weir length for units used as
softeners.
Design Specs Value

Tank diameter 12 m
Weir Length 85.6 m
Column diameter 1.3 m
h 3.6 m
r1 6.5 m
r2 2m
SWD 4.8m
Overflow rate 74 m/day or 3.08 m/h
Detention time 0.078 day or 1.88 h
Volume of the truncated cone 223.4 m3
Mixing time in cone 0.030 day or 43.46 min
Table 3.11: Design Specification of Softening
69
D. Design Procedure
Select Tank
Diameter
Is the selected tank

No Yes
diameter acceptable
for the overflow
rate?
Select Tank Check detention
Diameter time using the
volume of the basin.
Is the unit
acceptable for
the detention
time?
Change volume
Calculate volume and
of basin.
detention time of the
truncated cone.
Is the detention
time greater
than or equal
to 30 minutes?
Select volume of Select volume of
truncated cone truncated cone.
Calculate weir hydraulic

rate
Is the weir length

Figure 3.6: Design Procedure of Soften` ing acceptable for the
weir loading?
70 END
a. Trial selection of 12 m diameter tank to check the overflow rate using the
separation zone area.
Q
v
As
7,400m 3 / d
v
100m 2
v  74m / d
v  3.08m / h
The GLUMRB design guidance is less than 4.2 m/h. Therefore, the unit is
acceptable for overflow rate.
b. Detention time for softening using the volume of the basin.

t
Q
580m 3
t
7,400m 3 / d
t  0.078d
t  1.88h
The GLUMRB design guidance is one to two hours. Therefore, the unit is
acceptable for the detention time.
c. Checking of mixing time by calculating the volume of the truncated cone and
calculating the detention time in the cone. The volume of the cone is
 
h
3

r1 2  r1r2   r2 2
Where h = height of the truncated cone
r1= radius of the bottom of cone
r2 = radius at top of cone
For the trial tank values of h, r1, and r2are taken from Table 7-4.
 3.6m 

3
 
6.52  6.5m2m  2m2
  223.4m 3
The mixing time in the cone is
223.4m 3
t
7,400m 3 / day
t  0.030day
t  43.46 min
The GLUMRB design guidance is a minimum of 30 minutes. Therefore, the unit
is acceptable for mixing time.
d. Checking weir length by computing the length of the weir taking into account that
there are eight weirs and that water enters both sides of each weir.
71
 12m  1.3m 
L  8weirs 2sides / weir  
 2 
L  85.6m
With a flow rate of 7,400 m3/d, the weir hydraulic loading is
7,400m 3 / day
WL 
85.6m
WL  86.45m 3 / day  m
WL  0.06m 3 / min  m
The GLUMRB design guidance is a maximum of 0.240 m3/min m of weir length.
Therefore the unit is acceptable for weir loading.
F. Design Figure
Figure 3.7: Mixing Tank for Softening
4. IN-LINE MECHANICAL MIXING
72
A. Design Basis
i. Input
Flow Rate (Q): 383 m3/hr
Viscosity (μ): 1.081x10-3 Pa-s
Water Temperature: 17°C
B. Design Criteria
Root Mean Square of Velocity Gradient (G): 3000 to 5000 s-1
Detention Time (t): Approximately 5 seconds
Head Loss: 0.3 to 0.9 m
1. Manufacturer Model: AZ-6
Chamber Diameter: 36 cm
Length: 60 cm
Power: 1500 W
2. Water Power: 80% of motor power
D. Design Procedure
Step 1:
Selection of Mixing Method
Step 2:
Specify the conditions of the input stream
Step 3:
Specify the design criteria
Step 4:
Assume a manufacturer mixed for the mixer
Step 5:
Calculate the velocity gradient and detention time
No
Does the assumedYes

model meet the
design criteria
Step 6: Stop
Figure 3.8: Design Procedure of In-line Mechanical Mixing
73
STEP 1: Volume of the Reaction Chamber

D 2
 ( L)
4
Where: L = length
D = Diameter
 = Volume
 (36cm) 2
 (60cm)
4
  61,072cm3
STEP 2: Detention Time

t
Q
Where:  = Volume
Q = Flow Rate
t = Detention Time
(61,072cm3 )(10 6 m 3 / cm3 )
t
383m3 / hr
t  1.5946 x10 4 hr
t  0.57s
The calculated value of RMS of velocity gradient (G) and detention time (t) have
met the design criteria recommended for adsorption/destabilization reactions.
Therefore, the manufacture model AZ-6 is satisfactory for the process.
74
F. Design Figure
Figure 3.9: In-line Blender
75
5. PADDLE FLOCCULATOR
A. Design Basis
i. Input
t = 22 min
Three flocculator compartments with G = 40, 30, 20 s-1

Water temperature (T) = 15oC
3
Design flowrate (Q) = 50 x103 m
day
ii. Velocity gradient (Gt) values for flocculation

Type 3 G, s-1 Gt (unitless)
Low turbidity, color removal coagulation 20-70 60,000 to 200,000
High turbidity, solids removal coagulation 30-80 36,000 to 96,000
Softening, 10% solids 130-200 200,000 to 250,000
Softening, 39% solids 150-500 390.000 to 400,000
Table 3.11: Velocity gradient (Gt)
B. Design Criteria
Parameter Value
Detention time 30 min
Flocculation At least 3 compartments
Flow velocities 0.15-0.45 m/s
Water depth 3-5 m
Baffle wall:
1-2 cm (slightly submerged)
Top of baffle
2-3 cm (above floor
Bottom of baffle
Table 3.12: Design Criteria of Paddle Flocculator
76
Design recommendations for a paddle wheel flocculator

Parameter Recommendation
G < 50 s-1
Basin
Depth 1 m > wheel diameter
Clearance between wheel and walls 0.3-0.7 m
Wheel
Diameter 3-4 m
Spacing between wheels on same shaft 1 m
Spacing between wheel
“rims” on adjacent shafts 1m
Paddle head
Width 10-15 cm
Length 2-3.5 m
Area of paddles/tank cross section 0.10-0.25
Number per arm 3
Spacing at 1/3 points on arm
Tip speed 0.15-1 m/s
CD L/W = 5 1.20
L/W = 20 1.50
L/W >> 20 1.90
Motor
Motor 1.5-2 x water power
Turn down ration 1:4
Table 3.13: Design Specifications of Paddle Flocculator
77
D. Design Procedure
Determine the numberof flocculation basin
Calculate the volumetricflowrate of each basin
Calculate the volumeof each compartment
Assume depth is 4m.Calculate the surface area per

compartment
Calculate the paddle wheel diameter
Calculate the minimum length of stage
Calculate the nominal width
Calculate the required clearance
Calculate the total length of paddle wheel
Calculate the length of each paddle wheel
Determine the orientation of paddle boards
Calculate the power required
Calculate the rotational speed required by paddles
Assumeε = 0.65. Calculate the motor power
Figure 3.10: Design Procedure of Paddle Flocculator
78
To provide redundancy, the flow will be divided into two flocculation basins
STEP 1: Flow rate of each basin

50 x10 3 m 3 d 3 m
3
Qeach   25 x10
2 d
m3
Qeach  25x103
d
STEP 2: Volume of a flocculator basin

V  Qt
 m 3   1day 1hr 
V   25 x10 3  x x  x22 min 
 d   24hr 60 min 
V  381.94m 3
V  382m 3
STEP 3: Volume each compartment

Vtotal
V
# ofcompartment
382
V
3
V  127.33m 3
STEP 4: Surface area of compartment

With the water depth range, 3-5 m,
Assume depth is 4m
Veach
Asurface 
waterdepth
127.33
Asurface 
4
Asurface  31.83m 2
STEP 5: Paddle wheel diameter

PWD  4.0  1.0m
PWD  3m
79
STEP 6: Minimum length of stage
Minimum length = PWD + Design criterion
Minimum length = 3.0 + 1.0m
Minimum length = 4.0m
STEP 7: Nominal width

Asurface
W
min length
31.83m 2
W
4.0m
W  7.96m
STEP 8: Required clearance

Required clearance = 2(0.3m) +1
Required clearance = 1.60m
STEP 9: Total length of 2 paddle wheel

Ltotal = W – required clearance
Ltotal  7.96  1.60
Ltotsl  6.36m
STEP 10: Length of each paddle wheel

Ltotal
Leach 
2
6.36
Leach 
2
Leach  3.18m
80
STEP 11: Orientation of paddle boards
Figure 3.11: Orientation of Paddle Boards
Placing three paddle boards on each of four paddle arms with leading edge at
1/3 points,
1.5m
 0.5m
3
Dimensions of each paddle board
15 cm x 3.18 m
Figure 3.12:Dimensions of each paddle board
81
STEP 12: Power required
G = 40 s-1 (for 1st compartment)

@ T = 15oC, µ = 1.139x10-3 Pa.s
P  G 2 V
P  (40s 1 ) 2 (1.139 x10 3 Pa.s)(127.33m 3 )
P  230.04
P  230W
G = 30 s-1 (for 2nd compartment)

P  (30s 1 ) 2 (1.139 x10 3 Pa.s)(127.33m 3 )
P  130.53W
G = 20 s-1 (for 3rd compartment)

P  (20s 1 ) 2 (1.139 x10 3 Pa.s)(127.33m 3 )
P  58.01W
STEP 13: Rotational speed required by paddles
C D AP
P [(V at r1 ) 3  (Vat r2 ) 3  (V at r3 ) 3 ]
2
C D AP
P [2 (0.75)n] 3 [( r1 ) 3  (r2 ) 3  (r3 ) 3 ]
2
Area of paddle blade
AP  1.15m(3.18m)
AP  0.477m 2
Length to width ratio

L 3.18m
  21.2
W 0.15m
CD = 1.5 (table 6-7)

Using P = 232.04 W, solve for n
82
0.15m
r1  0.5m  ( )  0.425m
2
0.15m
r2  1.0m  ( )  0.925m
2
0.15m
r3  1.5m  ( )  1.425m
2
Solving rotational speed
1
 2P  3
n   3 

 C D AP [2 (0.75)] [( r1 )  (r2 )  (r3 ) ] 
3 3 3
1
 2(232.04W )  3
n   
 (1000 kg m )(1.5)(0.477m )(104.65)[( 0.425 )  (0.925 )  (1.425 )] 
3 2 3 3 3
1
 464.08  3
n   
 (78877.07)(3.762) 
60 s
n  0.116rpsx ( )
1 min
n  6.96rpm
n  7rpm
STEP 14: Motor power (MP), assume   0.65

P
MP 

232.04W
MP 
0.65
MP  356.98W
MP  367W
83
F. Design Figure
Coagulated Perforated Sedimentation

water channel baffle wall basin
Influent from
coagulation
Drive Paddle
motor wheel mixer
Section A-A
Figure 3.13: Paddle Flocculator
84
6. SEDIMENTATION BASIN
A. Design Basis
i. Input
3
Design Flow = 0.5 m s
Water Temperature = 10°C

3
Q (Overflow Rate)= 32.5 m
d • m2
B. Design Criteria
PARAMETER RANGE OF VALUES

INLET ZONE
Distance to Diffuser Wall 2m
Diffuser Hole Diameter 0.10-0.20m
SETTLING ZONE
Overflow rate 40-70 m3/dm2
Side water depth 3-5m
Length 60m
Width 0.3 m increments
6 m maximum per train
24 m maximum= 3 trains per drive
L:W 4:1, preferred 6:1
L:D Minimum 15:1
Horizontal mean velocity 0.005-0.018m/s
Reynolds number <20,000
Froude number >10-5
OUTLET ZONE
Launder length 1/3-1/2 length of the basin
Launder weir loading 140-320 m3/d*m
SLUDGE ZONE
Depth 0.6-1 m
Slope 1:600
Sludge Collector Speed 0.3-0.9m/min
Table 3.14: Design Criteria of Sedimentation Basin
85
Design Specs Values

QDESIGN 43,200 m3/day or 0.5 m3/s
Number of tanks 6
Width of each tank 4m
Length of each tank 55.5m
L:W 13.8:1
Depth including sludge 3.6m
L:D 28:1 (without sludge depth)
18.5:1 (with sludge depth)
vf 0.0104 m/s
Reynolds number 8,000
Froude number 1.1x10-5
Launders 3 spaced evenly
Launder length 18.5m
Weir loading 65 m3/d-m
Sludge collector Chain-and-flight
Table 3.15: Design Specification of Design Basin
86
D. Design Procedure Step 1:
Determine the number of basin
Step 2:
Calculate the basin area
Step 3:
Select a trial width
Step 4:
Check L:W ratio
Step 5:
Assume a trial depth, SWD (side
water depth), sludge depth,
freeboard depth
Step 6:
Calculate the total depth of the
tank
Step 7:
Check the L:D ratio
Step 8:
Determine and check the
horizontal mean velocity
Step 9:
Determine and check the
hydraulic detention time
Step 10:
Calculate the hydraulic radius
Step 11:
Determine and check Reynolds
and Froude number
Step 12:
Assume launder length based
from and design criteria
Step 13:
Determine the number of
launders
Step 14:
Calculate the weir loading rate
Figure 3.14: Design Procedure of Sedimentation Basin
87
STEP 1: Number of Tanks
n t = 6 tanks
STEP 2: Basin Area
3
Q = (0.5 m s )(86,400 s day)
3
= 43,200 m day
Q
ν OF = ; wh ere Q = process flow rate
As
ν OF = overflow rate
A s = basin area on settling zone
Q
As =
ν OF
m3
43,200
day
As = 6tanks
m3
32.5
day • m 2
m2
A s = 222
tank
STEP 3: Width For The Chain-And-Flight Sludge Collector

The maximum width for the chain-and-flight sludge collector is 6m
increments.
Assume,
w=4m
88
STEP 4: Length-To-Width Ratio (L:W)
As
L = width/tank
w
m2
222
tank
m
4 tank
L=
4m
L = 13.8 or 13.8 : 1 ; This is larger tha n the ratio of 6 : 1 and is ACCEPTABLE
STEP 5: Assume,
Trial depth of water = 2m
Side water depth (SWD) = 3.0 m
Sludge depth = 1m
Freeboard depth = 0.6 m
STEP 6: Total Depth Of Tank
Depth TOTAL = Trial depth of water + Sludge depth + Freeboard depth

Depth TOTAL = 2m + 1 m + 0.6 m
Depth TOTAL = 3.6 m
STEP 7: Length-To-Depth Ratio (L:D)
As
L/D = width/tank
trial depth
m2
222
tank
4 m tank
L/D =
2m
L/D = 27.75 or 28 : 1 ; ACCEPTABLE
89
STEP 8: Horizontal Mean Velocity
Design flow
vf = ; whe re A = (n t )(trial depth)(tri al width)
A
m3
0.5
vf = s
(6 tanks)(2 m depth)(4 m width)
v f = 0.0104 m s ; ACCEPTABLE within th e range of 0.005 - 0.018 m s
STEP 9: Hydraulic Detention Time ( τ )
V
τ= ; wher e V(volume of the basin) = (A s )(trial depth of water) \
Q
m2 m
(222 )(4 )
τ= tank tank
m3 1day
43,200 ×
day 24h
τ = 0.5 hr
STEP 10: Hydraulic Radius
Ax
RH =
Pw
depth × width
RH =
2depth × width
(2 m deep)(4 m wide)
RH =
2m + 4m + 2m
R H = 1.0m
STEP 11: Checking the Reynolds and Froude Number
Reynolds Number
vf R H
R= ; where R = Reynolds number
υ
R H = hydraulic radius
v f = horizontal mean velocity
υ = kinematic viscosity
90
m
(0.0104 )(1.0m)
R= s
2
1.307 ×10 - 6 m
s
R = 7,957.15 or 8000 ; ACCEPTABLE
Froude Number
(v f ) 2
Fr = ; wher e Fr = Froude number
gR H
v f = horizontal mean veloc ity
g = accelerati on due to gravity, 9.81 m s
R H = hydraulic radius
2
(0.0104 m)
Fr =
m
(9.81 2 )(1.0m)
s
Fr = 1.1 × 10 5 ; ACCEPTABLE
STEP 12: Launder Length
Use launders for 1/3 of the tank length
As
n
L launder = t
3
55.5m
L launder =
3
L launder = 18.5m
STEP 13: Number Of Launder
Place the 18.5 m length of launder at 1 m intervals on center so that there are
n = 3 launders in the tank
91
STEP 14: Weir Loading Rate
Q
WL =
(n t )(n launder )(L launder )(no. of sides )
m3
43,200
day
WL =
(6tanks)(3 launders/t ank)(18.5 m/launder) (2 sides)
m3 m3
WL = 64.86 or 65 : This is well below the limit of 250 ,
day • m day • m
so it is ACCEPTABLE )
F. Design Figure
PLAN VIEW
Launder length = 18.5

Lc of chain & tee rails
w=4m
Opening in floor for

Launders
Sludge drive chain
Stop Gates Lc of chain & tee rails
Walkway Effluent
Influent
Equipment
tank width
w=4m
Sludge symmetrical Launders

about center line
Lc of drive
Diffusser Wall = 2m
Figure 3.15: Plan View of Sedimentation Tank
PROFILE OF HORIZONTAL-FLOW, RECTANGULAR SEDIMENTATION TANK
Tank length =55.5 m

Effluent weirs
Chain Tightener Freeboard depth= 0.6m
Max water level
Tank depth = 2m
Tank depth = 2m
Influent
Effluent
Sludge
Min slope 45 degrees

Chain for chain-and flight collector
Figure 3.16: Profile of Horizontal Flow, Rectangular Sedimentation Tank
92
settling zone
inlet zone outlet zone
ZONES OF SEDIMENTATION TANK

raw water clarified water
Q
settling zone
sludge zone
sludge
raw water clarified water
Q
sludge zone
sludge
settling zone
settling zone
Q
Q sludge zone
Figure 3.17:Zone of Sedimentation Tank
sludge zone
93
7. RAPID SAND FILTER
A. Design Basis
i. Input
porosity   0.50
attachment efficiency   1.0
temperatur e T  20C (293K)
particle density   1050kg/m 3
filtration rate v F  15m / h
bed depth L  1.0m
Hamaker constant H a  10 -20 J
Boltzman constant K g  1.381x10 -23 J / K
B. Design Specification
Design Specs Values
Filter media Anthracite and sand
Maximum flow rate 18,400 m3/day
Total number of filters 4
2
Total filter area 28.4 m per filter
Depth of trough 0.435 m
Depth of gullet 1.25 m
Depth of sand 0.6 m
Depth of anthracite 0.3 m
Depth of underdrain block 0.3 m
Table 3.16: Design Specification of Rapid Sand Filter
94
C. Design Procedure
Calculate  and As
Get NRfor dc
CalculateNV
Get Pe for dc
CalculateND
CalculateNG
Calculate G
CalculateNA
CalculateN
Calculate Yes
No
Calculate C/Co, log removal Repeat for
new dc? End
value (LRV)
Figure 3.18: Design Procedure of Rapid Sand Filter
95
D. Design Calculation
STEP 1: Calculate  and As
  1   1/ 3
 1  0.5
1/ 3
 0.7937
As 
1   5
2  3  3 5  2 6


2 1  0.7937 
5

2  3(0.7937)  3(0.7935) 5  2(0.7937) 6
 21.46
STEP 2: Calculate NR for media diameter of 0.4mm

dp 1x107
NR    2.5 x104
dc 4 x104
STEP 3: Calculate NV
Ha 1x1020 kgm2 / s 2
Nv    2.47
 
kgT 1.381x1020 kgm2 / s 2 293.15K 
STEP 4: Calculate pe for media diameter of 0.4mm

viscosity of water at 20C( )  1.0x10 -3 kg / m  s
3 (  )( dp)( dc)vF
pe 
kgT
3 (1.0x10 -3 kg/m  s)(1x10 -7 m)(4x10 -4 )(15m/h)

(1.381x10 -23 kg m 2 /s 2 K)(293.15K)(3600s/h)
 3.89x10 5
STEP 5: Calculate ND
N D  (2.4)( 21.46)( 2.50 x10 4 )( 2.47) 0.052 (3.89 x105 )

 1.38x10 -3
96
STEP 6: Calculate NG
Density of water at 20C is  w  998kg / m3
g (  p   w )d 2
NG 
18vF
(9.81m/s 2 )(1050  998kg / m3 )(1x10 -7 m 2 )(3600s/h)

18(1x10 3 kg / m  s)(15m / h)
 6.76x10 -8
STEP 7: Calculate  G
G  (0.22)( 2.5 x104 ) .24 (2.47)0.053 (6.76 x108 )1.11

 1.86x10 -8
STEP 8: Calculate NA
Ha
NA 
3 (  )( dp 2 )(vF )
(1x10 -20 kgm 2 /s 2 )(3600s/h)

3 (1x10 -3 kg/m  s)(1x10 -7 m 2 )(15m/h)
 2.54x10 -2
STEP 9: Calculate N
N  (0.55)( 21.46)( 2.54 x10 2 )1/ 8 (2.5 x10 4 )1.675

 2.54x10 -2
STEP 10: Calculate 
  6.91x106  1.86 x108  1.38x103  1.39 x103
STEP 11: Calculate C/Co, log removal value (LRV)

C   3(1  0.50)(1.39 x10 3 )(1.0)(1m) 
 exp    0.074
Co  2(4 x10 4 ) 
LRV  log( Ci )  log( Co )
 log(1)  log( 0.074)  1.13
97
STEP 12: Computation table for other diameters
Media diameter C/CO Log removal
0.4 0.074 1.13
0.6 0.262 0.58
0.8 0.434 0.36
1.0 0.560 0.25
1.2 0.650 0.19
1.4 0.716 0.15
1.6 0.764 0.12
1.8 0.801 1.10
2.0 0.830 0.08
Table 3.17: Other Diameters
E. Design Figure
5.5000
0.5000
influent 0.4000
0.4000
2.5000
sand 0.6000
athracite 0.3000
underdrain block 0.3000
effluent
98
2.6 2.6
1.1
wash trough
1.6
Gullet
wash trough
5.5
1.6
wash trough
1.1
0.6
Figure 3.19: Rapid Sand Filter
99
8. CONTACT CHAMBER
A. Design Basis
i. Input
Water temperature = 5 ºC
 t10 
Performance ratio    0.7

 t0 
Second order rate constant = 3.5 L
mol.s
mg
Transferred dose = 2
L
3
Flow rate = 18400 m
day
B. Design Criteria
Baffle Classifications
Performance t10/t0 Baffling Description
Unbaffled (mixed flow), agitated, very low length-
Very poor 0.1
to-width ratio, high inlet and outlet flow velocities.
Single or multiple unbaffled inlets and outlets, no
Poor 0.3
intrabasin baffles.
Perforated inlet or outlet with some intrabasin
Average 0.5
baffles.
Perforated inlet baffle, serpentine or perforated
Superior 0.7 intrabasin baffles, outlet weir or perforated
launders.
Very high length-to-width ratio (pipeline flow),
Perfect 1.0
perforated inlet, outlet, and intrabasin baffles.
Table 3.18:Baffle Classifications
Design Specs Calculated Values
Contact Time (Ct ) 31.846 mg.min/L
Hydraulic residence time 16 min.
Theoretical hydraulic residence time (t0) 22.86 min.
Volume of the chamber 292.1 m3
Contact Chamber
Depth 6 m.
Length 16.5 m.
Width 3.25 m.
Tabl.e 3.19: Design Specification of the contact Chamber
100
D. Design Calculation
a. Assume 10 cells
concentration of cell inf luent
C
1  (order rake cons tan t ) ( HDT ) (concentration of cell inf luent )
Concentration of cell Residual at cell

Cell HDT T0 Ct
influent influent
no. (min) (min) (mg·min/L)
(mg/l) (mg/l)
1 2.30 2.286 2.248 1.60 N/A
2 2.24 2.286 2.191 1.60 3.506
3 2.19 2.286 2.143 1.60 3.429
4 2.14 2.286 2.095 1.60 3.352
5 2.09 2.286 2.047 1.60 3.2752
6 2.05 2.286 2.009 1.60 3.214
7 2.00 2.286 1.961 1.60 3.138
8 1.96 2.286 1922 1.60 3.075
9 1.92 2.286 1.884 1.60 3.014
10 1.88 2.286 1.845 1.60 2.952
11 1.84 2.286 1.807 1.60 2.891
Sum= 31.846 or
32
Table 3.20: 10 Cells
b. Contact Chamber Design
18400m3 1day
V  to Q  (22.86)min x x  292.1 m3
day 1440 min
Using Henry and Freeman (1996)
L : W = 1 :1 assume H  6
H : L = 4 :1 H  4L
V  ( H ) ( L / cell ) (number of cell ) ( width of the cell )
H 6
L   1.5m / cell
4 4
292.1 m3  (6m) (1.5 m/cell) (10cell) (width)
Width = 3.25 m
1.5 m
L (10 cell)  15 m  1.5  16.5
cell 101
Depth = 6 m
E. Design Figure
Off –gas to ozone
destruct units
Influent
1.5 m
water
6m
3.25 m Effluent
water
Figure 3.20: Contact Chamber
102

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WATER TREATMENT PLANT DESIGN

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Course

LEADER: CAUILAN, KEICEE

GROUP 1 – INTAKE GROUP 5 – FLOCCULATION

GROUP 2 – AERATION GROUP 6 – SEDIMENTSTION

GROUP 3 – SOFTENING GROUP 7 – FILTRATION

GROUP 4 – COAGULATION GROUP 8 – DISINFECTION

ENGR. CAESAR P. LLAPITAN

NOVEMBER 29, 2017

V. PROCESS DESIGN ............................................................................................................................. 24

VI. EQUIPMENT DESIGN ................................................................................................................... 56

II. Design Problem

A. Raw Groundwater Composition

ii. Chemical Characteristics

B. WHO Drinking Water Quality Standard

ii. Chemical Characteristics

iii. Biological Characteristics

A. Selection of Water Treatment Processes

Constituent Unit Processes

Constituent Actual Standard Difference Means of Treatment

Oxidation of Pollutants during Aeration

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 →CaCO3(s) + H2O (1)

Mg(HCO3)2 + 2Ca(OH)2 → Mg(OH)2(s) + 2CaCO3(s) + 2H2O (4)

Where X is a noncarbonate anion such as SO42-, NO3-, or Cl-

Although Table 1 indicates that calcium concentrations below 20 mg/L as CaCO3

1  xMg 1  xQMg 0  QMg r

Al2 SO4 3  14H 2O  6HCO3  2 AlOH 3s   6CO2  14H 2O  3SO4

If the second reaction occurs, lime or sodium carbonate may be added to

In-Line Mixers provide continuous, instantaneous blending of coagulant in raw

where vs = settling velocity for particle concentration C, m/h

Sludge blanket Clarified effluent,

Figure 1.0: Sedimentation Basin

Figure 1.1: Solids flux vs. Solids concentration

Initial Settling velocities, vi

where Qi = inﬂuent ﬂow rate to basin/thickener, m3/h

Rapid Sand Filtration

Cl2(aq)+H2O HOCl + H+ + Cl-

HOCl +NH3 NH2Cl + HOCl

2NH2Cl + HOCl N2(g)+ 3H++ 3Cl-+ H2O

A. Yield Analysis of the Aquifer

i. Type: Unconfined Aquifer

Pumping well in an unconfined aquifer

Figure 2.0: Unconfined Aquifer

iv. Design Equation

3.146.1  10 4 m / s 7.24m  6.8m 

A. Determination of DO, BODand OC

From a ground water sample of 300mL, dissolve oxygen are determined.

b.Determination of Decimal Volumetric Fraction of sample

c. Calculating Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Pumping Flow Rate and Oxygen

 Biochemical Oxygen Demand

OC  Pumping Flow Rate  BOD

d.For typical oxygen capacities of mechanical aerators

 The range of low speed aerator

Low Speed Aerator  1.15 - 2.1lb

e. Determination of Aerator Power required

To operate the Surface Aerator, 0.3839 hp of electricity is needed.

Lime-Soda Ash Addition First Stage

Return Sludge Second Stage

a. Conversion of all concentrations to CaCO3 equivalents and meq.

Solution for the values of CO2.

Molecular Weight 44 g / mol

The same process of solution to get the values of the constituents.

b. Bar chart of raw water in meq/L

0.25 4.76 6.56 7.68